75 results on '"Jon D. Kassel"'
Search Results
2. Smoking's effects on respiratory sinus arrhythmia in adolescent smokers
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Jon D. Kassel, Megan Conrad, and Stephanie M. Gorka
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Male ,Acute effects ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,Smoking ,Age Factors ,medicine.disease ,Article ,Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ,Smoking behavior ,Electrocardiography ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Heart Rate ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,Heart rate ,Humans ,Medicine ,Female ,Vagal tone ,business ,Nicotine dependence ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has emerged as an indicator of how well the body maintains homeostasis and flexibly responds to environmental demands. Previous research has shown that smoking has both acute and chronic effects on RSA in adults. More recent work has focused on adolescent smokers because the natural decrease in RSA over the lifespan might be hastened by smoking at an early age. The goal of the current study, then, was to examine the acute effects of smoking on RSA and mean heart rate (HR) in a group of adolescent smokers. Participants completed two experimental sessions separated by 6-10 weeks, during which resting electrocardiogram (EKG) data were collected before and after smoking or not smoking a single cigarette ad libitum. Results indicate that smoking significantly decreased resting RSA and increased mean HR. In addition, those who smoked their first cigarette earlier in life (i.e., before age 8 or 10) evidenced a greater decrease in RSA during their smoking session relative to those who tried smoking after age 10. Importantly, these findings are largely consistent with the adult literature and suggest that smoking has acute effects on both RSA and HR in adolescence.
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- 2015
3. Addictions and Adolescence ☆
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Tammy Chung, Ken C. Winters, Randy Stinchfield, Jon D. Kassel, Megan Conrad, and Rachel L. Bachrach
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- 2017
4. Adolescent’s Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia is Associated with Smoking Rate Five Years Later
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Jon D. Kassel, Megan Conrad, Grace E. Giedgowd, Natania A. Crane, Scott A. Langenecker, Stephanie M. Gorka, and Robin J. Mermelstein
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Acute effects ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Risk Assessment ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,Nicotine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cigarette smoking ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Longitudinal Studies ,Vagal tone ,Young adult ,Nicotine dependence ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Smoking ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,medicine.disease ,Vulnerability factors ,Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Female ,business ,Risk assessment ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Introduction Vulnerability factors like respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may help identify adolescents at risk for nicotine dependence. We examined if resting RSA and the acute effects of smoking on RSA was associated with cigarette smoking five years later among adolescents at high risk for smoking escalation and nicotine dependence. Methods Sixty-nine adolescents participated in a baseline laboratory session- RSA was collected before and after smoking a single cigarette ad libitum. Participants were then followed for five years. Results Lower pre-smoke resting RSA was related to higher past month smoking rate five years later, even after controlling for baseline smoking rate and other relevant covariates including gender, race/ethnicity, age of initiated use, and frequency of exercise at baseline (p = 0.018). Exploratory analyses suggested resting RSA is an independent predictor of increased cigarette rate beyond other baseline predictors. Conclusions Low resting RSA may be a vulnerability factor, helping to identify adolescents at risk for cigarette escalation.
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- 2016
5. The effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on verbal and visuospatial working memory capacity
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Justin E. Greenstein and Jon D. Kassel
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Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Short-term memory ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Spatial memory ,Nicotine ,Young Adult ,Memory ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,media_common ,Pharmacology ,Working memory ,Smoking ,Repeated measures design ,Cognition ,Verbal Learning ,Abstinence ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Space Perception ,Visual Perception ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Smoking Cessation ,Verbal memory ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Several studies have examined the effects of smoking and abstaining from smoking on working memory (WM) but have yielded inconclusive findings. Thus, the authors used a repeated measures design to assess the effects of smoking and abstaining from smoking on both visuospatial and verbal WM capacity (WMC) using highly reliable, well-validated, and theoretically driven WM span tasks. Verbal n-back was also administered to examine its relationship to these complex WM span tasks and to compare this study's results with previous findings. Smokers (n=23) and nonsmokers (n=21) participated in 2 sessions separated by 1 week. During 1 session, smokers completed the WM tasks after abstaining from smoking for at least 12 hr, whereas in the other session smokers did not abstain from smoking and were tested immediately after smoking (all WM tasks were completed 45 min or less since last cigarette). Results indicated that smokers' verbal WM span was lower than nonsmokers' and was lower during the nonabstinent session compared with the abstinent session. Smokers' verbal n-back performance was also lower than nonsmokers', although there was no difference in verbal n-back performance between the smoking sessions. In contrast, there was no difference in visuospatial WM span between the smoking sessions or between smokers and nonsmokers. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that (a) smokers' verbal WM is lower than nonsmokers, (b) smokers' verbal WMC is lower during nonabstinence compared with abstinence, and (c) smoking exhibits differential effects on the different WM domains.
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- 2009
6. What Underlies Appraisals? Experimentally Testing a Knowledge-and-Appraisal Model of Personality Architecture Among Smokers Contemplating High-Risk Situations
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Jon D. Kassel, Daniele Artistico, Marina Fiori, Heather Orom, Tracy L. Caldwell, William G. Shadel, and Daniel Cervone
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Adult ,Male ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Personality Assessment ,Affect (psychology) ,Social Facilitation ,Cognition ,Consistency (negotiation) ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Secondary Prevention ,Humans ,Personality ,Architecture ,Situational ethics ,media_common ,Middle Aged ,Self Efficacy ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,Cues ,Psychology ,Priming (psychology) ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
We tested a theoretical model of personality structures underlying patterns of intra-individual variability in contextualized appraisals. The KAPA (Knowledge-and-Appraisal Personality Architecture) model was tested experimentally among smokers appraising their efficacy to resist the urge to smoke in high-risk situations. In a novel design, we assessed self-knowledge and situational beliefs idiographically and employed cognitive priming to manipulate the accessibility of self-knowledge experimentally. The results confirmed the unique KAPA-model prediction that priming would affect appraisals in a contextualized manner. Priming positively valenced self-knowledge enhanced self-efficacy appraisals specifically within that subset of situations that were relevant to the primed knowledge. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that systems of self- and situational knowledge underlie consistency and variability in appraisals.
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- 2008
7. Adult attachment security and college student substance use
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John E. Roberts, Jon D. Kassel, and Margaret C. Wardle
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Adult ,Male ,Marijuana Abuse ,Adolescent ,Alcohol Drinking ,Universities ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Self-concept ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Dysfunctional family ,Toxicology ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Attachment theory ,Humans ,Personality ,Students ,Object Attachment ,media_common ,Motivation ,Smoking ,Self-esteem ,Cognition ,Middle Aged ,Self Concept ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Abandonment (emotional) ,Female ,Psychology ,Attitude to Health ,Stress, Psychological ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated strong links between quality of adult attachment styles and various forms of psychological distress. A burgeoning literature further points to a relationship between insecure attachment and drug use, particularly alcohol consumption. In the present study, we expanded upon the existing literature by examining the relationship between adult attachment style and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana in a sample of 212 college students. Moreover, based on our previous work [Hankin, B.L., Kassel, J.D., and Abela, J.R.Z. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 136-151.], we proposed a conceptual model positing that adult attachment style influences both frequency of drug use and stress-motivated drug use through its impact on dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Initial correlational analyses indicated significant (positive) associations between anxious attachment (tapping neediness and fear of abandonment) and both drug use frequency and stress-motivated drug use. Simultaneous regression analyses revealed that, for drug use frequency, the influence of anxious attachment operated primarily through its effect on dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Regarding drug use attributable to negative affect reduction, anxious attachment demonstrated direct, independent effects on both cigarette smoking and alcohol use. These findings highlight the potential importance of adult attachment styles as a risk factor for drug use among college students.
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- 2007
8. Baseline reaction time predicts 12-month smoking cessation outcome in formerly depressed smokers
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Richard A. Brown, Jon D. Kassel, and Marisa C. Yates
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Decision Making ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Context (language use) ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Logistic regression ,Depressive symptomatology ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Reaction Time ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Clinical interview ,Depressive Disorder ,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ,Verbal Behavior ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Prognosis ,Semantics ,Affect ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,Color naming ,Psychology ,Neurocognitive ,Color Perception - Abstract
Burgeoning evidence points to a positive association between cigarette smoking and depression. Moreover, depressive symptomatology, whether historical, current, or subsyndromal, appears to negatively influence smoking cessation efforts. Whereas depression is typically assessed via clinical interview or self-report, rarely are the known neurocognitive deficits linked to depression (e.g., global slowing) assessed in the context of smoking cessation research. Hence, this study examined whether simple reaction time -- color naming of affectively neutral words -- is predictive of 12-month smoking cessation outcome among a sample of formerly depressed smokers (N = 28). Results revealed a significant, positive correlation between reaction time and depressive symptoms such that those who exhibited slower reaction times were at heightened risk to relapse. Baseline depressive symptoms, as assessed via self-report, neither correlated with nor predicted smoking cessation outcome. Results from logistic regression analyses further showed that reaction time added incremental variance to the prediction of smoking cessation outcome. Therefore, simple reaction time may capture aspects of depression not typically assessed in self-report questionnaires. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and clinical implications for smoking cessation research.
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- 2007
9. Natural history of nicotine withdrawal
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Jon D. Kassel, Saul Shiffman, Mary Hickcox, Mark H. Balabanis, Chad J. Gwaltney, Christi Patten, Maryann Gnys, Jean Paty, and Andrew J. Waters
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Adult ,Male ,Sleep Wake Disorders ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Evening ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Nicotine ,Behavior Therapy ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Prospective cohort study ,Psychiatry ,media_common ,Sleep disorder ,Addiction ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Nicotine withdrawal ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,Psychology ,Psychomotor Performance ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Aims To examine the natural history of nicotine withdrawal and individual differences associated with withdrawal duration and severity. Design and Setting Prospective study of withdrawal symptoms among smokers who quit for at least 24 hours. Participants used Ecological Momentary Assessment to monitor symptoms in their natural environment using an Electronic Diary (ED). Participants A total of 214 cigarette smokers (59% female, 92% Caucasian). Intervention All participants received a clinic-based, behavioral, group cessation intervention. Severity and duration of withdrawal was not addressed explicitly in treatment. Measurements Participants were ‘beeped’ by the ED approximately five times/day to complete affect assessments (negative affect, arousal, attention disturbance, restlessness), and daily assessments of sleep disturbance (at waking) and of cognitive performance (each evening) for a week prior to quitting and for up to 21 days after quitting. Withdrawal was considered resolved when withdrawal scores returned to baseline levels for at least 2 consecutive days. Findings All symptoms returned to baseline levels within 10 days of quitting. All variables except arousal and sleep disturbance showed change over time. No robust predictors of individual differences in withdrawal responses emerged. Conclusions The time-course of withdrawal may be shorter than previously reported. The natural history of nicotine withdrawal may have implications for theories of withdrawal and smoking relapse and for smoking cessation treatment.
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- 2006
10. A psychometric evaluation of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire–Adult in smokers with psychiatric conditions
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Jon D. Kassel, Sandra B. Morissette, Todd C. Buckley, Kate Walsh, Dana R. Holohan, Amy W. Helstrom, Suzy B. Gulliver, Barbara W. Kamholz, and Susannah L. Mozley
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Adult ,Male ,Motivation ,education.field_of_study ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychometrics ,Mental Disorders ,Smoking ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Middle Aged ,Factor structure ,Confirmatory factor analysis ,Cronbach's alpha ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Internal consistency ,medicine ,Humans ,Female ,Psychological testing ,education ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Rates of smoking among individuals with psychiatric conditions are much greater than those seen in the general population, yet little is known about the psychometric properties of commonly used instruments that assess smoking-related variables among smokers with psychiatric conditions. The present study examined the factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (SCQ-A; Copeland, Brandon, & Quinn, 1995, Psychological Assessment, 7, 484-494) among smokers with psychiatric conditions. A confirmatory factor analysis of the instrument indicated that the factor structure derived by the instrument's authors provided an adequate fit to the data. In addition, many of the 10 subscales of the SCQ-A demonstrated adequate internal consistency as assessed by Cronbach's alpha as well as adequate test-retest reliability over the course of 1 week. Based on the data derived from this sample, the SCQ-A has adequate psychometric properties for applications involving smokers with psychiatric conditions.
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- 2005
11. The Landscape in Global Tobacco Control Research: A Guide to Gaining a Foothold
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Harry A. Lando, Jon D. Kassel, Belinda Borrelli, Kenneth E. Warner, Linda P. Waverley, Laura Cousino Klein, and Frances A. Stillman
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Economic growth ,Biomedical Research ,Tobacco use ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Developing country ,Public Policy ,Smoking Prevention ,Health Promotion ,Global Health ,Research capacity ,Research Support as Topic ,Environmental health ,Tobacco ,medicine ,Humans ,Developing Countries ,business.industry ,Public health ,Financing, Organized ,Smoking ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,International Agencies ,Capacity building ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Plants, Toxic ,Health promotion ,Global Tobacco Control Issues ,Smoking cessation ,Smoking Cessation ,business - Abstract
Smoking prevalence is shifting from more- to less-developed countries. In higher-income countries, smoking surveillance data, tailored treatments, public health campaigns, and research-based policy implementation have led to a decrease in tobacco use. In low- and middle-income countries, translating research into practice and policy is integral for tobacco control. We describe the landscape of existing resources, both financial and structural, to support global tobacco control research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. We identify key organizations that support international efforts, provide examples of partnerships between developed and developing countries, and make recommendations for advancing global tobacco research. There is a need for increased commitment from organizations to support global tobacco control research.
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- 2005
12. A psychometric evaluation of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in PTSD smokers
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Jon D. Kassel, Kate Walsh, Jean C. Beckham, Susannah L. Mozley, Todd C. Buckley, and Dana R. Holohan
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Male ,Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence ,Nicotine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychometrics ,Population ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Toxicology ,Factor structure ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,medicine ,Humans ,Nicotine dependence ,Psychiatry ,education ,Psychological Tests ,education.field_of_study ,Extramural ,Smoking ,Discriminant validity ,Reproducibility of Results ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Convergent validity ,Stress disorders ,Female ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Rates of smoking among individuals with psychiatric conditions are greater than rates seen in the general population, yet little is known about the psychometric properties of commonly used nicotine dependence instruments among psychiatric smokers. This study examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) among psychiatric smokers. Results revealed that the FTND had good test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. A factor-analytic examination converged on a two-factor solution, reflecting two correlated but separate processes related to nicotine dependence. In total, the results revealed that the FTND performs as well--from a psychometric perspective--with psychiatric smokers, as it does with nonpsychiatric smokers.
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- 2005
13. Effects of Smoking, Distraction, and Gender on Pain Perception
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Jon D. Kassel, Marina Unrod, and Michael E. Robinson
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Adult ,Male ,Pain Threshold ,Mediation (statistics) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,education ,Pain ,Audiology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Sex Factors ,Cigarette smoking ,Distraction ,Threshold of pain ,medicine ,Humans ,Pain perception ,Social Behavior ,Applied Psychology ,Pain Measurement ,Smoking ,Cold pressor test ,humanities ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Nociception ,Anesthesia ,Female ,Analysis of variance ,Psychology ,Attitude to Health ,psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Whereas research on the antinociceptive effects of cigarette smoking has produced inconsistent findings, certain aspects of attentional processing repeatedly have been found to have an impact on pain perception. In an effort to delineate the relation between smoking and pain, the present study tested the attentional mediation model of smoking in pain perception. The authors hypothesized that by narrowing attentional focus, smoking in the presence of a distractor would facilitate distraction from painful stimuli, producing the most pronounced antinociceptive effect, compared with smoking or distraction alone. On the basis of previous findings of gender differences in pain, the authors hypothesized that the effects would vary by gender. The authors used the cold pressor test to assess pain threshold and tolerance in 76 smokers. A 2 (smoking/not smoking) x 2 (distraction/no distraction) x 2 (male/female) between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded Distraction x Gender interactions for pain threshold and pain tolerance. Pain sensitivity was lower in the distraction condition for men only. Whereas the results did not support the attentional mediation model of smoking in pain perception, they highlight the importance of distraction and gender differences in experimental pain.
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- 2004
14. Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking
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Jon D. Kassel, Laura R. Stroud, and Carol A. Paronis
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Motivation ,Depression ,Smoking ,Context (language use) ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Developmental psychology ,Correlation ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Risk Factors ,Stress (linguistics) ,Animals ,Humans ,Causation ,Psychology ,Internal-External Control ,Stress, Psychological ,General Psychology - Abstract
This transdisciplinary review of the literature addresses the questions, Do stress and negative affect (NA) promote smoking? and Does smoking genuinely relieve stress and NA? Drawing on both human and animal literatures, the authors examine these questions across three developmental stages of smoking--initiation, maintenance, and relapse. Methodological and conceptual distinctions relating to within- and between-subjects levels of analyses are emphasized throughout the review. Potential mechanisms underlying links between stress and NA and smoking are also reviewed. Relative to direct-effect explanations, the authors argue that contextual mediator-moderator approaches hold greater potential for elucidating complex associations between NA and stress and smoking. The authors conclude with recommendations for research initiatives that draw on more sophisticated theories and methodologies.
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- 2003
15. Is there a role for assessment in smoking cessation treatment?11Preparation of this article was made possible by grant R01AA12240-04 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and a grant from the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco and Pharmacia Upjohn
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Marisa C. Yates and Jon D. Kassel
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Self-efficacy ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychotherapist ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Treatment outcome ,Treatment process ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,law.invention ,Smoking behavior ,Behavioral analysis ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,law ,medicine ,CLARITY ,Smoking cessation ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
Recent strides have been made in smoking cessation as a number of behavioral and pharmacological treatments have proven effective. These treatments are briefly reviewed. The role of assessment in the treatment process, however, is less clear. Indeed, to date, there are few data suggesting that specialized assessment can be used to guide prescriptive treatment. As such, the question becomes one of how, or whether, assessment should be used in smoking cessation. We address these questions and argue that despite the dearth of empirical substantiation, certain aspects of smoking behavior should be assessed in that they: (1) help identify behavioral, physiological, and psychological conditions that maintain smoking, (2) help describe the problem (smoking) with enough clarity to foster both clinical understanding and diagnosis, and (3) offer prediction and evaluation of treatment process and outcome. Promising assessment-based treatments are also discussed, as well as recommendations for future directions pertaining to the role of assessment in smoking cessation.
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- 2002
16. Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment
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Saul Shiffman, Chad J. Gwaltney, Mark H. Balabanis, Kenneth S. Liu, Jean A. Paty, Jon D. Kassel, Mary Hickcox, and Maryann Gnys
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Clinical Psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Biological Psychiatry - Published
- 2002
17. Does smoking abstinence self-efficacy vary across situations? Identifying context-specificity within the Relapse Situation Efficacy Questionnaire
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Jon D. Kassel, Chad J. Gwaltney, Saul Shiffman, Mark H. Balabanis, Jean Paty, Mary Hickcox, Gregory J. Norman, Andrew J. Waters, and Maryann Gnys
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Predictive validity ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,Craving ,Test validity ,Abstinence ,Confirmatory factor analysis ,Developmental psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Low arousal theory ,medicine ,Smoking cessation ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
According to self-efficacy and relapse theories. abstinence self-efficacy (ASE) ratings should be context-specific: they should vary across situations. This variability may be important, as it could signal high-risk for relapse situations. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify situational variability in a novel ASE assessment (Relapse Situation Efficacy Questionnaire. or RSEQ). Results supported a hierarchical structure, where both context-specific and unidimensional measures of ASE exist within the assessment. Context-specific factors included Negative Affect, Positive Affect, Restrictive Situations (to smoking). Idle Time, Social-Food Situations, Low Arousal, and Craving. Multiple context-specific factors and the aggregate factor predicted cessation outcome, even after controlling for concurrent smoking rate. However, the context rated with the least confidence proved to be the best outcome predictor, suggesting the existence of "Achilles' heel" situations. These data indicate the internal and predictive validity of the RSEQ.
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- 2001
18. Are Adolescent Smokers Addicted to Nicotine? The Suitability of the Nicotine Dependence Construct as Applied to Adolescents
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Jon D. Kassel
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Social Psychology ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Education ,Nicotine ,Cigarette smoking ,Intervention (counseling) ,medicine ,Nicotine dependence ,Construct (philosophy) ,Psychology ,Scientific study ,General Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,medicine.drug ,media_common - Abstract
SUMMARY Adolescent cigarette smoking has long been regarded as a major public health problem. Particularly disconcerting is the observation that over the last several years, greater numbers of adolescents are taking up this destructive behavior. While some have assumed that the majority of these smokers are, or will become, nicotine dependent, the fact is that we know very little about the phenomenon of nicotine dependence in adolescence. In this paper, the author reviews the theoretical and empirical bases from which inferences regarding addictive smoking in adolescence can be drawn. It appears that although a significant proportion of teenage smokers do progress to dependence, this is not an inevitable outcome for all adolescent smokers. Moreover, the scientific study of nicotine dependence among adolescents is still in its infancy and, as such, more work in the area of measurement and assessment needs to be done. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are also discussed.
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- 2000
19. Smoking, anxiety, and attention: Support for the role of nicotine in attentionally mediated anxiolysis
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Jon D. Kassel and Marina Unrod
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Clinical Psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Biological Psychiatry - Published
- 2000
20. Individual differences in the context of smoking lapse episodes
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Jean Paty, Jon D. Kassel, Thomas J. Richards, Saul Shiffman, Maryann Gnys, and Mary Hickcox
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Adult ,Male ,Coping (psychology) ,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ,Computer monitoring ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Middle Aged ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease ,Developmental psychology ,Nicotine ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Smoking relapse ,Recurrence ,Adaptation, Psychological ,medicine ,Humans ,Female ,Psychology ,Nicotine dependence ,Stress, Psychological ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Research on relapse has often focused either on the momentary context of lapses or on stable traits that predict who will relapse. We examine the relation between the two, analyzing how individual differences relate to characteristics of initial lapses, which were recorded nearly in real time by 105 smokers using hand-held computers. More nicotine-dependent smokers lapsed under more negative affect and more intense urges, but they did not smoke more in the initial lapse. Questionnaire measures of negative affect smoking did not predict negative affect lapses. Smokers who lapsed when drinking were less nicotine dependent, but they had a history of smoking while drinking, as assessed by computer monitoring. Smokers who attempted coping but lapsed nevertheless reported less active coping styles on the Ways of Coping questionnaire. The results demonstrate the interplay between individual traits and contextual influences in smoking relapse, and they particularly highlight the role of nicotine dependence in relation to contextual factors.
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- 1997
21. A day at a time: Predicting smoking lapse from daily urge
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Saul Shiffman, John B. Engberg, Jean A. Paty, Walter G. Perz, Maryann Gnys, Jon D. Kassel, and Mary Hickcox
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Clinical Psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Biological Psychiatry - Published
- 1997
22. [Untitled]
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John E. Roberts and Jon D. Kassel
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media_common.quotation_subject ,Self-esteem ,Vulnerability ,Life events ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Clinical Psychology ,Personality ,Risk factor ,Psychology ,Life stress ,Depressive symptoms ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,media_common ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Recent theory and research suggests that labile self-esteem (SE) is an important dimension of vulnerability to depression (Butler, Hokanson, & Flynn, 1994; Roberts & Monroe, 1992, 1994, in press). In the present study, participants completed seven daily ratings of SE from which we derived a measure of lability. The interaction between labile SE and life stress predicted increases in depressive symptoms across a two-month prospective interval, particularly in participants who were initially low in depression and who had more severe worst lifetime episodes of depressive symptomatology. Interactions between life stress and labile SE were stronger for life stress measures that were based on the subjective appraisal of stress than for those that were based on raw life event counts. In contrast to predictions, depletions in self-esteem failed to mediate the synergistic effects of labile SE and life stress.
- Published
- 1997
23. Smoking and attention: A review and reformulation of the stimulus-filter hypothesis
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Jon D. Kassel
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Motivation ,Nicotine ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Smoking ,Awareness ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Developmental psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Perception ,medicine ,Humans ,Attention ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Arousal ,Psychology ,Reinforcement ,media_common ,medicine.drug ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
An accumulation of evidence suggests that smoking may be reinforcing, in part, due to nicotine's capacity to enhance attentional processing. Correspondingly, the stimulus-filter model of nicotine reinforcement asserts that nicotine facilitates cognitive performance by acting as a stimulus-barrier, thereby screening irrelevant and annoying stimuli from the smoker's awareness. A review of the available data suggests that while nicotine does appear to reliably enhance sustained, divided, and focused attention, the stimulus-filter model falls short of adequately explaining the findings. An alternative, attention allocation model of nicotine reinforcement is reviewed, the tenets of which suggest that nicotine differentially augments attentional processing via its propensity to: 1. (a) induce attentional narrowing, and 2. (b) increase perceptual processing capacity. The motivational implications of the model, including smokers ' use of nicotine to dampen stress, are discussed.
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- 1997
24. [Untitled]
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Maryann Gnys, Jon D. Kassel, Mary Hickcox, Thomas J. Richards, Saul Shiffman, and Jean Paty
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Coping (psychology) ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Abstinence ,Temptation ,Drug Abstinence ,Group psychotherapy ,Clinical Psychology ,Cognitive therapy ,medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Psychology ,Psychiatry ,Attribution ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
We evaluated abstinence violation effects (AVEs) (a constellation of negative reactions to a lapse) following an initial lapse to smoking in 105 recent lapsers, and in temptation episodes from these lapsers and from 35 maintainers. Participants used palm-top computers to record AVE data within minutes of the episode, thus avoiding retrospective bias. Lapses resulted in increased negative affect and decreased self-efficacy; participants also felt guilty and discouraged. Lapsers who attributed their lapse to more controllable causes felt worse and more guilty; attributions did not otherwise moderate affective or efficacy reactions. AVE intensity was unrelated to amount smoked, length of abstinence, or performance of immediate or restorative coping. Temptations neither provoked an AVE nor enhanced self-efficacy in either lapsers or maintainers. Maintainers' reactions to temptations were nearly identical to lapsers', except that maintainers felt worse. The data demonstrate the reality of AVE reactions, but do not support hypotheses about their structure or determinants.
- Published
- 1997
25. Attentional mediation of cigarette smoking's effect on anxiety
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Jon D. Kassel and Saul Shiffman
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Psychiatry and Mental health ,Applied Psychology - Published
- 1997
26. Remember that? A comparison of real-time versus retrospective recall of smoking lapses
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Michael R. Hufford, Maryann Gnys, Jon D. Kassel, Jean Paty, Saul Shiffman, and Mary Hickcox
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Self-Assessment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Developmental psychology ,Recall bias ,Confidence Intervals ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Retrospective Studies ,media_common ,Recall ,Recall test ,Reproducibility of Results ,Abstinence ,Serial position effect ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Free recall ,Mood ,Mental Recall ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Research and treatment assessments often rely on retrospective recall of events. The accuracy of recall was tested using accounts of smoking lapse episodes from 127 participants who had quit smoking, and lapses and temptations were recorded in near-real time using a hand-held computer. These computer records were compared with retrospective accounts elicited 12 weeks later, with a focus on recall of lapses in 4 content domains: mood, activity, episode Triggers, and abstinence violation effects. Recall of lapses was quite poor: Average kappas for items ranged from 0.18 to 0.27. Mean profile rs assessing recall for the overall pattern of behavior were .36, .30, .33, and .44 for these domains, respectively. In recall, participants overestimated their negative affect and the number of cigarettes they had smoked during the lapse, and their recall was influenced by current smoking status. The findings suggest caution in the use of recall in research and intervention.
- Published
- 1997
27. The combined effects of alcohol, caffeine, and expectancies on subjective experience, impulsivity, and risk-taking
- Author
-
Adrienne J. Heinz, Harriet de Wit, Todd C. Lilje, and Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Poison control ,Alcohol ,Impulsivity ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,Risk-Taking ,Double-Blind Method ,Caffeine ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Young adult ,Pharmacology ,Expectancy theory ,Ethanol ,Cognition ,Drug Synergism ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,chemistry ,Impulsive Behavior ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) consumption is a rapidly growing phenomenon among young adults and is associated with a variety of health-risk behaviors. The current study examined whether either caffeinated alcohol or the expectation of receiving caffeinated alcohol altered affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes hypothesized to contribute to risk behavior. Young adult social drinkers (N = 146) participated in a single session where they received alcohol (peak Breath Alcohol Content = .088 g/dL, SD = .019; equivalent to about four standard drinks) and were randomly assigned to one of four further conditions: 1) no caffeine, no caffeine expectancy, 2) caffeine and caffeine expectancy, 3) no caffeine but caffeine expectancy, 4) caffeine but no caffeine expectancy. Participants' habitual CAB consumption was positively correlated with measures of impulsivity and risky behavior, independently of study drugs. Administration of caffeine (mean dose = 220 mg, SD = 38; equivalent to about 2.75 Red Bulls) in the study reduced subjective ratings of intoxication and reversed the decrease in desire to continue drinking, regardless of expectancy. Caffeine also reduced the effect of alcohol on inhibitory reaction time (RT) (faster incorrect responses). Participants not expecting caffeine were less attentive after alcohol, whereas participants expecting caffeine were not, regardless of caffeine administration. Alcohol decreased response accuracy in all participants except those who both expected and received caffeine. Findings suggest that CABs may elevate risk for continued drinking by reducing perceived intoxication, and by maintaining the desire to continue drinking. Simply expecting to consume caffeine may reduce the effects of alcohol on inattention, and either expecting or consuming caffeine may protect against other alcohol-related performance decrements. Caffeine, when combined with alcohol, has both beneficial and detrimental effects on mechanisms known to contribute to risky behavior.
- Published
- 2013
28. A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use
- Author
-
Adrienne J. Heinz, Natania A. Crane, Jon D. Kassel, Megan Conrad, Jennifer C. Veilleux, Grace E. Giedgowd, Ashley R. Braun, and Natalia A. Olejarska
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coping (psychology) ,Alcohol Drinking ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Marijuana Smoking ,Hookah Smoking ,Toxicology ,Impulsivity ,Peer Group ,Interpersonal relationship ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Age of Onset ,Psychiatry ,Students ,media_common ,Motivation ,Stereotyping ,business.industry ,Public health ,Addiction ,Smoking ,Peer group ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Harm ,Female ,Perception ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Attitude to Health ,Risk Reduction Behavior - Abstract
The practice of waterpipe smoking (hookah) has rapidly increased in popularity among young adults yet burgeoning research suggests that its use is associated with nicotine dependence and other negative smoking-related health consequences. Moreover, descriptive studies indicate that consumers may hold the belief that hookah smoking is safer than smoking cigarettes. The current study extended previous work by conducting a comprehensive assessment of patterns and contexts of hookah use, psychological correlates of use, co-occurring substance use as well as social norms and health perceptions surrounding the practice. Participants were 143 ethnically diverse undergraduate students at a large urban US university. Approximately half of the sample (48%) reported life-time use of hookah and 22% reported use within the past 30days. Relative to cigarette smoking, hookah smoking was associated with less perceived harm and addiction potential and higher social approval. Participants who reported life-time hookah use, as compared to those who did not, perceived less associated harm, had a greater number of friends who had tried and approved of hookah, were more likely to use cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol and in higher frequencies and quantities and were at higher risk for problem tobacco and alcohol use. Among participants who were not current smokers, those with hookah experience were more likely to endorse intent to try a cigarette soon. Hookah users did not differ from non-users on measures of trait anxiety, depression and impulsivity though they were more likely to drink alcohol for coping, social and enhancement purposes than non-users. Implications are discussed for public health initiatives to educate young adults about the potential consequences of hookah smoking.
- Published
- 2013
29. The Role of Aftereffects and Withdrawal in Addiction
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, Ashley R. Braun, Jennifer C. Veilleux, Stephanie Weber, and Adrienne J. Heinz
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Startle response ,Drug withdrawal ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine ,Drug craving ,Psychiatry ,medicine.disease ,Psychology ,media_common - Published
- 2013
30. List of Contributors
- Author
-
Jeremy Adams, Christina Aivadyan, Jackie Andrade, Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Angela Attwood, Paul Aveyard, Amanda Baker, Kimberly F. Balsam, John Bancroft, Kelly S. Barth, Linda Bauld, Marta Beranuy, Arthur W. Blume, James M. Bolton, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, Brian Borsari, Kathleen T. Brady, Ashley R. Braun, John Britton, Brian P. Brown, Justine Campbell, Xavier Carbonell, Félix Carvalho, Gabriele Caselli, Natalie Castellanos-Ryan, Grace Chan, Karen Grube Chartier, Chuan-Yu Chen, Wei J. Chen, Tammy Chung, Kelly J. Clemens, Anahi Collado-Rodriguez, Megan Conrad, Patricia J. Conrod, Jan Copeland, Christopher J. Correia, Baine B. Craft, Ann Crosland, Teresa Cunha-Oliveira, Kelly C. Davis, Mark Deady, Louisa Degenhardt, Paul H. Delfabbro, Ashley A. Dennhardt, Paul Dillon, David J. Drobes, Jessica L. Eaddy, Enrique Echeburúa, Vivian B. Faden, Miriam C. Fenton, Stuart G. Ferguson, M.J. Fernandez-Serrano, Matt Field, Nicole Fossos, Dawn W. Foster, Ingmar H.A. Franken, Irene M. Geisner, William H. George, Lilian A. Ghandour, Virginia Gil-Rivas, Amanda K. Gilmore, Meyer D. Glantz, Mark S. Gold, Vivian M. Gonzalez, Mark D. Griffiths, Christian Grov, Kristin W. Grover, Catherine A. Haighton, Peter Hajek, Wayne Hall, David J. Hanson, Paul Harrell, Deborah Hasin, Penelope Anne Hasking, Gerard Hastings, Jennifer A. Heaton, Adrienne J. Heinz, Shai Hendricks, Daniel Hermens, Michie N. Hesselbrock, Victor M. Hesselbrock, Elizabeth M. Hill, Ralph W. Hingson, Julianna Hogan, Keith J. Horvath, Sharon Hsin Hsu, Xiuqin Huang, Dorian Hunter-Reel, Qiaolei Jiang, Thomas J. Johnson, Gen Kanayama, Eileen F.S. Kaner, Jon D. Kassel, Frances Kay-Lambkin, Sharlene S. Kaye, Debra Kaysen, Eva Kemps, Jason R. Kilmer, Daniel L. King, Axel Klein, Jesse Kosiba, Jean L. Kristeller, Grace P. Lee, Keren Lehavot, Michel Lejoyeux, Carl Lejuez, Kenneth E. Leonard, Melissa A. Lewis, Kristen P. Lindgren, Jonathan Ling, Dana Litt, Andrew K. Littlefield, M. Kathleen B. Lustyk, Laura MacPherson, David A. MacQueen, Jennifer L. Maggs, Robert Malcolm, Christina Marel, G. Alan Marlatt, Matthew P. Martens, Silvia S. Martins, Jon May, Wasim Maziak, Rebecca McKetin, Ann McNeill, Linda McWhorter, Katherine L. Mills, Manish K. Mishra, Yamile Molina, Hamdy Fouad Moselhy, Kim T. Mueser, Marcus Munafò, James G. Murphy, Rachael Murray, Clayton Neighbors, Nora E. Noel, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Douglas L. Noordsy, Timothy J. O'Farrell, Ursula Oberst, Michael Odenwald, Catarina R. Oliveira, Jason A. Oliver, Tian P.S. Oei, Jeffrey T. Parsons, Megan E. Patrick, Martin P. Paulus, Harrison G. Pope, Patricia A. Powell, Dawn Proctor, Brian M. Quigley, Danielle E. Ramo, Ana Cristina Rego, Jürgen Rehm, Elizabeth K. Reynolds, Jennifer A. Robinson, Lindsey Rodriguez, John M. Roll, Abigail K. Rose, Harold Rosenberg, Desiree M. Rudisill, Andriy V. Samokhvalov, Zila M. Sanchez, Natalia Santoya, Rebecca L. Schacht, Trevor J. Schraufnagel, John E. Schulenberg, Jeremiah A. Schumm, Lion Shahab, Saul Shiffman, Richard L. Shriner, Rajita Sinha, Monica C. Skewes, Andrew Paul Smith, Karen E. Smith, Marcantonio Spada, Alan W. Stacy, Gillian Steckler, Jennifer L. Stewart, Carla L. Storr, Esben Strodl, Tian Po Sumantri Oei, Ran Tao, Maree Teesson, Jo Thakker, Judy Tidwell, Marika Tiggemann, J. Tirapu-Ustarroz, Tony Toneatto, Lynn M. Veatch, Jennifer C. Veilleux, A. Verdejo-García, Nasir Warfa, Aviv Weinstein, Robert West, Joseph Westermeyer, Aaron M. White, Reinout W. Wiers, Graeme B. Wilson, Rachel P. Winograd, Adam R. Winstock, Katie Witkiewitz, George E. Woody, Laura Wray-Lake, Li-Tzy Wu, Ross Mc.D. Young, Michael J. Zvolensky, and Ivori Zvorsky
- Published
- 2013
31. Emotions and Addictive Processes
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, Ashley R. Braun, Adrienne J. Heinz, Megan Conrad, and Jennifer C. Veilleux
- Subjects
Psychotherapist ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychology ,media_common - Published
- 2013
32. Progression from a smoking lapse to relapse: Prediction from abstinence violation effects, nicotine dependence, and lapse characteristics
- Author
-
Saul Shiffman, Mary Hickcox, Jean A. Paty, Maryann Gnys, Jon D. Kassel, and Thomas J. Richards
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology - Published
- 1996
33. Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem
- Author
-
John E. Roberts, Ian H. Gotlib, and Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology - Published
- 1996
34. Temptations to smoke after quitting: A comparison of lapsers and maintainers
- Author
-
Saul Shiffman, Maryann Gnys, Thomas J. Richards, Jean A. Paty, Mary Hickcox, and Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health ,Applied Psychology - Published
- 1996
35. Level and stability of self-esteem as predictors of depressive symptoms
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, John E. Roberts, and Ian H. Gotlib
- Subjects
Social psychology (sociology) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Self-esteem ,Personality ,Psychology ,Independent data ,Affect (psychology) ,Neuroticism ,General Psychology ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive symptoms ,media_common ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
In a recent study, Kernis, Grannemann and Mathis (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 80–84) reported that stability of self-esteem (SE) moderates the relation between level of SE and depression. Specifically, level of SE predicted depression more strongly in persons with temporally stable SE. We attempted to replicate this finding across three independent data sets (total N = 504). Although level of SE was a strong prospective predictor of depressive symptoms in all three studies, in none were significant interactions obtained between level and stability of SE in the form suggested by Kernis and his colleagues. Overall, our results suggest that Kernis et al.'s finding is unreliable. Given recent theory suggesting that instability in SE (Roberts & Monroe, Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 161–181, 1994) and neuroticism (Martin, Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 353–365, 1985) predispose to depression subsequent to life Stressors, these findings are not surprising. Data are presented that demonstrate that stable SE and affect measured ‘on-line’ through daily assessments are, in fact, associated with lower levels of neuroticism.
- Published
- 1995
36. Nicotine withdrawal in chippers and regular smokers: Subjective and cognitive effects
- Author
-
Jean Paty, CA Celeste Elash, Jon D. Kassel, Maryann Gnys, and Saul Shiffman
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Sleep disorder ,business.industry ,Craving ,Audiology ,medicine.disease ,Arousal ,Nicotine ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Drug withdrawal ,Mood ,Nicotine withdrawal ,medicine ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
From previous studies, chippers (very light, long-time cigarette smokers) seem not to be nicotine dependent, despite decades of smoking. The effect of tobacco deprivation on chippers' withdrawal reactions was examined. Matched groups of 26 chippers and 25 regular smokers were studied while abstaining or smoking for 2-day blocks, with assessments administered 5 times daily by palm-top computers. As hypothesized, chippers showed no changes as a result of nicotine deprivation. In contrast, regular smokers demonstrated distinct changes in craving, mood, arousal, and sleep disturbance. The computers also tested participants' cognitive performance. Unlike chippers, regular smokers' performance on complex tasks was slower under deprivation; the effect could not be explained by changes in motor performance or simple reaction time. Results suggest performance may have been improved by nicotine rather than by worsened by withdrawal.
- Published
- 1995
37. Quantifying reinforcement value and demand for psychoactive substances in humans
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, Todd C. Lilje, Harriet de Wit, and Adrienne J. Heinz
- Subjects
Value (ethics) ,Warrant ,Management science ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Economics, Behavioral ,Decision Making ,Rubric ,Models, Theoretical ,Impulsivity ,Behavioral economics ,Article ,Terminology ,Developmental psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Intervention (counseling) ,Terminology as Topic ,medicine ,Humans ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Behavioral economics is an emerging cross-disciplinary field that is providing an exciting new contextual framework for researchers to study addictive processes. New initiatives to study addiction under a behavioral economic rubric have yielded variable terminology and differing methods and theoretical approaches that are consistent with the multidimensional nature of addiction. The present article is intended to provide an integrative overview of the behavioral economic nomenclature and to describe relevant theoretical models, principles and concepts. Additionally, we present measures derived from behavioral economic theories that quantify demand for substances and assess decision making processes surrounding substance use. The sensitivity of these measures to different contextual elements (e.g., drug use status, acute drug effects, deprivation) is also addressed. The review concludes with discussion of the validity of these approaches and their potential for clinical application and highlights areas that warrant further research. Overall, behavioral economics offers a compelling framework to help explicate complex addictive processes and it is likely to provide a translational platform for clinical intervention.
- Published
- 2012
38. Addictions and Adolescence
- Author
-
Megan Conrad, Ken C. Winters, R. Stinchfield, Tammy Chung, and Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Social change ,Cigarette use ,medicine.disease ,Nicotine Addiction ,Substance abuse ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Substance use ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,Nicotine dependence ,Pathological ,Clinical psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period that involves significant biological, psychological, and social changes. It is also a period of increased sensation-seeking and risk-taking behavior, which can contribute to the development of addictive disorders. This article focuses on three broad domains of adolescent addictive disorders for which a relatively large research base exists: nicotine dependence, other substance use disorders, and pathological gambling. We discuss each of these addictive disorders from clinical, epidemiological, and treatment perspectives.
- Published
- 2012
39. Psychosocial and personality differences in chippers and regular smokers
- Author
-
Mary Ann Gnys, Monica Zettler-Segal, Saul Shiffman, Jon D. Kassel, and Jean Paty
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Coping (psychology) ,Personality Inventory ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Temptation ,Toxicology ,Developmental psychology ,Social support ,Cigarette smoking ,Adaptation, Psychological ,medicine ,Humans ,Personality ,Sensation seeking ,Nicotine dependence ,Internal-External Control ,media_common ,Motivation ,Smoking ,Social Support ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Female ,Psychology ,Social Adjustment ,Psychosocial ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Tobacco chippers are an anomalous group of smokers who, while having smoked regularly for years, have avoided the clutches of nicotine dependence. In an attempt to better understand the factors associated with nondependent cigarette smoking, this paper describes a study in which matched groups of regular smokers, chippers, and nonsmokers were compared on a number of personality and psychosocial variables believed relevant to drug-seeking behavior. The strongest finding indicated that sensation seeking best discriminates among the three groups, with nonsmokers clearly viewing themselves as more socially inhibited and less interested in pursuing sensations relative to both regular smokers and chippers, both of whom evidenced comparable scores. Regular smokers evidenced less self- control, or restraint, and appeared more impulsive and unable to resist temptation, compared to chippers and nonsmokers. Surprisingly, none of the groups could be differentiated on the basis of perceived stress, coping, or social support. Even among the personality variables, however, the effect sizes were relatively small, indicating that these differences in personality cannot fully account for chipper's resistance to dependence.
- Published
- 1994
40. Smoking behavior and smoking history of tobacco chippers
- Author
-
Saul Shiffman, Jon D. Kassel, Maryann Gnys, Monica Zettler-Segal, and Jean Paty
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Nicotine ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Pack-year ,business ,Drug Dependency ,Smoking history ,Smoking behavior ,medicine.drug - Published
- 1994
41. Smoking typology profiles of chippers and regular smokers
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, Maryann Gnys, Monica Zettler-Segal, Saul Shiffman, and Jean Paty
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Typology ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Craving ,Developmental psychology ,Habits ,Group differences ,Cronbach's alpha ,medicine ,Humans ,Social Behavior ,media_common ,Analysis of Variance ,Motivation ,General Neuroscience ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Discriminant Analysis ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Matched group ,Female ,Habit ,Analysis of variance ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology - Abstract
This study examined smoking patterns among chippers--light, nondependent cigarette smokers--by contrasting their smoking motives (Russell's Reasons for Smoking) and patterns (McKennell's Smoking Occasions) with those of a matched group of regular smokers. Differences between group profiles were initially confounded by differences in overall level of item endorsement, which obscured meaningful interpretation of group differences in smoking patterns. Group differences were clarified by correcting for profile elevation and scatter, as suggested by Cronbach and Gleser (1953). As expected, chippers' subscale profiles deemphasized pharmacological and addiction-related motives such as craving and habit, while emphasizing appetitive and sensory motives such as handling and pleasurable smoking. Social motives for smoking were also more prominent in chippers' smoking profiles.
- Published
- 1994
42. The separate and combined effects of alcohol and nicotine on anticipatory anxiety: a multidimensional analysis
- Author
-
David J. Drobes, Justin E. Greenstein, Daniel P. Evatt, Stefanie Weber, Jennifer C. Veilleux, Megan Conrad, Adrienne J. Heinz, Margret Wardle, Jon D. Kassel, and Ashley R. Braun
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Nicotine ,Reflex, Startle ,Alcohol Drinking ,medicine.drug_class ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Alcohol ,Anxiety ,Toxicology ,Anxiolytic ,law.invention ,Developmental psychology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Nicotinic Agonists ,Young adult ,Blinking ,Ethanol ,business.industry ,Stressor ,Smoking ,Central Nervous System Depressants ,Consumer Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Anticipation, Psychological ,Anticipation ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,chemistry ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Stress, Psychological ,medicine.drug ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Individuals who smoke cigarettes are significantly more likely to smoke more when they drink alcohol. Indeed, smoking and drinking appear strongly linked, at both between- and within-person levels of analyses. Anecdotal evidence further suggests that alcohol consumption in combination with smoking cigarettes reduces anxiety, yet the mechanisms by which this may occur are not well understood. The current study assessed the separate and combined effects of alcohol and nicotine on self-reported and psychophysiological (startle eyeblink magnitude) indices of anxiety. Results indicated that alcohol provided anxiolytic benefits alone and in combination with nicotine, as evidenced by significant reductions in startle eyeblink magnitude. According to self-reported anxiety, alcohol and nicotine exerted a conjoint effect on diminishing increases in anxiety subsequent to a speech stressor. These data highlight the importance of studying both the separate and combined effects of these two widely used substances, as well as the advantages of employing a multimodal assessment of emotional response.
- Published
- 2011
43. Predictors and Sequelae of Smoking Topography Over the Course of a Single Cigarette in Adolescent Light Smokers
- Author
-
Margaret C. Wardle, Adrienne J. Heinz, Jon D. Kassel, Megan Conrad, Jennifer C. Veilleux, Ashley R. Braun, Justin E. Greenstein, and Daniel P. Evatt
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Individuality ,Light smoker ,Article ,medicine ,Humans ,Nicotine dependence ,Psychiatry ,Motivation ,Extramural ,Individual difference ,Disease progression ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Breath Tests ,Adolescent Behavior ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Disease Progression ,Female ,Psychology ,Demography ,Forecasting - Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether adolescent smokers, who varied in their smoking histories and symptoms of nicotine dependence, exhibit any decrease in puff volume and duration similar to that typically seen in dependent adolescent and adult smokers. Moreover, we examined whether puffing trajectories were moderated by individual difference factors, as well as whether puffing topography over the course of smoking a single cigarette was predictive of an escalation in dependence symptoms.We assessed smoking topography (puff number, duration, volume, maximum flow rate [velocity], and inter-puff interval) over the course of smoking a single cigarette in a sample of 78 adolescent light smokers, using hierarchical linear modeling. We examined moderators (anxiety, depression, nicotine dependence) of the topographic trajectories, as well as whether smoking topography predicted any change in dependence over a 2-year period.Puff volume and puff duration decreased over the course of smoking the cigarette, whereas puff velocity and inter-puff interval increased. Slopes for puff volume and duration were moderated by anxiety and depressive symptoms. Moreover, individuals with a less "typical" topography pattern (exhibited stable or increasing volume and duration over the course of smoking the cigarette) demonstrated a heightened dependence escalation in the subsequent 2 years.Our findings suggest that adolescent light smokers self-regulate nicotine during the course of smoking a single cigarette, similar to that reported in dependent adolescent and adult smokers. However, single cigarette self-regulation was influenced by certain affective factors. Implications of these findings and future directions for adolescent smoking research are discussed.
- Published
- 2011
44. Processes of change in Alcoholics Anonymous: A review of possible mechanisms
- Author
-
Eric F. Wagner and Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
Group psychotherapy ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Psychotherapist ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Alcoholics Anonymous ,medicine ,Processes of change ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Published
- 1993
45. Treatment Models for Comorbid Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, Ashley R. Braun, Adrienne J. Heinz, and Daniel P. Evatt
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychotherapist ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine ,Psychology ,Psychiatry ,medicine.disease ,media_common ,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Published
- 2010
46. Adolescents’ expectancies for smoking to regulate affect predict smoking behavior and nicotine dependence over time
- Author
-
Michael L. Berbaum, Adrienne J. Heinz, Robin J. Mermelstein, and Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Health Behavior ,Youth smoking ,Toxicology ,Affect (psychology) ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Smoking behavior ,Nicotine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Nicotine dependence ,media_common ,Pharmacology ,Expectancy theory ,Addiction ,Smoking ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Affect ,Mood ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,Psychology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that individuals smoke, in part, to regulate affective experience (e.g., tension reduction, mood enhancement). Implicit in such motives is the expectancy or belief that smoking will decrease negative affect and increase positive affect. The contribution of cognitively-driven expectancies to the initiation and continuation of smoking during adolescence remains largely uninvestigated. The current study examined the influence of negative affect relief expectancies (NAREs) for smoking on smoking behavior and nicotine dependence using longitudinal data from a study on the emotional and social contexts of youth smoking.Participants were 568 adolescents with smoking experience (mean age 15.67, 56.7% female). Three separate mixed regression models were estimated to determine the relative contribution of NAREs to smoking behavior and nicotine dependence measured at 4 time points over 2 years.NAREs for smoking influenced all smoking outcomes at baseline and predicted increases in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence over time, even after controlling for anxious and depressive symptoms and baseline nicotine dependence.Outcome expectancies for affect management emerged as an important risk factor for smoking escalation and the development of nicotine dependence during adolescence. The present findings highlight the potential importance of cognitively-driven expectancies as a risk factor for smoking escalation during this critical developmental period.
- Published
- 2010
47. The separate and combined effects of nicotine and alcohol on working memory capacity in nonabstinent smokers
- Author
-
Justin E. Greenstein, Jon D. Kassel, Marisa C. Yates, Daniel P. Evatt, Margaret C. Wardle, Adrienne J. Heinz, Linda L. Roesch, Jennifer C. Veilleux, and Ashley R. Braun
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Nicotine ,Short-term memory ,Alcohol ,Placebo ,Placebos ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tar (tobacco residue) ,Medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Drug Interactions ,Pharmacology ,Carbon Monoxide ,Sex Characteristics ,Ethanol ,business.industry ,Working memory ,Smoking ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Memory, Short-Term ,chemistry ,Breath Tests ,Female ,business ,Alcoholic Intoxication ,Psychomotor Performance ,Clinical psychology ,medicine.drug ,Sex characteristics - Abstract
Research indicates that nicotine and alcohol are often used on the same occasion. However, the reasons for their concurrent use are not well understood. We hypothesized that one reason smokers use tobacco when they drink alcohol is to compensate for alcohol's negative effects on processing capacity with nicotine's enhancement of processing capacity. As such, the present study tested this theory by using an independent groups design to examine the separate and combined acute effects of alcohol and nicotine on working memory (WM) capacity. Nonabstinent daily smokers (n = 127) performed the counting span task (CSPAN) after consuming either an alcohol (men: 0.8 g/kg; women: 0.7 g/kg) or placebo beverage and smoking either nicotinized (1.14 mg nicotine, 15.9 mg tar) or denicotinized (.06 mg nicotine, 17.9 mg tar) cigarettes. Analyses revealed that smokers who smoked the nicotinized cigarettes performed significantly worse on the CSPAN task than smokers who smoked the denicotinized cigarettes. Although there was no main effect of alcohol on WM performance, women exhibited better WM performance than men after consuming alcohol whereas men performed better than women on the WM task after consuming the placebo beverage. Findings also revealed no interaction between the two substances on WM performance. Taken together, results suggest that nicotine impairs nonabstinent smokers' verbal WM capacity and that gender moderates the effects of alcohol on WM. Furthermore, the present findings failed to support the notion that nicotine compensates for alcohol-related decrements in working memory capacity.
- Published
- 2010
48. Substance abuse and emotion
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel
- Subjects
Substance abuse ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Maintenance therapy ,business.industry ,medicine ,Etiology ,medicine.disease ,Psychological abuse ,business ,Psychiatry ,Comorbidity - Published
- 2010
49. Cognitive theories of drug effects on emotion
- Author
-
Jon D. Kassel, Margaret C. Wardle, Adrienne J. Heinz, and Justin E. Greenstein
- Subjects
Drug ,Psychotherapist ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Cognition ,Cognitive reframing ,Psychology ,media_common ,Clinical psychology - Published
- 2010
50. Nicotine elimination and tolerance in non-dependent cigarette smokers
- Author
-
Neal L. Benowitz, Monica Zettler-Segal, Jon D. Kassel, Saul Shiffman, Gregory O'Brien, and Jean Paty
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Nicotine ,Hydrocortisone ,Physiology ,Blood Pressure ,Pharmacology ,Light smoker ,Tobacco smoke ,Heart Rate ,Drug tolerance ,Humans ,Medicine ,Smoke ,business.industry ,Smoking ,Hemodynamics ,Drug Tolerance ,Elimination kinetics ,Chronic nicotine ,Pharmacodynamics ,Female ,business ,Half-Life ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Although most smokers are nicotine-dependent, recent studies suggest that some very light smokers ("chippers", who smoke fewer than five cigarettes per day) may smoke for decades without developing dependence. It was considered that slowed nicotine elimination and/or reduced nicotine tolerance might underlie chippers' ability to maintain smoking at such low levels. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied the elimination kinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine in chippers and matched regular smokers. Plasma nicotine levels and cardiovascular responses were observed for several hours after subjects were administered uniform doses of tobacco smoke. Chippers did show less chronic nicotine tolerance, but only on some response measures. Their rates of nicotine elimination equaled those of regular smokers. This finding, when coupled with other data about chippers' smoking patterns and nicotine absorption, establish that chippers cannot maintain substantial plasma nicotine levels between cigarettes, and thus suggest that attempts to maintain minimal trough levels of nicotine do not underlie chippers' smoking.
- Published
- 1992
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