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Denna uppsats undersöker hur Sveriges herr- och damlandslag i fotboll representerades i media under VM 2018 och VM 2023. Syftet med studien var att bidra med ökad förståelse och kunskap om hur mediegestaltningen ser ut och hur gestaltningsmönster kan variera beroende på kön och prestation. Studien använde kvalitativ textanalys och integrerade gestaltningsteori, dagordningsteori och genusteori för att analysera hur lagen porträtteras i media. Resultaten visade på skillnader i representation mellan herr- och damlandslaget. Herrlandslaget fick mer uppmärksamhet och beröm i media, medan damlandslaget ofta fick mindre positiva inslag och i stället kritik. Vid både seger och förlust blev herrarna berömda utifrån empirin medan damerna fick kritik vid både seger och förlust. Studien visade också på hur medierna kan påverka vår uppfattning av idrott och kön. Genom att välja vad som ska uppmärksammas och hur det ska gestaltas kan medierna påverka hur vi tolkar och förstår idrott och kön. Studien bidrog med insikt i hur media kan påverka vår uppfattning av idrott och kön och betonar vikten av att fortsätta undersöka och utmana ojämlikheter i mediebevakningen av idrott. Studien betonar även jämställdhet som en viktig aspekt i mediebevakningen., This study aims to analyze the media representation of Sweden's men's and women's national football teams during the 2018 men's World Cup and 2023 women's World Cup through a qualitative content analysis of articles from two newspaper tabloids which are Aftonbladet and Expressen. By integrating the framing theory, agenda-setting theory, gender theory and representation into the analysis, themes, and patterns in how the teams were portrayed in the media were identified. The results show differences in how the men's and women's teams were depicted, as well as how victory and defeat affected media representation. The discussion focuses on methodological considerations, the relevance of the results, and suggestions for future research in the field. The media representation of Sweden's men's national football team appears to be more positive even though they did not achieve any medal in their respective tournament meanwhile Sweden's women's national football team achieved a bronze medal.

BackgroundPrecarious employment (PE) has been suggested as a risk factor for occupational injuries (OIs). However, several issues such as under-reporting and time at risk pose obstacles to obtaining unbiased estimates of risk ObjectiveTo investigate if PE is a risk factor for OIs in Sweden. MethodsThis register-based study included employed workers aged 18-65, resident in Sweden between 2006 and 2014. PE was operationalised as a multidimensional construct (score) and by its five items (contract insecurity, contractual temporariness, multiple jobs/multiple sectors, income level, collective bargaining agreement). Our outcome was OI in the following year. Pooled ORs for OIs in relation to PE and PE items were calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression models for women and men separately. ResultsPrecarious workers were at lower risk of OIs as compared with non-precarious workers among both males and females (OR <1) also when applying weights for under-reporting and adjusting for time at risk (part-time work). Male agencies workers had a higher risk of OIs (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.23), as did male and female workers in multiple jobs/sectors (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.28 and OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.13 respectively), and female workers in the low-income groups (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.12). Low coverage of collective bargaining agreements was associated with a lower risk of OIs for both men and women (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.31 and OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.27, respectively). ConclusionsWhile several mechanisms may explain why precarious workers in Sweden present lower risks of OIs, several dimensions of PE such as temp agency work and multiple job-holding could be important risk factors for OIs and merit further research.

BACKGROUND: Precarious employment (PE) has been suggested as a risk factor for occupational injuries (OIs). However, several issues such as under-reporting and time at risk pose obstacles to obtaining unbiased estimates of risk OBJECTIVE: To investigate if PE is a risk factor for OIs in Sweden.METHODS: This register-based study included employed workers aged 18-65, resident in Sweden between 2006 and 2014. PE was operationalised as a multidimensional construct (score) and by its five items (contract insecurity, contractual temporariness, multiple jobs/multiple sectors, income level, collective bargaining agreement). Our outcome was OI in the following year. Pooled ORs for OIs in relation to PE and PE items were calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression models for women and men separately.RESULTS: Precarious workers were at lower risk of OIs as compared with non-precarious workers among both males and females (OR <1) also when applying weights for under-reporting and adjusting for time at risk (part-time work). Male agencies workers had a higher risk of OIs (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.23), as did male and female workers in multiple jobs/sectors (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.28 and OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.13 respectively), and female workers in the low-income groups (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.12). Low coverage of collective bargaining agreements was associated with a lower risk of OIs for both men and women (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.31 and OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.27, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: While several mechanisms may explain why precarious workers in Sweden present lower risks of OIs, several dimensions of PE such as temp agency work and multiple job-holding could be important risk factors for OIs and merit further research.

The aim of this study was to identify trends in precarious employment in the Swedish workforce from 1992 to 2017. This is a repeated cross-sectional study, analyzing the total working population aged 16–75 in Sweden at five-year intervals. We used version 2.0 of the Swedish Register-based Operationalization of Precarious Employment, covering the following dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, lack of rights and protection. The proportion in precarious employment increased from 9.7 to 12% between 1992 and 2017, a relative increase of 24%. The prevalence was higher among those of lower age, of low education, and immigrants. Differences between sexes converged, and there were slightly more precarious men than women in 2017. The relative increase was most pronounced among men, especially those with low educational attainment and of European origin. The increasing proportion of precarious employees is a clear challenge to the tripartite Nordic model, which requires sufficient trade-union bargaining power.

Background The aim is to identify trajectories of precarious employment (PE) over time in Sweden to examine associations of these with the subsequent risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Methods This is a nation-wide register-based cohort study of 1,583,957 individuals aged 40 to 61 years old residing in Sweden between 2003-2007. Trajectories of PE as a multidimensional construct and single PE components (contractual employment relationship, temporariness, income levels, multiple job holding, probability of coverage by collective agreements) were identified for 2003-2007 by means of group-based model trajectories. Risk Ratios (RR) for MI and stroke according to PE trajectories were calculated by means of generalized linear models with binomial family. Findings Adjusted estimates showed that constant PE and borderline PE trajectories increased the risk of MI (RR: 1.08, CI95%:1.05-1.11 and RR:1.13, CI95%: 1.07-1.20 respectively) and stroke (RR:1.14, CI95%: 1.10-1.18 and HR:1.24, CI95%: 1.16-1.33 respectively) among men. A higher risk of stroke in men was found for the following unidimensional trajectories: former agency employees (RR:1.32, CI95%:1.04-1.68); moving from high to a low probability of having collective agreements (RR: 1.10, CI95%:1.01-1.20). Having constant low or very low income was associated to an increased risk of MI and Stroke for both men and women. Interpretation The study findings provide evidence that PE increases the risk of stroke and possibly MI. It highlights the importance of being covered by collective bargaining agreements, being directly employed and having sufficient income levels over time.

Precarious employment (PE) is a well-known social determinant of health and health inequalities. However, as most previous studies have focused on physical and mental well-being, less is known about the social-related outcomes (ie, social precarity) associated with precarious arrangements. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate whether PE is associated with social precarity in a working population of 401 nonstandard employed workers in Stockholm, Sweden (2016-2017). PE was assessed with the Swedish version of the Employment Precarious Scale (EPRES-Se) and analyzed in relation to social precarity related to working life (eg, task quality and job security) and living conditions (eg, restraint in social activities and financial constraints). We found positive adjusted associations between quartiles of EPRES-Se and social precarity related to working life (eg, being locked in an occupation [aPR(q4):1.33 [1.10-1.61]]) and living conditions (eg, inability to participate in social activities because of work [aPR(q4):1.27 [1.10-1.46]]). Our findings suggest that individuals in PE experience social precarity, stressing that PE may have negative effects on well-being. Further studies using multidimensional constructs of PE and larger samples should analyze these findings according to social and policy contexts in order to be able to inform policymakers.

Background Under-reporting of occupational injuries (OIs) among precariously employed workers in Sweden challenges effective surveillance of OIs and targeted preventive measures. Objective To estimate the magnitude of under-reporting of OIs among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden in 2013. Methods Capture–recapture methods were applied using the national OIs register and records from a labour market insurance company. Employed workers 18–65 resident in Sweden in 2013 were included in the study (n=82 949 OIs). Precarious employment was operationalised using the national labour market register, while injury severity was constructed from the National Patient Register. Under-reporting estimates were computed stratifying by OIs severity and by sociodemographic characteristics, occupations and precarious employment. Results Under-reporting of OIs followed a dose–response pattern according to the levels of precariousness (the higher the precarious level, the higher the under-reporting) being for the precarious group (22.6%, 95% CI 21.3% to 23.8%), followed by the borderline precarious (17.6%, 95% CI 17.1% to 18.2%) and lastly the non-precarious (15.0%, 95% CI 14.7% to 15.3%). Under-reporting of OIs, decreased as the injury severity increased and was higher with highest level of precariousness in all groups of severity. We also observed higher under-reporting estimates among all occupations in the precarious and borderline precarious groups as compared with the non-precarious ones. Conclusions This is the first register-based study to empirically demonstrate in Sweden that under-reporting of OIs is 50% higher among precariously employed workers. OIs under-reporting may represent unrecognised injuries that especially burden precariously employed workers as financial, health and social consequences shift from the employer to the employee.

The aim of this study was to identify trends in precarious employment in the Swedish workforce from 1992 to 2017. This is a repeated cross-sectional study, analyzing the total working population aged 16-75 in Sweden at five-year intervals. We used version 2.0 of the Swedish Register-based Operationalization of Precarious Employment, covering the following dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, lack of rights and protection. The proportion in precarious employment increased from 9.7 to 12% between 1992 and 2017, a relative increase of 24%. The prevalence was higher among those of lower age, of low education, and immigrants. Differences between sexes converged, and there were slightly more precarious men than women in 2017. The relative increase was most pronounced among men, especially those with low educational attainment and of European origin. The increasing proportion of precarious employees is a clear challenge to the tripartite Nordic model, which requires sufficient trade-union bargaining power.

Precarious employment (PE), representing a multidimensional construct of (poor) employment conditions, has been found associated with several health outcomes. However, there is a lack of a recognized definition of PE and studies have varied greatly in their assessment of PE. In addition, previous studies have been limited in their design, the impact of labor market mobility among PEs has seldomly been explored, and a range of health outcomes are yet understudied. Further, in Sweden, response rates to national surveys have continuously decreased, calling for alternative sampling strategies. The aim of this thesis was hence two-fold: 1) to explore, develop and apply novel sampling- and exposure-assessment methods to study precarious employment in the Swedish labor market, and by its application, 2) study associations between precarious employment and health. In Study I, the aim was to assess the performance of web-based respondent driven sampling among non-standard, precarious, employees in Stockholm County. The method was implemented between November 2016 and May 2017, and the resulting sample size (n=415), response rate (62%) and wave depth (1-15 waves) were considered acceptable. Equilibrium was reached for the variables assessed and estimations could be performed. In Study III, the aim was to operationalize PE with a typological and summative scale approach in register-data. PE was operationalized through five items and three dimensions in the Swedish working population of 2014, by the means of labor market data (LISA) (n=4,349,322). Through the typological approach, assessed by means of latent class analysis, one PE-type (“PER”) as well as five other employment types emerged. In the summative scale approach, scores ranged between -10 and +2 and >80% of individuals in the PER-type fell beneath the 25th percentile. The PER-type was generally associated with sociodemographic and occupational characteristics previously recognized as overrepresented in PE. In Study II

Objective High-quality longitudinal evidence exploring the mental health risk associated with low-quality employment trajectories is scarce. We therefore aimed to investigate the risk of being diagnosed with common mental disorders, substance use disorders, or suicide attempt according to low-quality employment trajectories. Methods A longitudinal register-study based on the working population of Sweden (N=2 743 764). Employment trajectories (2005–2009) characterized by employment quality and pattern (constancy, fluctuation, mobility) were created. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models for first incidence (2010–2017) diagnosis of common mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide attempt as dependent on employment trajectories. Results We identified 21 employment trajectories, 10 of which were low quality (21%). With the exception of constant solo self-employment, there was an increased risk of common mental disorders (HR 1.07–1.62) and substance use disorders (HR 1.05–2.19) for all low-quality trajectories. Constant solo self-employment increased the risk for substance use disorders among women, while it reduced the risk of both disorders for men. Half of the low-quality trajectories were associated with a risk increase of suicide attempt (HR 1.08–1.76). Conclusions Low-quality employment trajectories represent risk factors for mental disorders and suicide attempt in Sweden, and there might be differential effects according to sex – especially in terms of self-employment. Policies ensuring and maintaining high-quality employment characteristics over time are imperative. Similar prospective studies are needed, also in other contexts, which cover the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the mechanisms linking employment trajectories with mental health.

Our purpose has been to explore how teachers' educate to influence their pupils' interests in biology and if outdoor education is considered to be a part of this. Also how this affects the pupils possibilities in achieving the goals in the nature science oriented curriculum. The purpose has been examined through qualitative interviews with teachers' who are teaching in the nature oriented subjects in compulsory school, and applies outdoor pedagogy. With a phenomenographic research approach, we were able to gain a deeper insight into the teacher’s individual perceptions of the phenomenon of outdoor learning versus students' interest in the content of the biology subject. The study shows that teachers' see a great value in taking note of students' experiences and prior knowledge and proceed from them in interest-creating teaching in biology. They use reality-based experiences and authentic learning situations as a way to create interest in the subject content. Outdoor lessons are highlighted by teachers' as a way to do this, where they experience benefits by giving students' the opportunity to experience and explore in a more sensory environment. Outdoor lessons also affect their participation and commitment to teaching. The teachers' believe that the practical elements in an authentic environment have an effect on students' ability to absorb the content and remember it, which in turn gives the student a greater chance of achieving the goals in the curriculum. Based on this, we believe that a recommendation for the application of outdoor lessons should be included in the school's governing document., Vårt huvudsyfte är att bidra till ökad kunskap om utomhuspedagogikens potentiella roll att påverka elevers intresse för biologi och hur utomhuspedagogik kan hjälpa elever mot ökad måluppfyllelse. För att få perspektiv på hur utomhuspedagogik används i förhållande till annan intresseskapande undervisning valde vi också att undersöka hur lärare mer allmänt arbetar för att påverka elevernas intresse för biologi. Syftet har undersökts genom kvalitativa intervjuer av lärare i årskurs 1-9 som undervisar i grundskolans naturorienterande ämnen, med betoning på biologi, samt som aktivt tillämpar utomhuspedagogik. Med en fenomenografisk forskningsansats kunde vi få djupare insikt i lärarnas individuella uppfattningar om just fenomenet utomhuspedagogik kontra elevers intresse för innehållet i biologiämnet. Studien visar att lärare ser ett stort värde av att ta fasta på elevernas erfarenheter och förkunskaper och att utgå från dem i intresseskapande undervisning i biologi. De använder sig av verklighetsbaserade erfarenheter och autentiska lärsituationer som ett sätt att skapa intresse för ämnesinnehållet. Utomhuspedagogiken lyfts fram av lärarna som ett sätt att göra detta på, där de upplever fördelar genom att eleverna får möjlighet att uppleva och utforska i en sinnlig miljö. Utomhuspedagogiken påverkar också elevernas deltagande och engagemang för undervisningen. Lärarna menar att de praktiska momenten i en autentisk miljö ger effekt på elevers förmåga att ta till sig innehållet och komma ihåg det, vilket i sin tur ger elever större möjlighet att nå målen i kunskapskraven för biologi. Utifrån detta anser vi att en rekommendation för tillämpande av utomhuspedagogik borde finnas i skolans styrdokument.

Objectives:To investigate the association between precarious employment and health in a sample of non-standard employees in Stockholm County, Sweden, by addressing three specific research questions: is the degree of precarious employment (low, moderate, high) associated with self-rated. . . (a) general health, (b) mental health, (c) musculoskeletal pain? Methods:Web-based respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit a sample of 415 employees in Stockholm, Sweden, during 2016-2017. Questionnaire data were collected on employment conditions (the Swedish version of the employment precariousness scale (EPRES-Se)), general health, mental health and musculoskeletal pain. EPRES-Se scores were categorised as low, moderate or high. Generalised linear models with Poisson distribution, log link functions and robust variances were applied for calculating crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR; aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes. Results:The prevalence ratios of poor self-rated general and mental health increased with increased degree of precariousness, as indicated by estimates of moderate precarious employment (a(2)PR(Moderate)1.44 (CI 0.98-2.11); a(2)PR(Moderate)1.13 (CI 0.82-1.62)), and high precarious employment (a(2)PR(High)1.78 (CI 1.21-2.62); a(2)PR(High)1.69 (CI 1.25-2.28)), albeit only significantly so for high precarious employment. Conclusions:This is the first study in Sweden reporting on the association between precarious employment, as measured with a multidimensional scale, and multiple health outcomes. The results add to the evidence of an association between precarious employment and self-rated poor general and mental health. Larger, representative studies with longitudinal designs using the EPRES-Se are called for in order to strengthen these results and the already existing evidence of the harm of precarious employment.

Objectives: Precarious employment (PE) is a social determinant of poor health of workers. However, this population usually lack a sampling frame, making it challenging to identify the characteristics of this group. Web-based respondent driven sampling (webRDS) recruits individuals online through the social network and can provide population estimates. This study aims to assess the performance of webRDS in a population of workers with PE. Method: WebRDS was used for recruitment and data collection in the PRecarious EMployment In Stockholm (PREMIS) study. Cross-sectional questionnaire data was collected between November 2016 and May 2017. Eligible participants were living and/or working in Stockholm County, 18-65 years old, had a personal identification number and were currently employed. WebRDS performance was assessed by the total sample size, length of recruitment chains, sample composition, sample proportions and estimated RDSII population proportions with confidence intervals. Results: The webRDS process resulted in a sample of 358 recruits and a total sample of 415 participants, recruited over 1-15 waves. Of the participating seeds and recruits, 60% and 48%, respectively, successfully recruited at least one peer. The sample composition stabilized for all variables assessed. The sample proportions and RDSII estimates differed by 1-8% and the confidence intervals included the sample proportions for all variables except one. Conclusions: WebRDS successfully recruited a sufficient sample of workers with precarious employment from which population estimates could be made. Future studies should consider implementing webRDS on a national level in order to further study this population.

Syftet med denna studie är undersöka hur vi i förskolans värld kan skapa aktiviteter som bidrar till handlingsberedskap hos barn, gällande frågor som rör hållbar utveckling. Studien har utförts med delaktiga observationer som främsta metod, där bildvisning har använts för att introducera och väcka barnens intresse för olika hållbarhetsfrågor. Studien utgår från barnens intresse, beskrivningar och förståelse där handlingsberedande aktiviteter gällande nedskräpning iscensatts för att skapa medvetenhet hos barnen. Studien vilar på en livsvärldsfenomenlogisk grund men tar också avstamp i den sociokulturella teorin om barns lärande. Studiens resultat har tematiserats och visar att barnens förståelse för hållbarhetsfrågor är omfattande. Barnen beskriver och relaterar till omvärlden utifrån de fenomen som framstår som viktiga i deras livsvärld, där normen om rätt och fel, människans skuld och ansvarstagande betonas., The purpose of this study is to investigate how we in the preschool environment can create activities that contribute to action readiness for children, regarding issues related to sustainable development. The study has been performed with participatory observations as the primary method, where image display has been used to introduce and awaken the children's interest in various sustainability issues. The study is based on the children's interest, descriptions and understanding where action-preparatory activities regarding littering have been staged to create awareness for the children.The study rests on the lived-world phenomenological foundation, but also takes root in the socio-cultural theory of children's learning. The study's results have been thematised and show that children's understanding of sustainability issues is extensive. The children describe and relate to the outside world true the phenomena that appear to be important in their world of life, where the norm of right and wrong, human guilt and responsibility is emphasized.

This project is a proposal for structural construction through fabrication and assembly of 3D-printed ceramic bricks developed side by side with a metaphysical investigation into the potential to express the living nature of matter through its material and formal attributes. Through an explorative process in the intersection of craft and digital fabrication, we have developed a system for LDM extrusion of composite bricks consisting of an outer ceramic shell and a low-density cementitious core, an integrated design flow based on procedural generation of fractal patterns and topological weaving, and an assembly logic capable of complex architectural expressions. The project consists of a series of prototypes leading up to the making of a 1:2 scale section of an architectural pavilion. The iterative prototypes consist of a column and a self-supporting arch, and the final section is composed of a number of interwoven elements forming a unified object. In the crafting of each structure, we built a progressively increasing control of the integrated fabrication, design, and assembly process.