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Heavy metals in the environment when present in excess have negative effect on survival of plants causing diminished physiological and molecular activities. As they are hard to degrade, their exchangeable fraction is accumulated in plants and animals, thus entering the food chain. As one of the major concerns among consumers worldwide is food safety, organic agriculture is a promising system for its preservation. In this work we have examined soil samples from the plant rhizosphere grown in organic production system at 5 different locations: Gložani, Svilajnac, Čenej 1, Čenej 2 and Temerin, for metal presence and chemical characteristics (soil acidity, humus content and free CaCO3 content). Determination of the total metal content ((As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn)) in soil samples was performed according to EPA 6010C method using inductively coupled plasma-optima emission spectrometry (ISP-OES). Results showed that the sampled soil is mainly of alkaline character,moderatly carbonate and rich in humus. The content of metals, at all localities, did not exceed the maximum allowed concentrations for the following metals: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. In the case of cobalt deviation from the MLC value was observed in four samples. However, in the case of copper only one sample exceeded MDK value. Presented results indicate that maintenance and regular soil quality control is necessary in both organic and conventional agriculture, Teški metali u životnoj sredini, kada su prisutni u većim koncentracijama, imaju negativan uticaj na biljke izazivajući smanjene fiziološke i molekularne aktivnosti. Oni se teško razgrađuju, pa se njihova lako pristupačna forma lako akumulira u biljkama i životinjama, ulazeći tako u prehrambeni lanac. Kako je jedan od glavnih problema potrošača širom sveta sigurnost hrane, organska poljoprivreda je sistem za njeno očuvanje koji se zadnjih godina promoviše. U ovom radu rađeno je ispitivanje uzoraka zemljišta uzorkovanog iz rizosfere biljaka gajenih u organskoj proizvodnji na 5 različitih lokaliteta: Gložani, Svilajnac, Čenej 1, Čenej 2 and Temerin, Određen je pH zemljišta, sadržaj humusa i %CaCO3. Sadržaj ukupnih metala (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn)) u uzorcima zemljišta je urađen prema metodi EPA 6010C koristeći ICP-OES spektrometriju. Rezultati su pokazali da su ispitani uzorci bogati humusom, sa umerenim sadržajem karbonata i pretežno alkalnog karaktera. Sadržaj metala na svim lokalitetima nije prelazio maksimalno dozvoljene koncentracije za sledeće metale: arsen, kadmijum, hrom, gvožđe, mangan, nikal, olovo i cink. U slučaju kobalta odstupanje od graničnevrednosti je određeno u četiri uzorka. Međutim, u slučaju bakra samo je jedan uzorak premašio vrednost MDK. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je održavanje i redovan monitoring kvaliteta zemljišta neophodan kako u organskoj tako i u konvencionalnoj poljoprivredi.

The short-term effects of Trichoderma harzianum on growth, content of chlorophyll and epidermal flavonols and metal distribution was examined in young tomato plants grown in the climate chamber. T. harzianum was applied near the root in the phase of sixth established leaves, and plants were grown in a growth cabinet up to the stage of 10 leaves. Trichoderma application positively affected growth of tomato plants, and significantly increased content of epidermal flavonols. Also, the significant decrease of Cd in all plant parts was observed. However, content of Cr and Ni was lower only in roots. The primary goal of the examination of the long-term effect of T. harzianum was the fruit quality of two commercial tomato cultivars grown in organic system of production in the field under polytunnel. One cultivar had a significant response to Trichoderma application. The increase of leaf epidermal flavonols was observed, however as the chlorophyll content decreased, the nitrogen balance index has also decreased, indicating a shift from primary to secondary metabolism. The fruit quality of the same cultivar was improved by increased total flavonoids content, decreased starch, increased Bioaccumulation Index (BI) for Fe and Cr, and decreased BI for heavy metals Ni and Pb. Data indicate that in some cultivars of tomato the interaction with Trichoderma contributes to improved health promoting properties of tomato fruit.

U ovom radu ispitivani su efekti primene bakterijskih izolata: Bacillus velezensis SZMC 24986, Pseudomonas resinovorans SZMC 25872 i Arthrobacter globiformis SZMC 25081 na dva genotipa paradajza Gružanski zlatni i Narvik gajenih u plasteniku. Reakcije ispitivanih biljaka praćene su kvantifikovanjem morfoloških (visina biljke, sveža i suva masa nadzemnog dela biljke i korena) i fizioloških (relativni sadržaj hlorofila, epidermalnih flavonola, antocijana i balansa azota) parametara. Visina biljaka i fiziološki parametri mereni su 7. 14., 21. 28. i 35. dana od početka primene tretmana. Dobijeni rezultati u ovom radu ukazuju na specifičnost odnosa genotip-mikroorganizam. Uticaj primenjenih tretmana na morfo-fiziološke parametre varirao je specifično u zavisnoti od genotipa kao i od razmatranog perioda merenja. Kod genotipa Gružanski zlatni, primenjeni tretmani su uslovili značajno povečanje u vrednostima većine ispitivanih parametara u odnosu na kontrolu. U skladu sa dobijenim rezultatima dalja istraživanja će se usmeriti na interakcije između bakterija promotora biljnog rasta i genotipa GZ, sa fokusom na korisne efekte koji pomenute bakterije imaju na biljku., In this paper, the effects of bacterial isolates: Bacillus velezensis SZMC 24986, Pseudomonas resinovorans SZMC 25872 and Arthrobacter globiformis SZMC 25081 on two genotypes of Gružanski zlatni and Narvik tomatoes grown in a greenhouse were investigated. The reactions of the examined plants were monitored by quantification of morphometric (plant height, fresh and dry mass of the aboveground part of the plant and roots) and physiological (indices of chlorophyll, epidermal flavonols, anthocyanins and nitrogen balance) parameters. Plant height and physiological parameters were measured on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days from the beginning of the treatment. The results obtained in this paper indicate the specificity of the plant genotype-microorganism relationship. The influence of the applied treatments on the morpho-physiological parameters varied specifically depending on the genotype as well as on the considered measurement period. In the Gružanski zlatni genotype, the applied treatments caused a significant increase in the values of most of the examined parameters in relation to the control, which makes it superior to the Narvik genotype. Therefore, further research will focus on the interactions between plant growth promoter bacteria and the GZ genotype, with a focus on beneficial effects that these bacteria have on the plant.

Metal pollution of soils is important environmental risk, that impases the need for development of different methods for their removal, The use of plants that are able to accumulate and tolerate high metal concentrations is one approach that is being examined for that purpose. Sunflower (Helianthus annus 1.) bas been proven as good byperacumulator of metals, with ability to extract them from the soil and translocate thems from roots to shoots and leaves. In this work we have examined ability of sunflower to accumulate copper in hydroponic conditions. Sunlower plants were grown in presence of copper with final concentrations of 50 ppen, 100 pprr and 200 pp. Fresh and dry mass of different plant organs was measured, as well as plant height, 7 days after metal application. ICP-OES method was used to measure concentration of copper in stem and leaves of sunflower plants according to EPA 6010C method. Results has shown that copper addition decreased plants height, fresh and dry mass of stem and leaves. According to the heavy metal consent measured in different plant organs if can be suggested that copper was translocated from stem fo leaves. In order to conclude that sunflower corld be wsed as good metal accumulator in copper polluted soils, further analysis of copper content in roots should be undertaken.

U periodu 2016-2017. godine postavljeni su poljski ogledi i izvedena ispitivanja uticaja agroekoloških uslova južnog Banata i Pomoravlja na morfološke osobine, prinos herbe i kvalitet etarskog ulja dobijenog detilacijom sveže biomase primorskog smilja. Poljski ogledi su izvedeni na dva lokaliteta Kačarevo (opština Pančevo) i Lešje (opština Paraćin) po metodi randomiranog rasporeda. Smilje je gajeno na dva tipa zemljišta (černozem i gajnjača) i u dve, meteorološki veoma različite godine. Primenom standardne tehnologije proizvodnje (obrada zemljišta, dopunska ishrana biljaka, proizvodnja rasada u plasteniku, priprema površine i rasađivanje tokom maja i mere nege prema potrebi), na oba lokaliteta proučavana su variranja morfoloških i produktivnih osobina, odnosno sadržaja etarskog ulja pod uticajem promenljivih meteoroloških i zemljišnih uslova ova dva lokaliteta. Urađene su laboratorijske analize agrohemijskih i fizičkih osobina zemljišta i analizirani meteorološki činioci (toplotni uslovi i raspored i količine padavina), koji imaju najveći uticaj na rastenje i razviće biljaka italijanskog smilja pre postavljanja ogleda. Procena tolerantnosti na mrazeve i intenzitet bokorenja određeni su fenološkim osmatrnjima u drugoj godini tokom aprila, a merenja pokazatelja morfoloških osobina izvođena su po fazama rastenja biljaka. Pokazatelji produktivnosti biomase (herbe) po biljci i žetveni indeks izračunati su posle ručne berbe i prosušivanja herbe u suvoj i zatamnjenoj prostotriji. Sadržaj etarskog ulja urađen je destilacijom sveže herbe u akreditovanim laboratorijama u Bavaništu i u Institutu za javno zdravlje u Nišu, odnosno u Centru za higijenu i humanu ekologiju. Dobijeni početni rezultati potvrdili su da se italijansko smilje može uspešno gajiti i u kontinentalnim predelima, u ovom slučaju u brdskom podrčju Centralne Srbije, kao i u ravničarskim predelima Vojvodine.

Trichoderma species are widely known for their antagonistic properties, but plant growth promotion and abiotic stress tolerance have also been reported. Mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance, such as drought in plants in interaction with Trichoderma spp., remain unclear. In this work, the results about the influence of Trichoderma brevicompactum on the physiological parameters and abscisic acid (ABA) content in leaves and roots of tomato, as well as the Trichodermamodulated plant response to drought are presented. Both in optimally watered plants and droughted plants treated with Trichoderma, the relative water content (RWC) was 17% higher than in untreated plants. Drought lowered RWC by 25% in both Trichoderma-untreated and -treated plants. Under drought conditions, the better water status of plants treated with Trichoderma is connected with lower stomatal conductance and closure of stomata. The lower increase of root ABA content in Trichoderma-treated plants that we observed could be an adaptive advantage in sense of smaller inhibition of plant growth induced by drought. Trichoderma modulation of the salicylic acid (SA) marker genes response to drought was observed in leaves. Our results suggest that signalling pathways of jasmonic acid (JA), SA and ABA are involved in response to both drought and Trichoderma. The mutual effect of the tested treatments leads to the modification of gene expression in comparison to the reaction to a single stress. The upregulation of SA marker genes in leaves and JA marker genes in the roots 2 weeks after the interaction with T. brevicompactum indicates that it could be promising biocontrol agent.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is among the economically most important vegetables in Europe, valued for its bioactive properties due to significant contents of vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. In this study, the tomato cultivar Big Beef F1 was grown in the open field (OF) and under polytunnels in central Serbia during 3 years. Polytunnels were covered with two foils (both with 57% reduced photosynthetic active radiation, PAR) differing in UV-A and UV-B transmittance. The aim of our work was to determine the influence of light conditions on accumulation of phytonutrients (carotenoids and phenolics) in the peel and flesh of ripe tomato fruits. The amount of effective antioxidants, caffeic acid, and quercetin (phenolics with ortho-dihydroxy substitution) in the peel was the highest in tomato fruits grown in the OF (maximal PAR and UV-A and UV-B radiation). Moreover, the content of leaf epidermal flavonoids was the highest in the OF. The content of lycopene and beta-carotene in the flesh of tomato fruit was higher under the polytunnel with higher UV-transmittance. Our results showed that selection of the right light conditions (quality and intensity) for tomato production has a significant effect on the accumulation of beneficial phenolics and carotenoids.

Industry, mining and agriculture produce large amount of wastes as by-products, such as heavy metals, pesticides and other organic compounds and fertilizers who's caused seriously environment pollution both in water and soils. At polluted area, many pollutants become available to local vegetation, so crop cultivation in such areas has been found to pose a hazard to human and livestock nourishment. However, certain pollutant-tolerant wild plants are characterized by a pronounced ability to uptake large amounts of different pollutants over their vegetation and reproduction period. Such plants manage to survive on contaminated soils and they have been termed metal super-accumulators. Since 1980, plant species of this type have been at the focus owing to their ability to clean up different pollutants from soil. These plants at the other hand favorite diversity, activity and multiply of different soil microorganisms (MO) which they have very important role in soil remediation. Plant roots excrete different substances (amino acids sugars and etc) that's MO used for food and such symbiotic connection enhanced remediation potential. Unlike the rather costly conventional soil remediation methods, these new technologies (phytoremediation) and MO and its combination are relatively cheap and environmentally friendly, especially for impoverished countries. About 400 wild plants species with such properties have been investigated worldwide and more than 200 different MO were patented specially for remediation of metals and organic pollutants in soils. The aims of this article are to give more details about wild and cultivars species and MO, its mechanisms for uptake and biological degradation of different pollutants and possible practical application to cleaning up the polluted soils., Veliki lignitski baseni u našoj zemlji su energetski potencijal strategijskog značaja. Razvoj površinskih kopova kao energetsko-industrijskog kompleksa prate brojni negativni uticaji na životnu sredinu, što obavezuje na integralno planiranje, revitalizaciju i uređenje degradiranih prostora i njihovo svestrano korišćenje u posteksploatacionom periodu. Rekultivacija i restrukturiranje mase otkrivke nude brojne mogućnosti. Da bi se izbegle štetne posledice razvoja površinskih kopova, termoelektrana i pogona za preradu uglja, rudarske aktivnosti treba da prati biološka rekultivacija odlagališta jalovine i uređenje degradiranih predela u cilju uspostavljanja različitih vegetacijskih i drugih ekosistema na novoformiranim deposolima. Brojna istraživanja su pokazala da je na ovako degradiranim područjima moguće stvoriti nove poljoprivredne, šumske, akvatične, livadske i druge ekosisteme. Rekultivacija je kompleks rudarsko-tehnoloških, inženjerskih, poljoprivrednih i šumsko-uzgojnih postupaka koji se preduzimaju u cilju transformacije industrijski degradiranog zemljišta u stanje pogodno za poljoprivredu i šumarstvo, rekreaciju, ribarstvo, izgradnju objekata različite namene i druge ciljeve. Generalno posmatrajući, rekultivacija podrazumeva ponovno uspostavljanje biljnih zajednica u područjima degradiranih eksploatacijom uglja, može se obavljati periodično ili u kontinuitetu, paralelno sa rudarskim aktivnostima. Nije neophodno, a često nije ni moguće restaurisati prvobitne predele i ekosisteme koji su postojali pre eksploatacije uglja. Mogu se podržati sve forme korišćenja zemljišta. Važno je da odabrani način korišćenja zemljišta zadovoljava potrebe lokalne zajednice, uslova sredine kao i osobina novoformiranih zemljišta, posteksploatacione stratigrafije i ekonomskog aspekta. Područje Kolubarsko-Tamnavskog lignitskog basena karakterišu impresivni radovi na revitalizaciji i uređenju degradiranih prostora. Do 1997. godine rekultivisano je preko 1,000 hektara. Šume se nalaze na

Kaolinite and the modified natural zeolite minazel plus (M+) were used as supplements in substrate used for the production of the medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa. Growth stimulation, expressed as yield and biological efficiency, was observed when M+ (1%) was added. The production cycle was shortened by half as a result of the zeolites' ion-exchange ability, stimulation of enzyme activity, and water retain capacity. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry of fruiting bodies showed the absence of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, and lead), whereas the concentration of calcium increased greatly and the concentrations of iron, magnesium, and zinc increased moderately under the influence of M+. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance showed a positive impact on the beta-glucanratio, which could have been caused by the epimerization reaction stimulated by zeolites. The functionality of the mushroom was evaluated through several antioxidant activity assays, and in all cases a positive effect was established: M+ was statistically more effective in comparison with kaolinite. A strong correlation was established between the antioxidative activity of cultivated fruiting bodies and the tested compounds (total phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and minerals).

Metal contamination represents a strong selective pressure favoring tolerant genotypes and leading to differentiation between plant populations. We investigated the adaptive capacity of early-colonizer species of Verbascum recently exposed to Zn- and Cu-contaminated soils (10-20 years). Two Verbascum thapsus L. populations from uncontaminated sites (NMET1, NMET2), one V. thapsus from a zinc-contaminated site (MET1), and a Verbascum lychnitis population from an open-cast copper mine (MET2) were exposed to elevated Zn or Cu in hydroponic culture under glasshouse conditions. MET populations showed considerably higher tolerance to both Zn and Cu than NMET populations as assessed by measurements of growth and net photosynthesis, yet they accumulated higher tissue Zn concentrations in the shoot. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration increased with Zn and Cu treatment in the NMET populations, which was correlated to stomatal closure, decrease of net photosynthesis, and nutritional imbalance, indicative of interference with xylem loading and divalent-cation homeostasis. At the cellular level, the sensitivity of NMET2 to Zn and Cu was reflected in significant metal-induced ROS accumulation and ion leakage from roots as well as strong induction of peroxidase activity (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), while Zn had no significant effect on ABA concentration and POD activity in MET1. Interestingly, MET2 had constitutively higher root ABA concentration and POD activity. We propose that ABA distribution between shoots and roots could represent an adaptive mechanism for maintaining low ABA levels and unaffected stomatal conductance. The results show that metal tolerance can occur in Verbascum populations after relatively short time of exposure to metal-contaminated soil, indicating their potential use for phytostabilization.

Coriolus versicolor je medicinska gljiva čija je lekovitost potvrđena brojnim istraživanjima. Biološki aktivni polisaharidi i polisaharopeptidi izolovani iz micelije submerzno gajene Coriolus versicolor gljive se koriste u prevenciji mnogih bolesti. Ova gljiva se može gajiti i na čvrstom supstratu, na otpadu iz poljoprivrede i na taj način se može uspešno upotrebiti pri bioremedijaciji. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li se antibakterijska aktivnost metanolnog ekstrakta gljive Coriolus versicolor gajenjem na čvrstom supstratu obogaćenom selenom može povećati. Kao supstrat za gajenje upotrebljena je mešavina slame, hrastove pljevine i pšeničnih mekinja. Za obogaćivanje supstrata korišćeni su organski i neogranski izvori selena: selesnki kvasac (Sel-Plex® , Alltech Inc., Lexington, USA) i natrijum selenit, Na2SeO3 u koncentraciji od 25 mg/kg suvog supstrata. Kontrolni uzorak je pripremljen bez dodavanja selena. Nakon metanolne ekstrakcije, određen je sadržaj selena u digestovanim uzorcima upotrebom ICP-OES uređaja. Kod uzorka obogaćenih selenom iz neorganske soli sadržaj selena je bio 123,4 µg/g, a kod uzoraka obogaćenih selenom iz selenskog kvasca 62,4 µg/g suve mase uzorka. Mikrodilucionom metodom ispitana je antimikrobna aktivnost dobijenih metanolnih ekstrakata na 15 sojeva bakterija i utvrđeno je da dodatak neorganske soli dovodi do povećanja antimikrobne aktivnosti u odnosu na kontrolni uzorak samo kod dve Gram-pozitivne bakterije: Bacillus spizizeni ATCC 6633 gde je MIC<0,3125 mg/ml i Enerococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, MIC=40 mg/ml. Sa druge stane, ispitivanjem antimikrobnog delovanja ekstrakata dobijenih iz gljive obogaćene selenom iz kvasca primećeno je izraženije mikrobistatično i mikrobicidno delovanje u poređenju i sa kontrolnim uzorkom i sa uzorkom kome je dodat Na2SeO3 kod skoro svih testiranih Gram-pozitivnih i Gramnegativnih bakterija. Iako dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da je u ekstraktu gljive koja je rasla na supstratu sa selenskim kva

The effects of several bacterial media [Bacillus licheniformis population 1 (MO1); B. licheniformis population 2 (MO2); B. subtilis (MO3); B. megatherium (MO4); humates (MO5)] on seed germination of Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. and Verbascum thapsus L. were tested. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes containing solutions with different bacterial media. The highest germination percentage in all treatments was recorded for V. thapsus seeds (100.0%). Different treatments had diverse effects (stimulative or inhibitory) on seed germination of D. stramonium [from 5% (MO1) to 13.3% (MO3), with 10.0 % in H20], A. theophrasti [from 28.3% (MO3) to 65.0% (MO5), with 43.3 % in H20] and O. acanthium [from 10.0% (MO2) to 13.3% (MO1 and MO3), with 6.7% in H20], depending on the type of media and weed species., Testiran je efekat bakterijskih kultura [Bacillus licheniformis populacija 1 (MO1); B. licheniformis populacija 2 (MO2); B. subtilis (MO3); B. megatherium (MO4); humati (MO5)] na klijanje semena Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. i Verbascum thapsus L. Semena su naklijavana u Petri posudama u rastvorima različitih bakterijskih kultura. Najveća klijavost zabeležena je kod semena V. thapsus (100%). Različiti tretmani pokazali su različiti uticaj (stimulativni ili inhibitorni) na klijanje semena D. stramonium [od 5,0% (MO1) do 13,3% (MO3), u H20 10,0%], A. theophrasti [od 28,3% (MO3) do 65,0% (MO5), u H20 43,3%] i O. acanthium [od 10,0% (MO2) do 13,3% (MO1 i MO3), u H20 6,7], u zavisnosti od tipa kulture i vrste korova.

Peĉurke su bogat izvor gotovo svih esencijalnih aminokiselina i vitamina, mineralnih materija, ugljenih hidrata, proteina; imaju nizak sadrņaj masti, ali vrlo visok udeo nezasićenih masnih kiselina. Gljive roda Pleurotus, imaju vrlo visoku nutritivnu vrednost, a spadaju u grupu industrijskih gljiva, lako se gaje te se na njima uspeńno moņe pratiti mogućnost akumulacije i transformacije selena. Gljive imaјu razliĉit kapacitet usvaјanja selena, ńto zavisi od vrste gljive, hranljive podloge na koјoj јe gljiva odgaјana, kao i od oblika i koncentraciјe u kom јe selen dodat u podlogu. Oĉekuje se da će gljiva usvojiti uspeńno selen iz supstrata u vidu organskih i neorganskih jedinjenja u koncentraciji koja moņe da zadovolji dnevne potrebe ĉoveka. Kako gljive sadrņe bioaktivne komponente, dodatno selenom obogaćene peĉurke moguće јe koristiti u sveņem i suńenom stanju ili kao potencijalni dijetetski suplement. Praćen je rast micelijuma razliĉitih industrijskih gljiva na sladnom agaru sa selenom dodatim u obliku neorganskih i organskih jedinjenja. Selenski kvasac i kompleks cink (selenosemikarbazon) su stimulisali rast micelije gljive bukovaĉe, dok je natrijum selenit delovao inhibitorno. Rast micelijuma gljive Ganoderma lucidum stimulisan je selenskim kvascem. Kada je u pitanju gljiva Lentinus edodes, najbolji izvor selena bio je natrijum selenit, a organska jedinjenja selena su delovala inhibitorno. Ispitivana je mogućnost akumulacije i transformacije selena iz selenita (100 mg Se/kg supstrata), selenskog kvasca (100 mg Se/kg supstrata) i kompleksnog jedninjenja (50 mg Se/kg supstrata) u plodonosno telo model gljive Pleurotus ostreatus P70. Kod ostalih ispitivanih sojeva (Pleurotus ostreatus P80, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus i Pleurotus cornucopiae), praćena je mogućnost usvajanja selena samo iz selenskog kvasca kao najpogodnijeg izvora selena. Selen iz selenita efektno je akumuliran u plodonosno telo soja P. ostreatus P70, kao i selen iz organskog kompleksnog jedinjenja..., Mushrooms contain almost all essential amino acids and vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, they have low content of fats, but they are very rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Fungi of the genus Pleurotus, have high nutritional value, they are member of industrial fungi, easy to grow and the possibility of accumulation and transformation of selenium in fruit body is easy to be monitored. Mushrooms have a different absorption capacity of selenium, which is dependent on the type of substrate for mushroom growing, on the strain of fungi as well as the form and concentration of the selenium which is added to the substrate. It is expected that selenium is going to be accumulated by fungi easy from the substrate in the form of organic or inorganic compounds in a concentration that can satisfy the daily needs of the man. As enriched fungi contain bioactive compounds with selenium, they can be used as a potential pharmaceutical supplement or as fresh or dry fruit body. Mycelium growth of various industrial fungi on malt agar with selenium in the form of inorganic and organic compounds was monitored. Selenium yeast and complex zinc (selenosemicarbazone) stimulated the growth of Oyster mushroom mycelium, and sodium selenite seemed to be toxic. Mycelium growth of the fungus G. lucidum was stimulated by selenized yeast. When it comes to mushroom L. edodes, the best source of selenium was sodium selenite, and organic selenium compounds had inhibitory action. The possibility of transformation and accumulation of selenium from sodium selenite (Se 100 mg/kg of substrate), selenium yeast (100 mg Se/kg of substrate) and complex selenosemicarbazone (50 mg Se / kg substrate) in fruit body of model mushroom P. ostreatus P70 was examined. For other tested strains (P. ostreatus P80, P. salmoneostramineus and P. cornucopiae), only the possibility of accumulation of selenium from selenized yeast as the most appropriate source of selenium was examined. Selenium in the form of sodium se

Održivo korišćenje prirodnih resursa uključuje i održivo upravljanje sa čvrstim biorazgradljivim komunalnim i agroindustrijskim otpadom i doprinosi bezbednosti životne sredine i zdravlju ljudi. Industrijalizacija i porast broja stanovnika stvorili su brojne probleme u upravljanju sa otpadom a nedostatak finansijskih sredstava dodatno je otežao upravljanje sa otpadom. Zbog toga se u Srbiji ovaj otpad tretira kao niskovredan materijal, odnosno nešto što je potrebno odbaciti. Kako bi se postiglo održivo upravljanje komunalnim i poljoprivrednim otpadom, moraju se pronalaziti nove metode, primeniti inovativne tehnologije kako bi otpad postao vredan bioresurs. Jedan od načina smanjenja količina organskog otpada ali i smanjenja zagaĎenja životne sredine uz dobijanje vrednog proizvoda je kompostiranje i u tom kontekstu kompostiranje predstavlja značajnu oblast poljoprivredne biotehnologije. Stoga je osnovni cilj disertacije sagledavanje mogućnosti iskorišćavanja komposta i proizvoda od komposta kao bioresursa u održivoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji uz dobijanje kvalitetnih proizvoda, koji mogu naći svoju primenu u savremenoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji i doprineti zaštiti i unapreĎenju kvaliteta životne sredine. Kompost nije konačan proizvod recikliranja organskog otpada, već se od njega mogu dobiti i drugi korisni proizvodi u uslovima aeracije ili bez aeracije. Kompostni čaj i kompostni ekstrakt su tečni proizvodi komposta dobijeni mešanjem komposta i vode tokom odreĎenog vremenskog perioda. U radu je korišćen biorazgradljivi komunalni, zeleni i duvanski otpad, koji su predstavljali osnovne komponente za dobijanje komposta. Imajući u vidu početni materijal neophodno je bilo izvršiti hemijsku i mikrobiološku karakterizaciju kompostnih proizvoda i onda sagledati biopotencijal kompostnih proizvoda, koji je utvrĎen ispitivanjem klijavosti različitih biljnih vrsta, odreĎivanjem germinacionog indeksa (GI) kao i odnosom kompostnih produkata prema nekim fitopatogenim gljivama i na, The sustainable use of natural resources includes a sustainable management of solid biodegradable communal and agro-industrial waste, contributing to the environmental safety and public health. The industrialisation and the population growth have caused numerous problems in waste management, while the lack of financial resources has additionally hindered the management of waste. As a result of this, this type of waste in Serbia is often treated as a low-value material, i.e. something that ought to be thrown away. In order to achieve sustainable management of communal and agricultural waste, it is necessary to find new methods and apply innovative technologies, in order to make the waste a valuable bio-resource. Composting is recognised as one of the methods that can be used to reduce quantities of organic waste, as well as environmental pollution, in addition to obtaining a valuable product, so that taken in this context composting represents an important area of agricultural biotechnology. The principal aim of the dissertation therefore is to review the possibilities for using compost and compost-based products as a bio-resource in sustainable agricultural production, enabling an output of good-quality products that can be integrated in the modern agricultural production and contribute to the protection and advancement of the quality of the environment. Compost is not the final product in the organic waste recycling, as it possesses a potential for further processing into other products that can be efficiently used, either in aeration conditions or in their absence. The compost tea and the compost extract are liquid compost products, created by mixing compost with water over a certain period of time. In the paper, biodegradable communal, green and tobacco waste were selected as the basic components used in the process of obtaining compost. Considering the type of the input material, it was necessary to perform the chemical and microbiological characterisation of th

The levels of Ni, Cu and Mg in Grifola frondosa (also known as Maitake mushroom) fruit body produced on zeolite Minazel Plus (MG)-supplemented substrate were measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Two different concentrations of MG were added to the substrate for mushroom cultivation. Levels of selected metals were measured in cultivated dry carpophores. The content of Ni increased in fruit bodies produced on supplemented substrate, while in case of Cu, a pronounced decrease was observed. When two different concentrations of MG were implemented, the Mg level showed both positive and negative trend, depending on the applied concentration of zeolite. MG in a concentration of 1% showed the strongest influence on the observed elements in the cultivated fruiting body of Maitake mushroom.

Biološka kontrola podrazumeva upotrebu mikroorganizama koji deluju antagonistički na patogene biljaka i kao takva koristi se za poboljšanje i zaštitu poljoprivrednih zemljišta. Gljive iz roda Trichoderma su kosmopolitske vrste, koje se pretežno nalaze u rizosferi različitih poljoprivrednih kultura i obuhvataju veliki broj vrsta za koje je već dokazano da poseduju mehanizme kojima deluju kao biokontrolni organizmi. Prisustvo ovih gljiva u rizosferi, može indukovati sistemsku stečenu otpornost (SAR) biljaka prema patogenima. Cilj ovog rada je bio ispitivanje varijabilnosti gljiva iz roda Trichoderma, u rizosferi različitih povrtarskih kultura primenom dve metode: klasične mikološke i metagenomski pristup. Rezultati dobijeni primenom obe metode ukazuju na prisustvo sojeva Trichoderma u ispitivanim uzorcima zemljišta. Sledeći korak u ispitivanju genetskog polimorfizma između sojeva izolovanih standardnom mikološkom metodom je njihova identifikacija na osnovu ITS sekvenci. Rezultati dobijeni metagenomskim pristupom su u nekim slučajevima bili osetljiviji u identifikaciji prisustva sojeva Trichoderma u zemljištu. Dalja optimizacija metode je u toku., The use of microorganisms that antagonize plant pathogens (biological control) is ecologically safe method for the improvement and protection of agricultural soils. The genus Trichoderma comprises a great number of beneficial fungal strains that act as biological control agents. Trichoderma spp are fungi usually present in soils, mainly in the plant rhizosphere. The presence of Trichoderma in the rizosphere can induce the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) of the plant, making it more tolerant to the pathogens attacking at the level of crop root and shoot. The objective of this work was to explore the diversity of genus Trichoderma in the rizosphere of different vegetables, by both classic mycological method and taxon-specific metagenomic approach. Results obtained by both approaches confirmed the presence of Trichoderma species in the examined soil samples. Next step in investigation of genetic polymorphism between pure cultures of Trichoderma will be to identify isolates based on their ITS sequences. Metagenomic approach was in some cases more sensitive in determination of Trichoderma presence. Further optimization of method is in progress.

The effects of hyperalkaline, thermo-mineral water from Slatina on the morphology and anatomy of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.), were examined after eleven days of treatment with a mixture of tap water and Slatina water in 3:1 (T1) and 1:1 ratios (T2). Complete growth arrest of seedlings was observed in the Slatina water (T3). The alkalinity of external media was recovered to pH 8 within four days only in T1 and T2. Analysis of morphological parameters (the length of the main root, root application zone, number of lateral roots) indicated that the thermo-mineral water either promoted (T1) or inhibited (T2) the formation of lateral roots and plant growth. Comparative histological and anatomical analyses showed that inhibition of lateral roots was accompanied by an increase in the xylem and phloem. These changes in root morphology were accompanied by an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD: E.C. 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POD: E.C 1.1.1.17) in the soluble fraction, whereas the activities of ascorbate oxidase (AAO: E.C. 1.10.3.3) bound to the cell wall and ionic POD decreased. The lower ratio of Slatina water in the hydroponic solution contributed to a more developed mesophyll with significantly higher AAO activity in the leaves and the induction of ionic POD isoforms. Besides alkalinity and excess NaCl, we suggest that a specific combination of metals (e.g. Ca and Mg) might be responsible for subtle changes in the cell area and xylem development, leading to dramatic changes in root anatomy.

Considering the very important role of nitrogen in plant life cycle, parameters of plant nitrogen nutrition efficiency represent a group of physiological traits suitable to contemporary wheat breeding aims. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to estimate variability of nitrogen nutrition efficiency indicators and to estimate their heritability in wheat. The experiment included 30 wheat cultivars and experimental lines, originating from Serbia: Small Grains Research Center and Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. The variability and broad - sense heritability of total nitrogen accumulation (ANt) at maturity, grain harvest index (GIII) and physiological efficiency of nitrogen (PEN) were analysed. The years when the researches were carried out had a highly significant effect on all tested indicators, as well as genotype and interaction year x genotype. Total nitrogen accumulation in mature plant was the most variable indicator (Cv 13.91%), while lower variability was registered for nitrogen harvest index and physiological efficiency of nitrogen (5.81% and 5.59% respectively). NHI heritability was lower (0.52) compared to the ANt and PEN (0.66 and 0.69, respectively). On the other hand, heritability of ANt and PEN were almost the same, but PEN was more repeatable than the ANt.

Phyllostachis bissetti was introduced to urban areas in Belgrade with the aim to improve the quality of air polluted by heavy traffic. Dust released from fuel combustion adsorbed on the leaves reaching up to 10% of leaf dry weight. Adsorbed dust was analyzed for its morphological structure, chemical content and prooxidant activity. SEM analysis of dust indicated the presence of particulate matter fractions PM10 and PM2.5. Determination of peroxidase levels (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate concentration and total antioxidant capacity in the leaves showed that, overall, P. bissetii had high antioxidative potential to cope with oxidative stress under urban environmental conditions. Leaf protein and chlorophyll content accompanied by high growth rate of seedlings planted at different locations indicated excellent acclimatization capacity of P. bissetti to the heavily polluted urban areas.

The species composition of Trichoderma isolates from the rhizosphere of different vegetables collected at different locations in Hungary was examined during this study. Trichoderma strains were isolated from the rhizosphere samples on dichloran-rose bengal medium. After purification of genomic DNA, the PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) region and its sequence analysis were used for the identification of the isolates at the species level. Altogether, 45 Trichoderma isolates were identified from the examined samples. The detected Trichoderma species were T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. gamsii, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. koningiopsis/T ovalisporum, T. longibrachiatum/H. orientalis, T. pleuroticola and T. virens. Besides species known as opportunistic pathogens of humans (T. longibrachiatum / H. orientalis, T. citrinoviride) or as causative agents of mushroom green mould disease (T. pleuroticola), beneficial taxa (T. harzianum, T virens, T. atroviride) widely used for the biological control of plant pathogenic fungi could also be identified in the examined samples, suggesting that the rhizosphere of vegetables may be a rich source of potential biocontrol agents. In vitro antagonism was examined in dual culture tests and the Biocontrol Index (BCI) values were determined for the particular isolates. Certain T. asperellum, T. virens and T. atroviride isolates proved to possess good in vitro antagonistic activities against plant pathogenic Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum strains, suggesting that they might be promising for the development of Trichoderma-based biocontrol strategies for the suppression of plant pathogenic fungi in the rhizosphere of vegetables produced in organic farmland soils.