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Xenodacnis is a specialized high Andean bird genus of which males are larger and show different feather coloration from females. However, sexual dimorphism has not been analyzed in detail yet. Distributed in Ecuador and Peru, Xenodacnis have long been considered as a single species genus, with three subspecies. Discovered in the 1980`s, the population in Ecuador has not been given a taxonomic identity so far. Thus, this study gathers morphological data from Xenodacnis throughout its distribution, and confirmed the morphological differences between sexes: males are significantly larger and heavier than females; but without consistent differences in bill size. Between populations, the research shows smaller individuals in the south, with size increasing towards the northernmost Ecuadorian populations. These results suggest that the taxonomy of the genus Xenodacnis should be revised and the population from Ecuador should have a proper taxonomic identity different from all previously described members of the genus

Introduction: The Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterised by general deficits in social communication, stereotypes, and restricted interests. The ASD have a high prevalence of additional psychiatric disorders that make their daily functioning worse, and reduces their quality of life, as well as that of their families. Material and methods: In an effort to identify the environmental characteristics that may explain this high comorbidity, this study has focused on the symptoms of stress and psycho- logical unease of the parents as possible risk factors. A cross-section study was carried out on the relationship between the stress and psychological unease of the parents of pre-school children (2---6 years) with ASD and its relationship with co-existing psychological conditions in children with ASD. Results and Conclusions: High levels of stress and psychological unease in the parents are already associated, since early childhood, with a co-existing psychological condition in that population, specifically with emotional and behavioural problems (P.05). However, further lon- gitudinal studies are needed for a better understanding of the causal relationship between these variables and their possible bidirectional relationship. Yes Introducción: Los Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA) se caracterizan por deficiencias generalizadas en la comunicación social, estereotipias e intereses restringidos. Los TEA presentan una alta prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos adicionales que empeoran su funcionamiento diario y reducen la calidad de vida de ellos y sus familias. Material y Método: En el esfuerzo de identificar características ambientales que expliquen esta alta comorbilidad, esta investigación se ha centrado en la sintomatología de estrés y malestar psicológico de los padres como posibles factores de riesgo. Se realizó un estudio transversal de asociación entre estrés y malestar psicológico de padres de niños preescolares con TEA (2---6años) y su relación con psicopatología coexistente en niños con TEA. Resultados y Conclusiones: Altos niveles de estrés y malestar psicológico en los padres están asociados ya desde la primera infancia con psicopatología coexistente en dicha población, específicamente con problemas emocionales y conductuales (p < .05). Sin embargo, se necesitan futuros estudios longitudinales para entender mejor la relación causal entre estas variables y su posible relación bidireccional.

Resumen: Introducción: Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) se caracterizan por deficiencias generalizadas en la comunicación social, estereotipias e intereses restringidos. Los TEA presentan una alta prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos adicionales que empeoran su funcionamiento diario y reducen la calidad de vida de ellos y sus familias. Material y método: En el esfuerzo de identificar características ambientales que expliquen esta alta comorbilidad, esta investigación se ha centrado en la sintomatología de estrés y malestar psicológico de los padres como posibles factores de riesgo. Se realizó un estudio transversal de asociación entre estrés y malestar psicológico de padres de niños preescolares con TEA (2-6 años) y su relación con psicopatología coexistente en niños con TEA. Resultados y conclusiones: Altos niveles de estrés y malestar psicológico en los padres están asociados ya desde la primera infancia con psicopatología coexistente en dicha población, específicamente con problemas emocionales y conductuales (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, se necesitan futuros estudios longitudinales para entender mejor la relación causal entre estas variables y su posible relación bidireccional. Abstract: Introduction: The Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterised by general deficits in social communication, stereotypes, and restricted interests. The ASD have a high prevalence of additional psychiatric disorders that make their daily functioning worse, and reduces the quality of life of them and their families. Material and methods: In an effort to identify family environmental characteristics that may influence in the course of additional psychiatric disorders, this study has focused on the symptoms of parental stress and psychological distress as possible risk factors. A cross-section study was carried out on the relationship between the stress and psychological distress of the parents and its relationship with co-existing psychopathology in a population of pre-school children with ASD (2-6 years). Results and conclusions: High levels of stress and psychological distress of the parents arealready associated, since early childhood, with co-existing psychiatric symptoms, specifically with emotional and behavioural problems (p < 0.05). However, further longitudinal studies are needed for a better understanding of the causal relationship between these variables and their possible bidirectional relationship.

espanolLa presente investigacion parte de la hipotesis de que los gobiernos de America Latina y el Caribe estan rezagados en la construccion de ciber capacidades de defensa para enfrentar el contexto actual e internacional de ciber amenazas, respecto a los paises miembros de la Organizacion del Tratado del Atlantico Norte(OTAN), tanto en el plano de organizacion, como en el individual. Para probar este enunciado el texto se divide en seis secciones. En la primera se presenta el entorno global amenazas provenientes de ciberespacio, las perdidas economicas que sufren gobiernos y empresas segun informes de firmas de seguridad informatica como Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon e International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). En la segunda parte, se aborda el proceso de securitizacion del internet, la inmersion de la ciberseguridad en los estudios de seguridad nacional, asi como la definicion de ciber capacidades y delimitacion de amenazas al Estado-Nacion desde el ciberespacio. En la tercera se aborda la trayectoria de la OTAN como organizacion en el desarrollo cibercapacidades en los ultimos veinte anos. En la cuarta parte, se analiza desde el nivel individual un conjunto de Estrategias Nacionales de Ciberseguridad (ENCS) de los paises y aliados de la OTAN, de las cuales se extraen sus principales elementos y se esquematiza su anatomia general. En la sexta parte, se presenta una aproximacion a diferentes entornos regionales o globales de ciberseguridad con base a mediciones del Global Cybersecurity Index(GCI), de la Union Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (ITU por sus siglas en ingles),y el National Cyber Security Index(NSCI)de la E-Governance Academy de Estonia. En la quinta seccion se presenta el contexto de la ciberseguridad en America Latina y el Caribe, segun estudios realizados por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo(BID)y la Organizacion de los Estados Americanos(OEA), asi como firmas privadas de ciberseguridad. En la sexta, se presenta de manera breve dos estudios de caso de Mexico, del bienio 2019-2020, que representan la falta de madurez de su ENCS y desarrollo de ciber capacidades, aspecto que comparte con la mayoria de los paises de America Latina y el Caribe. Por ultimo, se presentan unas breves conclusiones sobre los aspectos a fortalecer por la region. EnglishThis research is based on the hypothesis that the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean are lagging behind in the construction of cyber defense capabilities to face the international context of cyber threats, with respect to the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), both in the organizational plan, as in the individual. To prove this statement, the text is divided into six sections. The firstpartpresents the global environmentof cyber threats, the economic losses suffered by governments and companies according to reports from information security firms such as Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon and International Business Machines Corporation(IBM). The second partpresents the internet securitization process, the immersion of cybersecurity in national security studies, andthe definition of cyber capabilities and the delimitation of threats to the Nation-State from cyberspace are addressed. The third part showsthe trajectory of NATO as an organization in the developmentof cyber capabilities in the last twenty years. In the fourth part, a set of National Cybersecurity Strategies (ENCS) of NATO countries and allies is analyzed from the individual level, from which their main elements are extracted and their general anatomy is outlined. In the sixth part, an approach to different regional or global cybersecurity environments is presented based on measurements of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the National CyberSecurity Index (NSCI) of the Estonian E-Governance Academy. The fifth section presents the context of cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to studies madeby the Inter-American Development Bank(IDB)and the Organization of AmericanStates(OAS), as well as private cybersecurity firms. In the sixth, two case studies of Mexico, from the 2019-2020, are briefly presented, which represent the lack of maturity of its ENCS and development of cyber capabilities, an aspect that it shares with most of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean. Finally, brief conclusions are presented on the aspects to be strengthened by the region.

Se conoce poco sobre la expectativa de vida de las aves andinas. El Azulito Altoandino Xenodacnis parina, distribuido en Ecuador y Perú, es un ave especialista de los Andes que se encuentra en parches de Polylepis caracterizados por la presencia de arbustos del género Gynoxys. Se anillaron varios individuos de X. parina en el Parque Nacional Cajas, en 2010, con anillos de colores. Tres individuos fueron registrados en la misma localidad 7 años después de haber sido anillados. Este trabajo brinda la primera información de fidelidad de territorio, comportamiento social y longevidad de esta especie, y brevemente evalúa la mortalidad causada por atropellamientos. Estos datos pueden apoyar acciones de conservación para X. parina.

The probability of long-term persistence of a population is strongly determined by adult survival rates, but estimates of survival are currently lacking for most species of birds in the tropical Andes, a global biodiversity hotspot. We calculated apparent survival rates of birds in the Ecuadorian tropical Andes using a moderately long-term (11 yr) capture–recapture dataset from three habitats that varied in how much they had been modified by human activities (native forest, introduced forest, and shrubs). We fit mark–recapture models for 28 species with habitat as a covariable. For all species, recapture rates between sampling sessions were low and varied from 0.04 for Rainbow Starfrontlets (Coeligena iris) to 0.41 for Stripe-headed Brushfinches (Arremon assimilis) when averaged across all occupied habitats. Annual survival rates varied from 0.07 for Black-crested Warblers (Margarornis squamiger) to 0.75 for Violet-throated Metaltails (Metallura baroni). We found no significant differences in survival rates either among habitats or species grouped by habitat specialization. Because we found similar survival rates in native forest and human-modified habitats, our results support those of recent studies concerning the potential value of secondary habitats for the conservation of some species of birds in the tropics. However, our conclusions are tempered by the uncertainty around the estimates of survival rates. Despite the relatively long-term nature of our study, obtaining survival estimates for bird species in this region was challenging, and either more years of study or modification of field protocols may be needed to obtain more precise survival estimates.

espanolLa presente investigacion parte de la hipotesis que este estudio establece que la region latinoamericana posee fuertes carencias en el desarrollo de una politica nacional de ciberseguridad y en la construccion de capacidades para enfrentar los riesgos y amenazas provenientes del ciberespacio en dimensiones que afectan la seguridad nacional y politica exterior. De esta forma, la investigacion se compone de seis partes, en la primera se presentan los enfoques teoricos del neorrealismo, constructivismo y teoria de la guerra, que establecen los vinculos entre teorias de las relaciones internacionales, seguridad nacional y ciberseguridad. En el segundo apartado se aborda el proceso de securitizacion de Internet en la ultima decada del siglo XXy la primera del siglo XXI. En la tercera parte, se presenta el contexto de ciberamenazas a nivel global y su comparativo con la situacion de America Latina. Despues, se analiza el estado actual de cibercapacidades de la region, con base a mediciones como el Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) y el National Cyber Security Index (NSCI), con el fin de hacer un ejercicio comparativo entre America Latina y otras regiones del mundo. En la quinta parte se analizan, a nivel individual, los esfuerzos de los paises de America Latina en el desarrollo de una politica nacional de ciberseguridad y construccion de cibercapacidades con base en los informes sobre la materia de la Organizacion de los Estados Americanos (OEA) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), asi como los indicadores de la metodologia del NCSI. Por ultimo, se presentan unas breves conclusiones en el que se exaltan las areas de oportunidad y mejora para la region latinoamericana en la construccion de una politica de ciberseguridad y construccion de cibercapacidades. EnglishThis research is based on the hypothesis that the Latin American region has serious deficiencies in the development of a national cybersecurity policy and in the construction of skills to face the risks and threats from cyberspace in dimensions that affect national security and foreign policy. In this way, the research has six parts, the first one presents the theoretical approaches of neorealism, constructivism and theory of war, and shows the links between the theories of international relations, national security and cybersecurity. The second section explains the process of securitization of the Internet in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. In the third part, the global cyber threat context is presented and its comparison with the situation in Latin America. Then, it analyzes the current state of cyber capabilities in the region, based on measurements as the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) and the National Cyber Security Index (NSCI), in order to make a comparative analyzes between Latin America and other regions of the world. The fifth part analyzes at the individual level the efforts of the Latin American countries in developing a national cybersecurity policy and building cyber capabilities based on the reports of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and it also analyzes with the indicators of the NCSI methodology. Finally, some brief conclusions are presented in which the areas of opportunity and improvement for the Latin American region in the construction of a cybersecurity policy and construction of cyber capabilities are highlighted.

espanolEl articulo presenta la categoria de hechos ciberfisicos, una propuesta para el analisis y la delimitacion de amenazas en el regimen hibrido del ciberespacio. Se propone la hipotesis de que America Latina, y en particular Mexico, no comprenden en sus Estrategias Nacionales de Ciberseguridad (ENCS) la naturaleza de las ciberagresiones ni la posibilidad de que una crisis surgida en el ciberespacio salte al espacio fisico o material. Para probarla se presenta el contexto de la ciberseguridad en la region y se realiza una critica de la ENCS de Mexico. Despues se hace un analisis comparativo de cinco casos de interes y referencia entre los estudios de ciberseguridad, para introducir el concepto de hecho ciberfisico. Por ultimo, se aplica la propuesta a un estudio de caso y se muestra su utilidad para las ENCS, asi como su grado de impacto en la esfera de la seguridad publica y nacional. EnglishThe article introduces the category of cyber-physical facts, a proposal for the analysis and delimitation of threats in the hybrid regime of cyberspace. The research objective is to test the hypothesis that Latin America, and Mexico in particular, do not understand in their National Cybersecurity Strategies (NCSS) the nature of cyber-attacks, nor the possibility that a crisis arising in cyberspace will jump into the physical or material ground. To prove this, the context of cybersecurity in the region is presented and also a critique of the NCSS of Mexico. Then, the article makes a comparative analysis of five cases of interest and reference in cybersecurity studies to introduce the concept of cyber-physical fact. Finally, this proposal is applied to a case study, and its usefulness to the NCSS is shown, as well as its degree of impact in the sphere of public and national security. portuguesO artigo apresenta a categoria de fatos ciberfisicos, uma proposta de analise e delimitacao de ameacas ciberneticas no regime hibrido do ciberespaco. O objetivo da pesquisa e testar a hipotese de que a America Latina e, em particular Mexico, nao entendem em suas Estrategias Nacionais de Seguranca Cibernetica (ENSC), a natureza dos ataques ciberneticos, nem a possibilidade de que uma crise no ciberespaco salte para o espaco fisico ou material. Para provar essa hipotese, se apresenta o contexto da seguranca cibernetica na regiao e uma critica ao ENCS do Mexico. Em seguida, e feita uma analise comparativa de cinco casos de interesse e referencia entre estudos de ciberseguranca para introduzir o conceito de fato ciberfisico. Por ultimo, a proposta e aplicada a um estudo de caso, sua utilidade para as ENSC e demonstrada e seu grau de impacto no âmbito da seguranca publica e nacional.

Specialization of species in interaction networks influences network stability and ecosystem functioning. Spatial and temporal variation in resource availability may provide insight into how ecological factors, such as resource abundance, and evolutionary factors, such as phylogenetically conserved morphological traits, influence specialization within mutualistic networks. We used independent measures of hummingbird abundance and resources (nectar), information on hummingbird traits and plant–hummingbird interactions to examine how resource availability and species' morphology influence the specialization of hummingbirds in three habitat types (forest, shrubs, cattle ranch) sampled over 10 sessions across two years in the southern Andes of Ecuador. Specialization of hummingbird species in the networks was measured by three indices: d' (related to niche partitioning), generality (related to niche width) and PSI (related to pollination services). Specialization indices d', generality and PSI of hummingbird species were influenced by resource availability. All indices indicated that specialization of hummingbirds increased when the availability of resources decreased. Variation in d' was also explained by an interaction between resource availability and bill length; hummingbirds with a long bill switched from being more specialized than other species when resource availability was low to being similarly specialized when availability was high. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ecological and evolutionary factors determining the specialization of species in interaction networks. We demonstrate in particular that ecological gradients in resource availability cause substantial changes in consumers' foraging behavior contingent on their morphology. Changes in pollinator specialization along resource gradients can have impacts on ecosystem functions, such as pollination by animals.

Animal mortality due to collisions with vehicles in roads are a major threat to biodiversity; however, there is still much to learn about this problem in the tropical Andes hot spot. We describe general patterns of bird mortality associated with the presence of a road that bisects Cajas National Park (CNP), in the southern high Andes of Ecuador. We use a published study of the abundance of species in the study area, and explored if there were particular ecological traits that predisposed species to collisions with vehicles. Roadkill data were gathered by collecting carcasses on 15 km of a main road that crosses páramo grasslands. Overall we found carcasses of 23 species. Bird mortality rate was four individuals per km per year. We found an association between roadkills and the abundance of species in areas close to the road. Moreover, forest species were less likely to be road-killed than species with other habitat preferences. Our results can be used to ameliorate roadkills in CNP and to raise concern on the direct effects of roads in the páramo of the Tropical Andes.

No abstract.

National parks are an important tool for conserving biodiversity, particularly in areas of high biodiversity and endemism such as the tropical Andes. However, national parks often face a variety of stressors related to recreation, road construction and illegal extraction of natural resources. Unfortunately, the influence of these stressors for biodiversity is rarely well documented. Cajas National Park in Ecuador is no exception. Despite being traversed by the Cuenca-Molleturo-Naranjal road, effects of the road construction on biodiversity have not been determined. We therefore assessed the influence of road proximity on bird species richness and abundance as well as composition of bird habitat groups in Cajas National Park using transect walks at 25 m and 250 m distance to the road (overall 18 transects, each 1 km length). In total, we recorded 1110 individuals of 28 paramo bird species. Overall species richness did not differ between transects near and far from the road. Nevertheless, the average abunda...

Background/Objective: The heterogeneous clinical presentations of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) pose a significant challenge for sample characterization. Therefore the main goal of DSM-5 must be to identify subgroups of ASD, including comorbidity disorders and severity. The main goal of this study is to explore the psychiatric comorbidities and the severity of symptoms that could be relevant for the phenotype characterization in ASD and also to compare these results according to the different classification criteria between the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5. Method: A comparative study of severity and psychiatric comorbidities was carried out between a sample of participants that only met criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) according to the DSM-IV-TR and a sample of participants that also met ASD criteria according to DSM-5 classification. The recruitment of children was via educational (N=123). The psychiatric symptoms, comorbid disorders and severity of symptoms were assessed through The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form, clinical interview and The Inventory of Autism Spectrum Disorder, respectively. The psychiatric comorbidities considered were: anxiety, eating behavioural problems, self-aggressiveness, hetero-aggressiveness, self harm, obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Results: Statistically significant differences between both groups were found regarding obsessive compulsive disorder, eating behavioural problems and severity. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that patients who meet the DSM-5 criteria have more severe symptoms, not only regarding the core autistic symptoms but also in relation with psychiatric comorbidities. (C) 2016 Asociacion Espanola de Psicologia Conductual. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer la frecuencia de genotipos de resistencia y susceptibilidad a padecer la enfermedad de scrapie en ovejas Junín. Se analizaron 56 muestras de sangre de ovinos de una unidad de producción privada de la región central del Perú. Se extrajo el ADN y los productos de PCR fueron analizados mediante digestión enzimática con endonucleasas de restricción que reconocen los polimorfismos del gen PrP. Se pudo identificar 4 de los 5 haplotipos reportados para el gen PrP: ARR (48.2%), ARQ (35.7%), AHQ (10.7%) y VRQ (5.4%). Además, se encontró 7 de los 15 genotipos reportados para el gen Prión: ARR/ARR (17.9%), ARR/AHQ (10.7%), ARR/ ARQ (42.9%), ARQ/AHQ (10.7%), ARQ/ARQ (7.1%), ARR/VRQ (7.1%) y ARQ/VRQ (3.6%). El 82.1% de las ovejas presentaron genotipos de resistencia a la enfermedad y el 17.9% presentó genotipos de susceptibilidad.

Introducción. La atresia intestinal es la causa más común de obstrucción mecánica neonatal. La membrana duodenal fenestrada causa menos del 5% de los casos de atresia intestinal. El diagnóstico puede ser difícil y la mayoría de las veces se realiza en etapas más tardías. Presentamos el caso de una prematura de bajo peso en quien se sospechó el diagnóstico en base a una radiografía toracoabdominal. Fue operada con buen resultado. Análisis. La imagen radiológica de doble burbuja con aire distal debe hacer sospechar membrana duodenal fenestrada; por el peso de estos casos, el tratamiento debe ser quirúrgico. La mortalidad y morbilidad disminuyen si se tienen buenos cuidados intensivos.