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Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) is a relevant indicator of adolescent health influenced by sport participation, body size, and maturation. However, limited data are available from techniques accessible to field professionals.PurposeTo provide reference data of regional and total-body SMM and fat-free mass (FFM) derived from anthropometry among groups of age, sex, and sport participation in healthy Caucasian children and adolescents.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional dataset of 1,438 participants aged 8-18 years were analyzed for this study. Regional and total-body SMM and FFM were estimated from anthropometric variables. Sport participation was obtained byad hocquestionnaires and maturity offset was calculated using predictive equations. General linear model of mixed factors was used to analyze the variance of FFM or SMM across groups and confounders. Ln-ln regression analysis was applied to describe the scaling relationship between SMM and height.ResultsPositive interactions were found between sex, sport participation, and age for regional muscle variables (PPPPDiscussionThe novel contribution of this analysis includes regional indicators of SMM and the relevance of sport participation on SMM accrual in post-pubertal boys. Also, confirms that muscle growth rate varies across sex and phases of puberty, which arises a plausible sexual phenotype/dysmorphism of regional SMM influenced by sport participation.

We propose a cross-sectional study based on 980 maximal effort tests to quantify the effect of the calculation method of heart rate recovery (HRR) on its association with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). For five different time t0 after exercise cessation, HRR has been calculated as: • the difference and the ratio between maximal measured heart rate and heart rate (HR) at t0; • HR at t0; • the decay time of an exponential decay encompassing the first t0 minutes of the HR recovery. The associations between HRR indices and CRF were estimated from generalized estimating equations stratified by gender and adjusted for age and body mass index. For HRR indices based on exponential regression, no significant association with CRF was found, whereas the other HRR indices are associated with CRF when t0 is at least one minute and is maximum for t0 = 2 minutes for females and t0 = 3 minutes for males.

Previous studies have found aerobic training improved oxidative damage in people with Down syndrome (DS). However, there is a lack of information regarding the influence of resistance training on redox imbalance in this population. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the effect of resistance training (RT) on antioxidant defence system in sedentary adults with DS. Thirty-six male adults with DS were recruited through different community support groups. Eighteen were randomly assigned to perform a circuit RT program with 6 stations, 3 days/week for 12 weeks. Plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), reduced glutathione (GHS), ascorbate, serum α-tocopherol, and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity were assessed. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl groups (CG) were assessed as markers of oxidative damage. Muscle strength was also measured. Dynamic torque of knee extensors and flexors as well as maximal handgrip strength was significantly improved after the completion of the training program. Plasma levels of TAS and erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GR) activity were significantly increased. Conversely, MDA and CG levels were significantly reduced. It was concluded RT improved antioxidant defence system and reduced oxidative damage in adults with DS. Further, long-term studies are required to determine whether the increased antioxidant system may improve clinical outcomes of adults with DS.

Objectives To cross-culturally adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire. Design Clinical measurement study. Participants The validity and reliability of the adapted version were assessed in four groups of 40 patients with exercise-induced leg pain, 40 physically active healthy individuals (control group), 40 athletes with other leg conditions and 40 athletes, military personnel and candidates with no history of injury (risk group). Main measure Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire. Reference measures Spanish version of the Short-Form 36 and Schepsis postsurgical classification scale. Results In patients with exercise-induced leg pain, the mean age was 24.9 (± 6.7) years and the mean score of the questionnaire was 62.8 (± 10.9). The standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change threshold were 1.67 and 4.63 points, respectively. Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.942) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.995) were found. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor solution explained 66.84% of the variance. For construct validity, 87.5% of the previously stated hypotheses were fulfilled between the total score of the questionnaire and Short-Form 36 dimensions. Concurrent validity, assessed by the Schepsis scale, was almost perfect (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The predictive validity of the questionnaire was demonstrated using the receiving operating curve (area of 0.992; 95% CI: 0.983–1, p < 0.001). Conclusion The Spanish version of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire resulted in a reliable and valid instrument to assess patients with exercise-induced leg pain.

Master athletes are considered as a model of healthy aging because they can limit the age-related decline of physiological abilities compared to sedentary individuals. The main objective of this study is to analyze age-related changes and annual training on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) parameters. The participants in this retrospective cross-sectional study were 176 male cyclists, aged 40–60 years. BC was evaluated through anthropometric measurements and CRF was determined by an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. A comparative study between age groups was carried out through a one-way ANOVA test and the associations between the variables were assessed by Spearman’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis to estimate the performance. Training was generally associated with a decrease in both body weight and body fat (p < 0.05). A decrease in resting heart rate was observed as a vagal effect of kilometers cycled per year (p < 0.05). Kilometers cycled per year were associated with an increase in peak power output, which was larger in the master 40 group (p < 0.05) with a non-significant upward in VO2max (p > 0.05). In the performance prediction model, the included variables explained 52% of the variance. In summary, the changes induced by age were minimal in BC and negligible in CRF, whereas HR decreased with age. Training load was generally associated with a decrease in body weight, BMI and body fat percentage that was particularly notable in the abdominal skin folds. A decrease in HRrest was observed as a vagal effect due to kilometers cycled per year, and age did not seem to have a significant effect. The annual cycling kilometers were associated with to high PPO that is greater in the M40 group and a non-significant upward trend in VO2max.

Anaerobic power and capacity are considered determinants of performance and are usually assessed in athletes as a part of their physical capacities’ evaluation along the season. For that purpose, many field tests have been created. The main objective of this study was to analyze the agreement between four field tests and a laboratory test. Nineteen CrossFit® (CF) athletes were recruited for this study (28.63 ± 6.62 years) who had been practicing CF for at least one year. Tests performed were: (1) Anaerobic Squat Test at 60% of bodyweight (AST60), (2) Anaerobic Squat Test at 70% of bodyweight (AST70), (3) Repeated Jump Test (RJT), (4) Assault Bike Test (ABT), and (5) Wingate Anaerobic Test on a cycle ergometer (WG). All tests consisted of 30 s of max effort. The differences among methods were tested using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and effect size. Agreement between methods was performed using Bland–Altman analysis. Analysis of agreement showed systematic bias in all field test PP values, which varied between −110.05 (AST60PP—WGPP) and 463.58 (ABTPP—WGPP), and a significant proportional error in ABTPP by rank correlation (p &lt, 0.001). Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences among PP values (F(1.76,31.59) = 130.61, p =&lt, 0.001). In conclusion, since to our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the agreement between various methods to estimate anaerobic power in CF athletes. Apart from ABT, all tests showed good agreement and can be used interchangeably in CF athletes. Our results suggest that AST and RJT are good alternatives for measuring the anaerobic power in CF athletes when access to a laboratory is not possible.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p &lt, 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p &lt, 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle.

Recent studies have emphasized that regular exercise should be encouraged as a key part of care and support for people with Down syndrome (DS). However, muscle hypotonia has traditionally been considered a major barrier to resistance training (RT) in people with DS. The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of circuit RT on markers of muscle damage. The secondary objective was to assess the influence of a RT program on body composition and work task performance. Thirty-six men with DS were recruited and randomly assigned to perform a circuit RT program with six stations 3 days/week for 12 weeks (n = 18) or to a control group (n = 18). Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Serum markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase) were determined at baseline and at the end of training weeks 1, 6, and 12. Work task performance was assessed using the weighted pail-carry test. RT did not induce significant changes in markers of muscle damage during the intervention. Furthermore, muscle mass and work task performance were significantly improved in the exercise group. These findings suggest that circuit RT can be used safely to increase muscle mass and work task performance in young adults with DS. Muscle hypotonia should not be considered a major barrier to exercise in people with DS, provided that qualified staff design and supervise all training sessions.

The influence of environmental conditions has been investigated for different marathon races, but not for the Berlin Marathon, the fastest marathon race course in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and atmospheric pressure on marathon race times in the Berlin Marathon since its first event in 1974–2019. A total of n = 882,540 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 724,135 correspond to male and 158,405 to female runners. We performed analyses regarding performance levels considering all finishers, the top 3, the top 10, and the top 100 women and men. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under study, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21, cloud cover was predominant. There was no significant trend with time in any of the weather variables (e.g., no increase in temperature across the years). Overall runners became slower with increasing temperature and sunshine duration, however, elite runners (i.e., top 3 and top 10) seemed to run faster and improved their race times when the temperature increased (with women improving more than men). Top 10 women seemed to benefit more from increasing temperatures than top 10 males, and male top 100 runners seemed to benefit more from increasing temperatures than female top 100 runners. In the top three sub-group, no differences were observed between male and female correlations. In summary, in marathoners competing in the Berlin Marathon between 1974 and 2019, increasing temperatures and sunshine duration showed a different effect on different performance levels where overall runners (i.e., the general mass of runners) became slower with increasing temperature and sunshine duration, but elite runners (i.e., top 3, top 10) became faster with increasing temperatures where sex differences exist.

espanolObjetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido comprobar la concordancia entre el valor estimado de VO2max, a partir del test de Course Navette,(VO2CN), comparado con la medicion directa del consumo de oxigeno en laboratorio (VO2LAB) en un grupo jovenes de ambos sexos.Metodos: Participaron en el estudio 28 sujetos, fisicamente activos (19 varones y 9 mujeres) de 20.5 ± 2.1 anos, peso: 67.1 ± 11.9 kg, talla: 171.0 ± 8.5 cm,IMC: 22.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2. El VO2max para todos los participantes fue determinado por el metodo directo en el laboratorio con un test incremental maximo(VO2LAB) y por medio de la estimacion del test de Course Navette, (VO2CN) con un intervalo maximo de una semana entre pruebas. Se realizaronestudios de correlacion de Pearson y un estudio de concordancia de Bland-Altman entre los valores de VO2LAB y VO2CN.Resultados: Se comprueba una correlacion moderada significativa entre VO2LAB y VO2CN (r=0.53; IC95% (0.19 a 0.75), p=0.003). Se obtienen unosvalores medios de VO2LAB de 46.1 ± 6.7 mL/kg/min y de 47.23 ± 6.1 para VO2CN, no presentando diferencias significativas (p = 0.21). Se comprueba conel analisis de concordancia de Bland-Altman, que no existe error sistematico (diferencia: 1.4889 ml/kg/min (-0.895 a 3.8727), p=0.21) ni errorproporcional entre los valores de VO2LAB y VO2CN ( = -0.089 (-0.33 a 1.89), p=0.481). Existen diferencias en el VO2LAB entre hombres y mujeresƬ= -0.089 (-0.33 a 1.89), p=0.481). Existen diferencias en el VO2LAB entre hombres y mujeres(p=0.01)Conclusion: Los valores VO2LAB y VO2CN presentan valores bajo-moderados de correlacion entre metodos, sin embargo la estimacion del consumomaximo de oxigeno mediante el test de Course Navette es un metodo adecuado en sujetos jovenes fisicamente activos, sin presentar diferencias en losvalores medios, ni error proporcional, aunque se observan amplios limites de concordancia. EnglishObjective: The objective of this study was to verify the agreement between the estimated value of VO2max, from the Course Navette, (VO2CN), comparedwith the direct measurement of oxygen consumption in laboratory (VO2LAB) in a group of young people of both sexes.Methods: The study involved 28 physically active subjects (19 males and 9 women) of 20.5 ± 2.1 years old, eight: 67.1 ± 11.9 kg, height: 171.0 ± 8.5 cm,BMI: 22.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2. The VO2max for all participants was determined by the direct method in the laboratory with a graded test (VO2LAB) and bymeans of the estimation of the course Navette Test (VO2CN) with a maximum interval of one week between tests. Pearson correlation coefficients wereperformed to assess associations between variables and a Bland-Altman test to asses agreement between the values of VO2LAB and VO2CN.Results: A significant correlation between VO2LAB and VO2CN was found (r = 0.53; IC95% (0.19 to 0.75), p = 0.003). Average values of VO2LAB of 46.1 ±6.7 mL/kg/min and 47.23 ± 6.1 mL/kg/min for VO2CN are obtained, not presenting statistical differences (p = 0.21). The concordance analysis of Bland-Altman found no bias (difference: 1.4889 ml/kg/min (-0.895 to 3.8727), p = 0.21) and proportional error VO2LAB and VO2CN ( =-0089 (-0.33 to 1.89), pƬ= -0.089 (-0.33 a 1.89), p=0.481). Existen diferencias en el VO2LAB entre hombres y mujeres= 0.481). There are differences in the VO2LAB between men and women (p = 0.01).Conclusion: The values of VO2LAB and VO2CN present low-moderate correlation coefficients between methods, however the estimation of maximumoxygen consumption by the Course Navette test is an appropriate method in young subjects physically active, without differences in the average values,nor proportional error, although it is observed broad limits of concordance. portuguesObjetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a concordância entre o valor estimado do VO2max, a partir do teste do Curso Navette, (VO2CN), emcomparacao com a mensuracao direta do consumo de oxigenio em laboratorio (VO2LAB) em um grupo de ambos os sexos.Metodos: participaram 28 individuos fisicamente ativos (19 homens e 9 mulheres) de 20.5 ± 2.1 anos, peso: 67 ± 11.12 kg, tamanho: 171 ± 8.5 cm, IMC:22.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2. O VO2max para todos os participantes foi determinado pelo metodo direto no laboratorio com um teste incremental maximo (VO2LAB)e por meio da estimativa do curso de Teste de Navette (VO2CN) com um intervalo maximo de uma semana entre os testes. Foram realizados estudos decorrelacao de Pearson e um estudo de concordância de Bland-Altman entre os valores de VO2LAB e VO2CN.Resultados: uma correlacao significante entre VO2LAB e VO2CN foi decima (r = 53; IC95% (0.19 a 0.75), p = 0.003). Os valores medios de VO2LAB de 46.1± 6.7 mL/kg/min e 47.23 ± 6.1 para VO2CN sao obtidos, nao apresentando diferencas significativas (p = 0.25). E decimo com a analise da concordância deBland-Altman, que nao ha nenhum erro sistematico (diferenca: 1.4889 mL/kg/min (-0.895 a 3.87), p = 0.21) nem o erro proporcionais entre os valoresde VO2LAB e VO2CN (T =-0.089 (-0.33 a 1.89), p = 0.481). Existem diferencas no VO2LAB entre homens e mulheres (p= 0.01).Conclusao: os valores de VO2LAB e VO2CN apresentam valores baixos de correlacao entre os metodos, porem a estimativa do consumo maximo deoxigenio pelo teste de course navette e um metodo adequado em individuos jovens fisicamente ativos, sem para apresentar diferencas nos valoresmedios, nem o erro contado, embora seja oca amplos limites de concordância.

Background and Objectives: To determine the most commonly used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in exercise-induced leg pain (EILP) and to identify specific PROMs for EILP in order to evaluate their psychometric properties and methodological quality. Materials and Methods: A strategic search was performed in different databases to identify and extract the characteristics of studies based on the use of PROMs in patients with EILP. Specific PROMs were evaluated according to the Terwee et al. and COSMIN criteria. Results: Fifty-six studies were included in the review. The Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Score (MTSSS), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Exercise-Induced Leg Pain Questionnaire (EILP-Q) were identified as specific PROMs for EILP. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was the most widely used instrument in the assessment of EILP. The methodological quality assessment showed six positive values for the LEFS, four for the MTSSS and three for the EILP-Q for the eight psychometric properties analyzed according to the COSMIN criteria. The evaluation of the nine psychometric properties according to Terwee showed five positive values for the LEFS and MTSSS, and three for the EILP-Q. Conclusions: The overall methodological quality of the PROMs used was low. The VAS was the most widely used instrument in the assessment of EILP, and the LEFS was the highest quality PROM available for EILP, followed by the MTSSS and EILP-Q, respectively. Castillo-Domínguez A, García-Romero JC, Alvero-Cruz JR, Ponce-García T, Benítez-Porres J, Páez-Moguer J. Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Patients with Exercise-Induced Leg Pain. Medicina. 2022; 58(7):841. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070841

The “Berlin Marathon” is the fastest marathon racecourse in the world and has witnessed 11 world records (WRs; eight in men and three in women). Weather conditions can have an important impact on race time and we therefore examined the influence of environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, sunshine, precipitation, barometric pressure, and cloud cover) on WRs and elite (i.e., winner, top three and top 10 finishers) marathon performances of men and women at the “Berlin Marathon” between 1974 and 2019. Average world record marathon times in men were 2:03:52 ± 0:01:19 h:min:s and 2:25:05 ± 0:08:25 h:min:s in females (p < 0.05). Male competitions were held 44 times (mean winning time: 2:09:48 ± 0:09:15 h:min:s) and female competitions 41 times (mean winning time: 02:30:35 ± 0:19:09 h:min:s; p < 0.05). World record performances were set at mean temperatures of 18.61 ± 2.59°C for men and 13.07 ± 4.01°C for women (p > 0.05). The ideal environmental conditions for world record performances for men were temperatures of 18.61°C (p > 0.05), sunny, mostly dry days, with higher atmospheric pressure and little cloud cover (all p > 0.05). In women, ideal conditions for world records performances were temperatures of 13.07°C (p > 0.05), with low atmospheric pressure (p > 0.05), but significantly more rain (p < 0.05), and with no sunshine (p < 0.05) and cloud cover (p < 0.05). With elite performances, the ideal temperatures were of 17.36 ± 4.33°C for men and 17.93 ± 4.07°C for women (p > 0.05), with little to no rain, and moderate cloud cover and sunshine (p > 0.05). In summary, novel findings are, that environmental conditions in world records performances differ between men and women, with women obtaining world records in bad weather (with rain, cloud cover, and no sunshine) and men in good weather (sunny, mostly dry days, with little cloud cover). Larger sample sizes are needed to examine sex differences and environmental conditions on world record marathon performances.

The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure on marathon performance in age group marathoners competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ from 1974 to 2019. A total of 869,474 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 711,136 correspond to males and 158,338 to females. The influence of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on marathon race times was investigated in age group marathoners grouped in 5-year-intervals. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under investigation, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21 years, cloud cover was predominant. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with age (i.e., older runners were slower than younger runners) where the correlation was higher for males than for females. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with both the hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The fastest marathon runners (meaning the minimum times) achieved the fastest race times on race days with higher maximum temperatures (i.e., 15–30°C). Daily maximum temperatures showed an influence on age group marathoners from age group 35–40 years and older. Higher precipitation levels impaired performance across most age groups. In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (i.e., >15°C) and higher precipitation levels impaired performance of master marathoners (i.e., 35–40 years and older) competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ in the last 45 years. Master marathoners should start in marathon races with temperatures < 15°C and no precipitation in order to achieve a fast marathon race time.

Currently, the generation of alternative energy from solar radiation with photovoltaic systems is growing, its efficiency depends on internal variables such as powers, voltages, currents; as well as external variables such as temperatures, irradiance, and load. To maximize performance, this research focused on the application of regularization techniques in a multiparametric linear regression model to predict the active power levels of a photovoltaic system from 14 variables that model the system under study. These variables affect the prediction to some degree, but some of them do not have so much preponderance in the final forecast, so it is convenient to eliminate them so that the processing cost and time are reduced. For this, we propose a hybrid selection method: first we apply the elimination of Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) within the selection of subsets and then to the obtained results we apply the following contraction regularization methods: Lasso, Ridge and Bayesian Ridge; then the results were validated demonstrating linearity, normality of the error terms, without autocorrelation and homoscedasticity. All four prediction models had an accuracy greater than 99.97%. Training time was reduced by 71% and 36% for RFE-Ridge and RFE-OLS respectively. The variables eliminated with RFE were Total Energy, Daily Energy, and Irradiance, while the variable eliminated by Lasso was: “Frequency”. In all cases we see that the root mean square errors were reduced for RFE. Lasso by 0.15% while for RFE-Bayesian Ridge by 0.06%.

IntroductionThe masters athlete has been proposed as a model of successful aging. Research studies investigating psychological outlook in older athletes have primarily addressed negative affects including depression, anxiety, and stress. The impact of lifelong exercise on positive affect and life satisfaction as well as sleep impairment that could impact on these psychological states is largely unknown.MethodsA series of questionnaires (general life satisfaction, positive affect, and sleep-related impairment) were administered to 240 masters athletes participating in the World Masters Athletics Championships. Total raw scores were converted into T scores for comparison with the general population. Meaningful difference was defined by the PROMIS® as one-half standard deviation from the centering sample.ResultsMeaningful differences were observed for improved general life satisfaction and reduced sleep impairment for all masters athletes. Positive affect did not reach the meaningful difference threshold. No significant sex differences were found for any of the questionnaires (all p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were found between endurance, sprint, and strength/power sports for general life satisfaction (p = 0.18), positive affect (p = 0.46), and sleep impairment (p = 0.77). In general, life satisfaction increased with age (r = 0.15, p = 0.02), and sleep impairment trended towards reduction with age (r = −0.13, p = 0.05). Positive affect demonstrated no correlation with age (r = 0.09, p = 0.18).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the lifestyles of masters athletes contribute to improved general life satisfaction and reduced sleep impairment but not improved positive affect. The beneficial effects were observed irrespective of age, gender, and sporting types.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) is determined mainly by fat-free mass (FFM). FFM depends also on daily physical activity. REE normally decreases with increased age due to decreases in FFM and physical activity. Measuring REE is essential for estimating total energy expenditure. As such, there are a number of different equations in use to predict REE. In recent years, an increasing number of older adults continue to participate in competitive sports creating the surge of master athletes. It is currently unclear if these equations developed primarily for the general population are also valid for highly active, older master athletes. Therefore, we tested the validity of six commonly-used equations for predicting REE in master athletes. In conjunction with the World Masters Athletic Championship in Malaga, Spain, we measured REE in 113 master athletes by indirect calorimetry. The most commonly used equations to predict REE [Harris & Benedict (H&B), World Health Organization (WHO), Müller (MÜL), Müller-FFM (MÜL-FFM), Cunningham (CUN), and De Lorenzo (LOR)] were tested for their accuracies. The influences of age, sex, height, body weight, FFM, training hours per week, phase angle, ambient temperature, and athletic specialization on REE were determined. All estimated REEs for the general population differed significantly from the measured ones (H&B, WHO, MÜL, MÜL-FFM, CUN, all p < 0.005). The equation put forward by De Lorenzo provided the most accurate prediction of REE for master athletes, closely followed by FFM-based Cunningham’s equation. The accuracy of the remaining commonly-used prediction equations to estimate REE in master athletes are less accurate. Body weight (p < 0.001), FFM (p < 0.001), FM (p = 0.007), sex (p = 0.045) and interestingly temperature (p = 0.004) are the significant predictors of REE. We conclude that REE in master athletes is primarily determined by body composition and ambient temperature. Our study provides a first estimate of energy requirements for master athletes in order to cover adequately athletes’ energy and nutrient requirements to maintain their health status and physical performance.

The aspect of participation and performance trends in marathon running has been investigated mainly in marathons held in the United States of America (e.g., “New York City Marathon,” “Boston Marathon”), but not for the fastest course in the world, the “Berlin Marathon” held in Berlin, Germany. This study aimed to examine trends in participation and performance in the “Berlin Marathon” on all its previous 46 editions from 1974 to 2019, the largest dataset ever studied in this event with 696,225 finishers (after data cleaning). Athletes in all age groups increased their participation, except for male athletes aged 20–49 years and athletes of both sexes above 79 years of age. This overall increase in participation was more pronounced in women, but still, there are more men than women participating in “Berlin Marathon” nowadays. All age group athletes decreased their performance across years overall, whereas the top ten recreational athletes improved their performance over the years. Our findings improved the knowledge about the evolution of male and female marathoners across calendar years, especially for the fastest marathon race in the world, the “Berlin Marathon.”

The aim of the present study was to analyse the neuroendocrine stress response, psychological anxiety response, and perceived match importance (PMI) between expert and non-expert control gamers in an official competitive context. We analyzed, in 25 expert esports players and 20 control participants, modifications in their somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, PMI, and cortisol in a League of Legends competition. We found how expert esports players presented higher cortisol concentrations (Z = 155.5; p = 0.03; Cohen’s d = −0.66), cognitive anxiety (Z = 99.5; p = 0.001), and PMI (Z = 50.5; p < 0.001) before the competition than non-experts participants. We found a greater statistical weight in the cognitive variables than in the physiological ones. The results obtained suggest that real competitive context and player’s expertise were factors associated with an anticipatory stress response. The PMI proved to be a differentiating variable between both groups, highlighting the necessity to include subjective variables that contrast objective measurements.

The increasing prevalence of obesity among the institutionalised elderly population and its severe consequences on health requires an early and accurate diagnosis that can be easily achieved in any clinical setting. This study aimed to determine new cut-off values for anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance measures that are superior to body mass index criteria for overweight and obesity status in a sample of Spanish institutionalised elderly population. A total of 211 institutionalised older adults (132 women, aged 84.3±7.3 years; 79 men, aged 81.5±7.3 years) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance measures included the body mass index, waist circumference, gluteal circumference, waist-hip ratio, sagittal-abdominal diameter, trunk fat, and visceral-fat ratio. In women, the waist circumference, gluteal circumference, sagittal-abdominal diameter, trunk fat, and visceral-fat index presented strongly significant specificity and sensitivity (area under the curve [AUC], p

BackgroundCardiac function and morphology are known to differ between men and women. Sex differences seen with echocardiography have not been studied systematically in masters athletes.PurposeTo evaluate sex differences in cardiac structure, function and left ventricular (LV) systolic global longitudinal strain among masters athletes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprises of 163 masters athletes (M = 109, 60 ± 12 years; F = 55, 57 ± 12 years, range 36–91 years) who participated at the 23rd World Masters Athletics Championship held in Málaga, Spain. All athletes underwent state-of-the-art echocardiography including cardiac function, morphology, strain and hemodynamic assessment.ResultsLeft ventricular mass was higher in male than in female athletes (174 ± 44 vs. 141 ± 36 g, p < 0.01) due to greater end-diastolic intraventricular septal, LV posterior wall and LV basal diameter. However, LV mass index did not differ between the groups. End-diastolic LV volume and right ventricular area, both indexed to body-surface-area, were greater in men than in women (52.8 ± 11.0 vs. 46.1 ± 8.5 ml/m2, p < 0.01, 9.5 ± 2.4 vs. 8.1 ± 1.7 cm2/m2, p < 0.01). In contrast, women had higher LV systolic global longitudinal strain (-20.2 ± 2.6 vs. -18.8 ± 2.6%, p < 0.01) and LV outflow tract flow velocity (75.1 ± 11.1 vs. 71.2 ± 11.1 cm/s, p = 0.04). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LV ejection fraction, and stroke volume index were not different between sexes.ConclusionCardiac sex differences are present even among masters athletes. Lifelong exercise training does not appear to exasperate morphological difference to a point of cardiac risk or dysfunction in both male and female athletes.

Physiological variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max), running economy (RE) and changes in lactate levels are considered the main factors determining performance in long-distance races. The aim of this review was to present the mathematical models available in the literature to estimate performance in the 5000 m, 10,000 m, half-marathon and marathon events. Eighty-eight articles were identified, selections were made based on the inclusion criteria and the full text of the articles were obtained. The articles were reviewed and categorized according to demographic, anthropometric, exercise physiology and field test variables were also included by athletic specialty. A total of 58 studies were included, from 1983 to the present, distributed in the following categories: 12 in the 5000 m, 13 in the 10,000 m, 12 in the half-marathon and 21 in the marathon. A total of 136 independent variables associated with performance in long-distance races were considered, 43.4% of which pertained to variables derived from the evaluation of aerobic metabolism, 26.5% to variables associated with training load and 20.6% to anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype components. The most closely associated variables in the prediction models for the half and full marathon specialties were the variables obtained from the laboratory tests (VO2max, vVO2max), training variables (training pace, training load) and anthropometric variables (fat mass, skinfolds). A large gap exists in predicting time in long-distance races, based on field tests. Physiological effort assessments are almost exclusive to shorter specialties (5000 m and 10,000 m). The predictor variables of the half-marathon are mainly anthropometric, but with moderate coefficients of determination. The variables of note in the marathon category are fundamentally those associated with training and those derived from physiological evaluation and anthropometric parameters.

Objective Dynamic analysis can be used to study the changes of self-regulated biological processes driven by external stimuli. Recently, the changes of heart rate during effort tests has successfully been adjusted using a simple first-order differential equation model driven by body power expenditure. Although this approach produces valid estimates and yields pertinent indices for the analysis of such measurements, it suffers from an inability to model the saturation of the heart-rate increase at high power expenditures and the change of heart-rate equilibrium following effort. Approach We propose a new analysis allowing the estimation of changes of the heart rate in response to effort (gain) as a function of the power expenditure value. Main results When applied to the measured heart rates of 30 amateur athletes performing a maximum graded-effort treadmill test, the proposed model was able to predict 99% of the heart rate change measured during exercise. The estimated gains decreased with a power increase above the first ventilatory threshold. This trend was stronger above the second ventilatory threshold and was strongly correlated with the maximum oxygen consumption. Significance The proposed approach yields a highly precise model of heart rate dynamics during variable effort that reflects the changes of metabolic energy systems at play during exercise.

The present study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to investigate the accuracy of body composition and raw bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in correctly classifying disordered eating attitudes (DEA) in dance students. Participants were 81 female dancers assigned in two groups: beginner training (BT, age (mean &plusmn, SD) = 10.09 &plusmn, 1.2 years, n = 32) and advanced training (AT, age = 15.37 &plusmn, 2.1 years, n = 49). Fat mass (FM) was estimated by Slaughter&rsquo, s equation and skeletal muscle with Poortman&rsquo, s equation. Impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PhA) were obtained through multifrequency BIA at a frequency of 50 kHz. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed using Sun&rsquo, s equation. For evaluation of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) questionnaire was performed. We defined an EAT-26 score &ge, 20 as positive for DEA. Comparisons between groups were performed by a one-way ANOVA test or Kruskall-Wallis test. Spearman&rsquo, s rank correlation coefficients were performed to assess associations between variables. ROC curve analysis was utilized to test the accuracy of body composition and BIA variables in predicting DEA. In the BT group, Xc and PhA demonstrated high accuracy in predicting DEA with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.976 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85&ndash, 1.00) and 0.957 (95% CI: 0.82&ndash, 0.99), respectively, (both p &lt, 0.0001). FFM Sun had an AUC of 0.836 (95% CI: 0.66&ndash, 0.94) (p &lt, 0.0001) in the BT group and FFM Slaughter was 0.797 (95% CI: 0.66&ndash, 0.90) (p &lt, 0.001) in the AT group. Reactance and Phase angle were excellent and useful predictors of DEA in the BT group.

AimsRecent studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome (MetS) was the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the institutionalized elderly. In addition, the occurrence of MetS was higher in those with longer age-adjusted institutionalization time. The present study was conducted to assess predictive value of markers of adipose tissue dysfunction for the early screening of MetS in this population.Methods and resultsTwo hundred and eleven institutionalized older adults (132 women, aged 74.3 ± 7.3 years; 79 men, aged 71.5 ± 7.3 years) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), and triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio were determined. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to compare the area under the curve of each index. The total prevalence of MetS was 23.8%. In female group, VAI and TG/HDL ratio presented moderate–high sensitivity (77.78% and 78.38%, respectively) and specificity (77.62% and 73.49%, respectively). In males group, LAP presented moderate–high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (76.9%).ConclusionGender played a key role on the prediction of MetS by adipose dysfunction markers in institutionalized elderly. Accordingly, VAI and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio showed the highest predictive value for MetS in female elderly. LAP was the strongest predictor of MetS in male elderly.

The current study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the accuracy of somatotype components in correctly classifying disordered eating attitudes (DEA) in female dance students. Participants were a sample of 81 female dancers distributed in two groups: beginner training (BT; age (mean ± SD) = 10.09 ± 1.2 years, n = 32) and advanced training (AT; age = 15.37 ± 2.1 years, n = 49). For evaluation of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT-26) questionnaire was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Somatotype components were calculated using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. The risk of presenting DEA was 28.1% (n = 9) in the BT group and 6.1% (n = 3) in the AT group. In the BT group, mesomorphy demonstrated moderate–high accuracy in predicting DEA (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.93). The optimal cut-off of 6.34 yielded a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.95. Ectomorphy showed moderate accuracy in predicting DEA (AUC = 0.768, 95% CI: 0.58–0.89). The optimal cut-off of 2.41 yielded a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.78. In the AT group, none of the components demonstrated accuracy in predicting DEA. Somatotype components were good predictors of disordered eating attitudes in the younger dance student group (beginner training). Further research is needed to identify the determinants of these differences between the two groups.

Heart rate during effort test has been previously successfully adjusted with a simple first order differential equation with constant coefficients driven by the body power expenditure. Although producing proper estimation and yielding pertinent indices to analyze such measurement, this approach suffers from its inability to model the saturation of the heart rate increase at high power expenditure and the change of heart rate equilibrium after effort. The objective of the present study is to improve this model by considering that the amplitude of the heart rate response to effort (gain) depends on the power expenditure value. Therefore, heart rate and oxygen consumption of 30 amateur athletes were measured while they performed a maximum graded treadmill effort test. The proposed model was able to predict 99% of the measured heart rate variance during exercise. The gains estimated at the different power expenditures were constant but noisy before the first ventilatory threshold, stable and decreasing slightly with power increase between the two ventilatory thresholds, before decreasing in a more pronounced manner after the second ventilatory threshold. The slope of the decrease of heart rate gain with power expenditure was correlated with the deflection angle of the heart rate performance curve and with the maximum oxygen consumption. These results reflect the changes of metabolic energy systems at play during the effort test and are consistent with the analysis of the heart rate performance curve given by the Conconi method, thus validating our new approach to analyze heart rate during effort test.

Monopolar dielectric radiofrequency (MDR) is a non-invasive treatment for pain based on the local application of electromagnetic signals. The study&rsquo, s goal was to analyze the effects of MDR on the symptoms of fibromyalgia. For this aim, a randomized controlled trial was conducted on 66 female participants (aged 47 17.7) diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Participants were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (n = 23), which received eight 20-minute sessions of MDR, a sham group, which received the same number of sessions of a sham MDR therapy (n = 22), or a control group (n = 21), which received usual care. The outcome variables included pain measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS), score on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and quality of life measured by the combined index of fibromyalgia severity (ICAF). A large effect size was observed for the local pain (R2 = 0.46), total ICAF (R2 = 0.42) and ICAF physical factor scores (R2 = 0.38). Significant mean differences were found for the local pain (p = 0.025) and ICAF physical factor (p = 0.031) scores of the experimental group in comparison with the sham group. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in HADS. In conclusion, MDR is more effective than either sham treatment or usual care in the short-term improvement of pain and the physical wellbeing of participants with fibromyalgia.

According to the Challenge Hypothesis, high levels of testosterone (T) are associated with status-seeking behaviors, especially in competitive situations. However, there have not been many studies about rivals&rsquo, social status and pre-competition neuroendocrine responses. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the participants in a chess tournament showed different pre-match testosterone and cortisol levels depending on differences in ELO (i.e., the International Chess Federation rating to rank the competitive potential and social status between players). The sample was six male participants (mean &plusmn, SD) aged 25.5 &plusmn, 8.4 years with experience in official tournaments of 16.33 &plusmn, 5.72 years and an average ELO rating of 2217.67 &plusmn, 112.67. Saliva samples were collected before each round for hormonal determination when participants competed against a rival with a different ELO rating. After five competition rounds per participant, higher rival pre-competition T concentrations were shown when playing against the best-rated participant, but there were no differences in cortisol (C). The multilevel model confirmed rises in rivals&rsquo, precompetitive T levels modulated by the difference in the opponent&acute, s ELO rating. No significant changes were observed in C. The results suggest that the rival&acute, s status can determine the opponent&acute, s anticipatory neuroendocrine responses to an official chess tournament.

Background: Half-marathon races have become increasingly more popular with many recreational athletes all around the world. New and recreational runners are likely to have the greatest need for training advice to set running paces during long-distance races. Purpose: To develop a simple equation to estimate half-marathon time from the Cooper test and verify its validity. Methods: One hundred ninety-eight recreational runners (177 men and 21 women, 40 [6.8] years and 33.7 [8] years, respectively) participated in this study. All runners completed the Cooper test 7 to 10 days prior to races. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to select the main predictors of half-marathon time. Results: Simple correlation analysis showed that Cooper test performance (distance) was a good construct to estimate half-marathon time (r = −.906; 95% confidence interval, −0.927 to −0.877; P R2 = .82; standard error of estimation = 5.19 min) and low systematic bias (mean differences between the predicted value and the criterion of 0.48 [5.2] min). Finally, the concordance coefficient of correlation (.9038) and proportional bias analysis (Kendall τ = −.0799; 95% confidence interval, −0.184 to 0.00453; P = .09) confirmed a good concurrent validity. Conclusion: In this study, the authors derived an equation from the Cooper test data with a high predictive and concurrent validity and low bias.

This study aimed to analyze the modulating effect of competition seriousness and competition level in the testosterone and cortisol responses in professional soccer player. Ninety five (95) soccer players were included in this study (professional, n = 39, semiprofessional, n = 27, amateur, n = 29) before and after training, friendly game and official games. Repeated measures ANOVA showed higher testosterone levels (F(1,89) = 134, p &lt, 0.0001, &eta, 2p = 0.75) in professional soccer players, when compared with semiprofessional (p &lt, 0.0001) or amateur athletes (p &lt, 0.0001). After winning a competition game an increase in testosterone levels was observed in professionals (t = &minus, 3.456, p &lt, 0.001), semiprofessionals (t = &minus, 4.400, p &lt, 0.0001), and amateurs (t = &minus, 2.835, p &lt, 0.009). In contrast, this momentary hormonal fluctuation was not observed after winning a friendly game or during a regular training day. Additionally, statistical analysis indicated that cortisol levels were lower in professional (t = &minus, 0.001) and semiprofessional athletes (t = &minus, 0.0001) than in amateurs (t = &minus, 0.009). In soccer players a rise in testosterone was only observable when the team was faced with an actual challenge but did not support a different response between categories. Thus, the desire to achieve a goal (and keep the social status) may be one of the key reasons why testosterone levels rise promptly. Conversely, testosterone did not change after friendly games, which suggests these situations are not real goals and the players do not perceive an actual threat (in terms of dominance) more than the preparation for their next competitive game.

The research focuses on the application of regularization techniques in a multiparameter linear regression model to predict the DC voltage levels of a photovoltaic system from 14 variables. Two predictions were made, in the first prediction, all the variables were taken, 14 independent variable and one dependent variable; Shrinkage Regularization types were applied, as a variable selection method. In the second prediction we propose the use of semiautomatic methods, we used Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) as a variable selection method and to obtained results. We applied the following Shrinkage regularization methods: Lasso, Ridge and Bayesian Ridge.

The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in the psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level, young swimmers depending on whether an autocratic and democratic coaching style was applied. Modifications in cortisol and the motivational climate of 18 young swimmers (15.3 &plusmn, 1.86 years, 10 females and 8 males) were analysed before and after two training sessions with equivalent training loads but directed by two coaches applying different approaches, i.e., autocratic (A) and democratic (D). The basal testosterone levels of the coaches were also assessed. The basal testosterone concentration was higher in coach A than in coach D, the athletes perceived them as autocratic and democratic, respectively. Swimmers under coach A&rsquo, s instructions showed higher cortisol levels, suggesting higher cortisol production related to coaching style. Furthermore, differences in the motivational climate concerning ego (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with that of other athletes) were observed with coach A, whereas differences in motivational climate concerning the task (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with their own past performance) were observed with coach D. Cognitive variables showed negative perceptions affecting athletes&rsquo, training experience and performance when they were screamed at or insulted by coach A. There were no gender or age differences in cortisol production or motivational climate. In conclusion, this study suggests that an autocratic coaching style modulates cortisol release in both genders, affecting young elite swimmers&rsquo, motivational climate and training experience.

Introduction The prevalence of fibromyalgia in developed countries is over 2.1%. Nowadays, there is no effective treatment for it and different mitigating treatments such as therapeutic exercise are performed instead. In recent years, supplements have also emerged. Objectives To review and update the evidence on treatment of fibromyalgia symptoms with therapeutic physical exercise and supplements. To achieve this, treatment application times and the duration of treatment programs will be considered. Methods A bibliographic search was carried out on Pubmed database. As a result, 695 studies on therapeutic exercise and 53 on supplements were found. From these, 18 therapeutic exercise studies and 8 supplements studies were selected. They were all chosen and assessed according to their methodological quality, which was measured using the PEDro scale. Results Evidence showed that pain and quality of life are improved by the practice of almost any type of physical activity and the intake of Q10 coenzyme or vitamin D supplements. Sleep quality is enhanced by combination of physical exercise and relaxation. Depression, anxiety and mood are improved by the performance of aerobic, flexibility exercises and aquatic biodance. Conclusions Therapeutic physical exercise and supplements may be an interesting alternative or complement when treating some fibromyalgia symptoms.

The goal of this study was to describe the integrated spinal assessment of the sagittal morphotype in rowers to determine whether the intense practice of rowing causes a modification of the sagittal curvatures of the spine, its relationship with the rowing technique, and training background. The second goal was to analyse how the dorsal and lumbar curves behave in the three phases of the rowing gesture, and to determine which phases can be detrimental to the correct development of the spine during growth. We analysed the spine curvatures in the sagittal plane of 29 females and 82 males, which were measured with an inclinometer in standing, slump sitting, maximal trunk flexion and during rowing performance. The average value of thoracic kyphosis in the rowers was 30° (mean, 30 + 8.27°). Thoracic hyperkyphosis was found in only two rowers (1.8%). Lumbar lordosis was within normal range in 84.1% of the males (mean, 27 + 9.57°) and 75.9% of female rowers (mean, 33°). Functional thoracic hyperkyphosis was observed in 57.4% of the males and 17.1% of the females. Functional lumbar hyperkyphosis was observed in 28 of the 69 males (40.5%) and five of 22 females (17.2%). Rowing seems to provide adequate spine alignment in the sagittal plane on standing. The integrated spinal assessment of the sagittal morphotype showed that half or our rowers presented with functional thoracic hyperkyphosis, and 43.2% presented with functional lumbar hyperkyphosis. Spine behaviour during the rowing technique shows that the thoracic kyphosis (98.2%) and lumbar spine (91%) perform within normative ranges and could explain the adequate positioning of the spine in the sagittal plane on standing. Years of rowing training tend to reduce thoracic kyphosis in males.

Resumen Objetivos Revisar la literatura mas actual para comprobar los efectos de la fisioterapia pasiva en el tratamiento de los sintomas de la fibromialgia, diferenciando segun tecnicas de aplicacion y valorando la efectividad segun sintoma. Estrategia de busqueda Se realiza una busqueda bibliografica en Medline a traves de Pubmed para localizar ensayos clinicos de los ultimos 5 anos. Seleccion de estudios Se hallan 683 estudios de los que 18 son seleccionados y evaluados segun la calidad metodologica con la escala PEDro. Sintesis de resultados La fisioterapia pasiva puede ser un tratamiento efectivo, ya que tecnicas como la electroterapia, la liberacion miofascial y la balneoterapia producen analgesia y mejoran la calidad de vida de los sujetos. La depresion mejora con la terapia manual y la balneoterapia; el sueno mejora con la TENS y la terapia manual. Conclusiones La fisioterapia pasiva puede ser un tratamiento efectivo a nivel sintomatico, siendo algunas tecnicas mas indicadas que otras segun los sintomas de mayor severidad en los pacientes.

Resumen Objetivo Se ha reconocido que la adiposidad abdominal esta asociada a factores de riesgo cardiovascular, intolerancia a la glucosa, hipertension y dislipidemia. El objetivo ha sido evaluar la relacion de la grasa de tronco y del indice de grasa visceral, con el sindrome metabolico (SM) en sujetos ancianos. Metodos Participaron, 208 sujetos (130 mujeres y 78 varones) con una edad media de 82,5 anos. Se tomaron medidas de obesidad abdominal por antropometria y bioimpedancia. Se realizaron curvas ROC para evaluar la capacidad diagnostica con respecto al SM. Resultados Existen diferencias entre sexos en el indice de masa corporal, indice cintura cadera, perimetro abdominal, grasa de tronco y grasa visceral (p Conclusiones Existen diferentes niveles de capacidad predictiva del SM, segun el genero. La grasa de tronco y el indice de grasa visceral presentan una mayor capacidad predictiva del SM en hombres que en mujeres.