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The paper addresses the need for a policy document in organizations concerned with Operational Technologies (OT) within their production and operational environments, and secondly how such an OT policy was developed and crafted by a Swedish municipality and its water production and wastewater management department. The first initial design criteria was to clearly distinguish the IT environment from the OT environment and the second design criteria was to achieve an improved, affordable and maintainable cybersecurity level for the OT environment. The results of the paper are an initial OT policy and an action plan for the necessary technical and organizational change in the OT environment.

The paper addresses machine learning methods, utilizing data from industrial control systems, that are suitable for detecting anomalies in the press-hardening process of automotive components. The paper is based on a survey of methods for anomaly detection in various applications. Suitable methods for the press-hardening process are implemented and evaluated. The result shows that it is possible to implement machine learning for anomaly detection by non-machine learning experts utilizing readily available programming libraries/APIs. The three evaluated methods for anomaly detection in the press-hardening process all perform well, with the autoencoder neural network scoring highest in the evaluation.

n a case study comprising two SMEs offering Industrial Product-Service Systems (IPS2) based on the industrial internet the paper addresses the current cybersecurity level of the two SMEs and the pe ...

Currently, industry is showing increasing interest in performance-based business models. Functional Products is one such business model, where the provider offers a function to customers at an agreed-upon level of availability, productivity or efficiency, etc. A Functional Product comprises the following four main constituents: hardware, software, service support system and management of operation, which together deliver value to customers on a long-term basis. This paper, based on empirical data, provides an outline and starts the verification of a proposed overall Functional Product lifecycle combining and coordinating its economic- and technical perspectives. The perspectives are combined and the key aspects of the necessary coordination between and within the perspectives, i.e., sustainable win-win situations and coordination of sub-lifecycles for the economic perspective, and the need for coordination between the Functional Products’ technical perspective's four sub-lifecycles (hardware, software, service-support system and management of operation), are elaborated and discussed. Further, addition of new functionality, contract management, and long-term management of operation are discussed in the light of managing fleets/individual customers, assets and availability. The proposed overall Functional Product lifecycle is further analyzed from a number of views and aspects.

The paper addresses, based on a case study comprising six process- and manufacturing industry companies, requirements for change and desired effects from Zero Defect Manufacturing in an Industry 4.0 context. The results outline seven problems and five needs perceived by the companies. Further, the results also outline four desired effects. The results are aligned with existing literature and studies but also bring up new aspects of Zero Defect Manufacturing in terms of problems, needs and desired effects. Noteworthy new desired effects are increased trust for the production process and improved gender equality.

The paper, based on an empirical study involving five companies, concerns software-related measures that are planned and taken by providers together with their customers to improve the availability of Functional Products (FP) or similar offers. The manufacturing industry is showing an increasing interest in adding offerings based on additionally complex business models, as opposed to merely offering products and services. This supports innovation and helps companies to stay competitive and profitable. Considerable focus is placed on performance- or result-based business models. Functional Products (FP) is one such business model, where the provider offers a function to customers at an agreed-upon level of availability, productivity or efficiency. FP comprise four main constituents: hardware, software, service-support system and management of operation, which together deliver value to customers on a long-term basis. The paper highlights nine software-related availability measures planned and taken by manufacturing companies and proposes additional potential software-related availability measures.

The paper concerns a case study about optimizing recycling management in terms of emptying containers holding, for instance, glass, paper, plastics or metal waste collected, thus supporting sustainability of natural resources and the circular economy. The case has been followed from the very start all the way to the current transformation into an IPS 2 sold on a subscription basis. The main results of the case study suggest that the provider side must change considerably in terms of the business and organizational set-up, which has been challenging compared to the necessary, though more easily implemented, technological changes. Further, the IPS 2 customers foresee improved efficiency and a decrease in unnecessary work if containers are emptied on time. In addition, the core of the IPS 2 seems generalizable and transferable to other applications where collection and analysis of data are needed to support decision-making.

The paper addresses intelligent and sustainable production in the sense of combining and integrating online predictive maintenance and continuous quality control. The rationale for combining and integrating them is that continuous quality control can provide input to the online predictive maintenance in cases where no signs of maintenance issues have been indicated and inadequate output is produced (and the process parameters cannot be adjusted in order to meet the output specifications). The paper outlines the first part of an action research effort at Gestamp HardTech AB in Sweden, whose objective is to keep its position as a world-leading provider of press-hardened vehicle parts. The first initial design criteria concerned with simplicity and low-cost was changed after learning more details and what can be accomplished, and the updated first design criteria focused instead on robustness, high-quality output and future-proofing. The intermediary result is an action plan for the technical change, whereas the organizational change will be addressed later during the action research effort.

The paper addresses intelligent and sustainable production achieved through combination and integration of online predictive maintenance, monitoring of process parameters and continuous quality control of both input materials and output from the process. This enables production systems, within both manufacturing and process industries, to move towards zero-defect manufacturing. Such a zero-defect manufacturing approach allows for earlier identification of problems or issues, which will or already negatively affect the output. The paper outlines the first part of the second cycle of an action research effort at Gestamp HardTech AB in Sweden, whose objective is to keep its position as a world-leading provider of press-hardened vehicle parts. In order to fully implement the zero-defect manufacturing approach, 4-6 action research cycles are expected to be needed in order to iteratively refine the approach. During the first cycle, various methods and solutions for some of the individual issues/problems have been conceptualized, realized and initially tested. The selected design criteria for the action research efforts were: simplicity, low cost, robustness, high-quality output and future-proofing. The result from the research in the second cycle so far is an action plan for the technical change and a set of challenges/problems which need additional investigation.

The paper introduces a tested and verified model for value-based selling, based on an action research approach spanning multiple business models during five cases in a sequence at different corporations. The sales model has been verified to support sales of products, services, solutions and Functional Products, enabling corporations to add additional and more complex business models by being able to quantify and visualize the perceived customer value created/captured. Thus, the sales model can further facilitate a transition from sales of products or services towards sales of offers, based on further complex business models, where customer values created increasingly originate from intangibles that are part of the offer. Such a transition may be necessary for corporations acting on global markets to achieve sustainable competiveness and profitability.

The paper addresses the Functional Products business model and how its elements are mapped to Hill categories in five industrial cases. The Hill categories include: order-winners, order-losers and qualifiers. The objective for Functional Products is to provide a function to customers with an agreed-upon level of availability, productivity or efficiency, etc. The paper outlines how different cases and their offers, based upon the Functional Products business model, can be element-wise mapped to Hill categories. Insight into the importance of the different business model elements provides valuable knowledge for an appropriate planning, design, sales and provision of Functional Products, as well as for determining how much effort, resources and money to spend on keeping the status of the element sharp, up-to-date, acceptable or just present.

Based on an empirical study including 3 companies, the paper addresses, problems and issues that have been encountered when introducing, and later using, Functional Products in production systems. The purpose of a Functional Product is to provide a function to customers with a specified or agreed-upon level of availability or productivity. Both operational and management-level problems and issues have been investigated. The study focuses on the customer side, involving both manufacturing and process industry companies. A set of problems and issues has been identified. The problems and issues found during the literature review have been largely corroborated, and the new problems and issues found are highlighted.

In order to reduce unnecessary stops and expensive downtime originating from clutch failure of construction equipment machines; adequate real time sensor data measured on the machinein combination with feature extraction and classification methods may be utilized. This paper, based on a study at Volvo Construction Equipment,presents a framework with feature extraction methods and an anomaly detection module combined with Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) for on-board clutch slippage detection and diagnosis in a heavy duty equipment. The feature extraction methods used are Moving Average Square Value Filtering (MASVF) and a measure of the fourth order statistical properties of the signals implemented as continuous queries over data streams. The anomaly detection module has two components,the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and the Logistics Regression classifier. CBR is a learning approach that classifies faults by creating a new solution for a new fault case from the solution of the previous fault cases. Through use of a data stream management system and continuous queries (CQs), the anomaly detection module continuously waits for a clutch slippage event detected by the feature extraction methods, the query returns a set of features which activates the anomaly detection module. The first component of the anomaly detection module trains a GMM to extracted features while the second component uses a Logistic Regression classifier for classifying normal and anomalous data. When an anomalyis detected, the Case-Based diagnosis module is activated for fault severity estimation. Validerad;2018;Nivå 1;2018-03-19 (rokbeg)

The paper provides a further verification of the Functional Products (FP) technical lifecycle and additional details regarding its four sub-lifecycles concerning: hardware, software, service-support system and management of operation. Outlined, in a novel way, is how the four sub-lifecycles may be embodied in order to manage and keep the FP technical lifecycle running at an agreed-upon level of availability. The FP technical lifecycle is further analyzed from the viewpoint of its supporting role to the FP economic lifecycle, as well as compliance, regulatory and commercial aspects.

The paper addresses which customer values, related to sustainable management of operation for Functional Products, are of interest during manufacturing companies’ marketing and sales processes. Based on an empirical study covering five manufacturing companies, a set of customer values, which are categorized using Hill's [28] framework in order to understand whether they are important and why,is proposed. The analysis has generated a set of twenty-three potential values, whereof nine are considered as specific for contexts embodying Functional Products.Thus, the findings identify critical values to considerprior to, andwhen, selling Functional Products. Further, the results have important implications for the design and development of Functional Products in light of ongoing transformations within the manufacturing industry.

The paper proposes a Functional Products (FP) lifecycle viewed from economic, ecologic and societal perspectives. The overall FP lifecycle is further discussed from the viewpoint of its technical and economic lifecycles. The paper suggests that the overall FP lifecycle is governed by a sustainable win-win situation between the provider and customer sides, and thus that there needs to be a balance regarding the perceived value for both parties.

In existing literature concerning integrated product-service (IPS) offers within manufacturing industry there are various closely related business concepts covering the shift from offering only physical artifacts (e.g. material goods, hardware) towards provision of integrated products and services, as well as further advanced offers. It has been observed that manufacturing companies offering, for instance, Product-Service Systems (PSS) face certain challenges during the development process. Further, research regarding Functional Products (FP) has developed ideas and methods that are also applicable to the PSS development process. FP and PSS are, depending on the level of complexity, often developed and later operated by regional or global provider consortiums. This paper, based on a literature review, highlights unsolved challenges in the development of PSS offerings and further proposes how ideas and methods from FP development (FPD) may resolve some of those challenges. Thus, ideas from FPD may advance the development of PSS, as well as other IPS offerings, towards being additionally robust and innovative, though also more complex.

The book chapter addresses which measures five manufacturing companies have taken, or plan to take, regarding use of data originating from monitoring, service, support, maintenance, repairs as well as other sources, in order to improve the knowledge on availability in the context of providing Functional Products. Commonly, the objective of Functional Products is to provide a function to customers with a specified level of availability (or improvement of productivity or efficiency). The results indicate that systematic planning and collection of relevant data, which is either pre-processed on-board (i.e., locally) or sent as is to central or cloud-based storage and processing, in combination with additional necessary data from other sources, is crucial to build knowledge in order to uphold and improve the level of availability agreed upon with customers. As the use of software in Functional Products increases, the knowledge on availability related to software must be augmented—which can be a challenge for many companies whose operations have been rooted in hardware. Further, the results reveal that getting high-quality input is key in order to use the collected data for analytics and to find root causes. The latter may change how the current value-chain operates and secures the quality of necessary data when providing functions to customers if partners are involved in the provider consortium.

Manufacturing companies are increasingly offering add-on services and functional products (FPs) to secure their future competitiveness. For product oriented organizations, this represents a significant transition in their business models, leading to several risks and uncertainties. In this study, we attempt to identify and understand these potential risks that can hinder manufacturing companies from offering FPs. To reach the stated purpose, we have adopted a quantitative research approach and undertaken eighteen explorative interviews in two large Swedish manufacturing companies. Our results show ten potential risks that can negatively affect manufacturing companies. For example, contractual risks, breakdown or technical risk and inappropriate organizational structural risk were found to be the most prominent risks for FPs. These risks are categorized into three specific dimensions related to business models, namely value creation, value delivery and value capture. Thus, the study provides critical understanding towards how manufacturing companies can be better prepared for transforming into a successful FP provider through mitigating of identified FP risks.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a model to explain a business contingency process to senior management and other employees in organizations during education or training on business continuity planning.Design/methodology/approachThe model has been developed and evaluated/tested in three comprehensive cases. Senior management, IT managers and employees in the three case organizations participated in this action research effort during the development, implementation, education or training on business continuity plans and planning.FindingsThe model has been evaluated/tested, and is suitable for explaining what may characterize a business contingency process to senior managements and employees in both public and private sector organizations.Practical implicationsThe model can be used for explaining the issues to senior management and to form the fundament for building a business continuity plan which is part of an organization's IT and information security program. It may also be used to explain what a business contingency process is to other staff in an organization. The model can also be used to model parts of business continuity planning, as a basis for training planning, and as support in different training contexts to achieve individual and organizational learning on business continuity plans and activities.Originality/valueThe model is graphically visualized and the concept can be adapted to any organization.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a multi‐usable business continuity planning methodology. It comprises business continuity planning on the organizational and departmental levels.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology has been developed, tested and confirmed in three comprehensive cases. Senior management, IT managers and employees in the three case organizations have participated in this action research effort during the development, implementation or training on business continuity plans and planning.FindingsThe methodology has been tested and confirmed, and is suitable for explaining business continuity planning to senior managements and employees in both public and private sector organizations.Practical implicationsThe methodology description can be used for explaining the issues to senior managements and forms the foundation for a business continuity plan, which is part of an organization's IT‐ and information security program. It may also be used to explain business continuity planning to other staff in an organization. The methodology can also be used to model business continuity planning, as a basis for training planning, and as support in different training contexts to achieve individual and organizational learning on business continuity plans and activities.Originality/valueThe methodology of using a staircase or capability maturity model is a commonly used concept and can be adapted to any organization.

The paper, which is based on a literature review, concerns which potential through-lifecycle aspects are relevant to consider for Functional Products during development and later operation until end-of-life. The aspects which are already proposed as part of the current definition of Functional Products are corroborated. Additionally, the additional new potential aspects found should be further verified prior to being proposed to extend the Functional Products definition—and in particular the service-support system and management of operation constituents. An additional seven potential new aspects have been found, whereof some may be relevant for the concepts of Through-life Engineering Services, Product-Service Systems and Industrial Product-Service Systems as well.

Wearable computing is gaining more and more interest as new “wearables,” intended for both work and leisure, are introduced. This trend brings benefits and challenges; for instance, the potential to improve work processes and issues related to IT management and privacy. The introduction and use of wearable computing provides opportunities to improve and reengineer work processes in organizations but can at the same time introduce alignment problems, as users in organizations may adopt the new technology before organizations are prepared. Further, alignment problems posed by the emerging trend, “Bring Your Own Device” (BYOD), are discussed. In addition, as in the cloud computing area, needed and necessary supportive legal frameworks have not yet fully addressed the new wearable computing technology. In the light of recent developments regarding global intelligence gathering, security and privacy concerns must be given careful consideration. Different alignment concepts for managing security challenges and legal aspects related to wearable computing, such as cultivation, care, hospitality, and care with hospitality, are discussed in the chapter.

Enabling value co-creation between provider and customer is a key requirement for successful adoption of integrated product-service offerings in a capital good industrial setting. However, little i ...

The paper proposes criteria that can be used for selection of design methods on strategic and operational levels in Functional Product development. The paper draws on research from general product development and specific research within Product-Service Systems and Functional Products, combined with empirical data from interviews with four organizations concerned with Functional Product development. The use of many design methods requires resources such as knowledge and skills, which may not always be feasible to keep in-house. However, the key design methods needed in-house should be identified, added to the set of approved design methods and granted adequate resource allocation.

This paper extends emergency management literature by developing a methodology for emergency management continuity planning (EmCP). In particular, the methodology focuses on inter-organizational continuous and coordinated planning among emergency management organizations. The authors draw on Soft Systems Methodology (Checkland & Scholes, 1999; Checkland, 2000), using it as a base for better understanding of EmCP. Barriers that must be overcome before the methodology can be introduced and established, as well as potential benefits, are also discussed.

In this chapter, we explore design foundations and conceptualize a design approach to examine the socio-technical knowledge that crisis organizations have about crisis management Information Systems. We use findings from a case study across four crisis organizations to illustrate how the network of knowledge, information management, and integration of technology and information were interpreted by stakeholders during a large wild fire in 2006. The design approach illustrates that design foundations of crisis management Information Systems encompass: a network of knowledge, IT management, and information integration. We argue that the design foundation is promising for analysis and explanation of the enrolment of actors, adaptation of technology/processes, and stabilization of crisis management Information Systems.

The paper provides a comprehensive overview on which through-life cycle aspects of Functional Products (FP) are relevant to consider during development and later operation until end of life. The aspects, which are already proposed as part of the current definition of FP, are corroborated, and the additional new aspects found are proposed to extend the current definition of FP. An additional eight new aspects have been found, spanning, e.g., asset management, business model and research collaboration. Some of these new aspects may be relevant for the concepts of servitisation, through-life engineering services, product-service systems and industrial product-service systems as well. The practical implications of the results are that FP customers can improve their reasoning and requirement engineering together with FP providers. FP providers can, on the other hand, use the results to improve their long-term planning and activities from initial development activities (i.e. business case and requirement engineering) to operation at customer sites. The theoretical implications are that the additional new aspects and the proposed extended FP definition provide a foundation for researchers as well as indicating aspects/areas to further explore.

Based on empirical studies combined with a literature review, the paper proposes a comprehensive framework defining Functional Products (FP) through their constituents. The framework adds additional specificity to the literature by identifying and discussing existing and emerging constituents of FP, shedding further light on what is needed to create a long and trustful win–win situation between providers and customers in an FP context.

This paper describes the integration of a sensor data stream monitoring system into a proposed functional product model capable of predicting functional availability. Such monitoring systems enable ...

The development process for a Functional Product (FP) is complex and there is a need to share information as well as to communicate it among the parties involved in the process. The paper concerns shared information that is of specific interest when developing FPs, in contrast to information that must be shared during a general product or service development process. The findings are compiled in a conceptual table comprising such specific information items pertaining to both the initial development as well as post development parts of an FP’s lifecycle. This table can be used as an aid to any development process or method, as it points out information items that must necessarily be shared, but not how they to be shared.

The development process for a Functional Product (FP) is complex and there is a need to coordinate, monitor, control and share information as well as to communicate properly among the parties involved in the process. This paper proposes a conceptual development process to manage the FP development, including development of hardware, software, service support system and how to manage the operation of an FP. Further, challenges related to the integrated development of FPs are also discussed.

The paper concerns which sustainability-oriented Functional Products (FP) customer values companies, who also provide products and services, consider as important to communicate to customers when offering or planning to offer FP. Currently, the manufacturing industry is showing increasing interest in adding offerings based on additionally complex business models as opposed to merely offering products and services. This is considered necessary if companies are to continue to be able to innovate and stay competitive and profitable in global competition. A considerable focus is directed towards performance- or result-based business models. FP is one such business model, where the provider offers a function to customers at an agreed-upon level of availability, productivity or efficiency. FP comprise the following four main constituents: hardware, software, service support system and management of operation, which together deliver value to customers on a long-term basis. The paper proposes a set of FP sustainability-oriented customer values which are categorized according to the sustainability aspects: economic, ecological and societal, and the set is further analyzed from a regulatory and legal perspective.

The paper addresses, based on an empirical study, what impact the use of recent complex business models, in particular, Functional Products, may have on production systems in terms of the explicit and tacit knowledge that is required. Requirements for new knowledge currently lacking or in the process of being acquired have been of specific interest for the study. The study focuses on the customer side, involving both manufacturing and process industry companies. A set of explicit and tacit knowledge aspects has been identified. The current set of knowledge aspects found during the literature review has largely been corroborated and the new specific knowledge identified is highlighted.