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Abstract Recent population recovery of many pinniped species (seals, sea lions, walrus) is a conservation success. However, pinniped population recovery combined with increasing global fisheries operations is leading to increased conflicts between pinnipeds and fisheries. This human-wildlife conflict threatens pinniped conservation outcomes and may impose damaging impacts on fisheries, but the economic consequences and extent of these impacts are poorly understood. Here, we provide a global assessment of pinniped and fisheries operational interactions. We show that a third of reported fishing days have interactions with pinnipeds and 13.8% of catch is lost. Our results also reveal high heterogeneity between studies. Small-scale fisheries are three times more likely to interact with pinnipeds and lose four times as much catch as large-scale fisheries. Finally, we develop a spatial index that can predict where conflict is most likely to occur. Our findings reveal a substantial global issue requiring appropriate management as pinniped populations continue to recover.

Abstract Insects play a crucial role in all ecosystems, and are increasingly exposed to higher in temperature extremes under climate change, which can have substantial effects on their abundances. However, the effects of temperature on changes in abundances or population fitness are filtered through differential responses of life‐history components, such as survival, reproduction, and development, to their environment. Such differential responses, or trade‐offs, have been widely studied in birds and mammals, but comparative studies on insects are largely lacking, limiting our understanding of key mechanisms that may buffer or exacerbate climate‐change effects across insect species. Here, we performed a systematic literature review of the ecological studies of lacewings (Neuroptera), predatory insects that play a crucial role in ecosystem pest regulation, to investigate the impact of temperature on life cycle dynamics across species. We found quantitative information, linking stage‐specific survival, development, and reproduction to temperature variation, for 62 species from 39 locations. We then performed a metanalysis calculating sensitives to temperature across life‐history processes for all publications. We found that developmental times consistently decreased with temperature for all species. Survival and reproduction however showed a weaker response to temperature, and temperature sensitivities varied substantially among species. After controlling for the effect of temperature on life‐history processes, the latter covaried consistently across two main axes of variation related to instar and pupae development, suggesting the presence of life‐history trade‐offs. Our work provides new information that can help generalize life‐history responses of insects to temperature, which can then expand comparative demographic and climate‐change research. We also discuss important remaining knowledge gaps, such as a better assessment of adult survival and diapause.

Clouds are key to understanding the atmosphere and climate, and a long series of satellite observations provide invaluable information to study their properties. EUMETSAT has published Release 1 of the Optimal Cloud Analysis (OCA) Climate Data Record (CDR), which provides a homogeneous time series of cloud properties of up to two overlapping layers, together with uncertainties. The OCA product is derived using the 15 min Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) measurements onboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) in geostationary orbit and covers the period from 19 January 2004 until 31 August 2019. This paper presents the validation of the OCA cloud-top pressure (CTP) against independent lidar-based estimates and the quality assessment of the cloud optical thickness (COT) and cloud particle effective radius (CRE) against a combination of products from satellite-based active and passive instruments. The OCA CTP is in good agreement with the CTP sensed by lidar for low thick liquid clouds and substantially below in the case of high ice clouds, in agreement with previous studies. The retrievals of COT and CRE are more reliable when constrained by solar channels and are consistent with other retrievals from passive imagers. The resulting cloud properties are stable and homogeneous over the whole period when compared against similar CDRs from passive instruments. For CTP, the OCA CDR and the near-real-time OCA products are consistent, allowing for the use of OCA near-real time products to extend the CDR beyond August 2019.

Silver has been shown to improve the antibiotic effects of other drugs against both Gram- positive and -negative bacteria. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabigerol (CBG) and their acidic counterparts (CBDA, CBCA, CBGA) against Gram-positive bacteria and further explored the additive or synergistic effects of silver nitrate or silver nanoparticles using 96-well plate growth assays and viability (CFUs- colony-forming units). All six cannabinoids had strong antibiotic effects against MRSA with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2 mg/L for CBG, CBD and CBCA; 4 mg/L for CBGA; and 8 mg/L for CBC and CBDA. Using 96-well checkerboard assays, CBC, CBG and CBGA showed full or partial synergy with silver nitrate; CBC, CBDA and CBGA were fully synergistic with silver nanoparticles against MRSA. Using CFU assays, combinations of CBC, CBGA and CBG with either silver nitrate or silver nanoparticles, all at half or quarter MICs, demonstrated strong, time-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth (silver nitrate) and bactericidal effects (silver nanoparticles). These data will lead to further investigation into possible biomedical applications of specific cannabinoids in combination with silver salts or nanoparticles against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.

Although the incidence of infections in orthopedic surgeries, including periprosthetic surgeries, remains low at approximately 1–2%, the number of surgeries and the incidence of drug-resistant bacteria is increasing. The cost and morbidity associated with revision surgeries are huge. More effective drug combinations and delivery methods are urgently needed. In this paper, three anti-infective drugs (vancomycin, rifampicin, and silver sulfadiazine) have been jointly and effectively electrospun in thin (0.1 mm) flexible nanofiber mats of either poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The inclusion of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) enabled optimal drug release with a reduced water contact angle for wetting. The controlled release of these three agents from 20% PEG (w/w to polymer)-blended PMMA or PLGA nanofiber mats may allow for the prophylactical prevention of implant-related infections or provide methods to treat orthopedic infections at the time of revision surgeries. These combinations of drugs provide excellent additive or synergistic antibiotic action against a broader spectrum of bacteria than each drug alone.

Abstract Despite exponential growth in ecological data availability, broader interoperability amongst datasets is needed to unlock the potential of open access. Our understanding of the interface of demography and functional traits is well-positioned to benefit from such interoperability. Here, we introduce MOSAIC, an open-access trait database that unlocks the demographic potential stored in the COMADRE, COMPADRE, and PADRINO open-access databases. MOSAIC data were digitised and curated through a combination of existing datasets and new trait records sourced from primary literature. In its first release, MOSAIC (v. 1.0.0) includes 14 trait fields for 300 animal and plant species: biomass, height, growth determination, regeneration, sexual dimorphism, mating system, hermaphrodism, sequential hermaphrodism, dispersal capacity, type of dispersal, mode of dispersal, dispersal classes, volancy, and aquatic habitat dependency. MOSAIC includes species-level phylogenies for 1,359 species and population-specific climate data. We identify how database integration can improve our understanding of traits well-quantified in existing repositories and those that are poorly quantified (e.g., growth determination, modularity). MOSAIC highlights emerging challenges associated with standardising databases and demographic measures.

BackgroundObesity is a global epidemic affecting all age groups, populations, and income levels across continents, though is known to disproportionately affect socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. The causes of obesity are complex, informed by diet and weight practices, but shaped by social, commercial, and environmental factors and government policy. Consequently, a Whole System Approach (WSA)-which considers the many causes of obesity and shifts the focus away from individuals as points of intervention and puts an emphasis on understanding and improving the system in which people live-is required. This scoping review of reviews aims to: determine how WSAs to diet and healthy weight have been implemented and evaluated nationally and internationally; to determine what models or theories have been used to implement WSAs; describe how WSAs have been evaluated; determine if WSAs are effective; and to identify the contribution of the public and/or service users in the development of WSAs.MethodSystematic searches were carried out using CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO (ProQuest), the Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE. Included review papers were those that focused on the application of a whole system approach to diet and/or healthy weight, and/or reported the theory/model used to implement or simulate this approach. Databases were searched from 1995 to March 2022 using a combination of text and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms). In addition, reference sections of identified articles were examined for additional relevant articles. Covidence software was used to screen titles and abstracts from the electronic databases and resolve conflicts.ResultsA total of 20,308 articles were initially retrieved; after duplicate removal 7,690 unique title and abstracts were reviewed, and 110 articles were selected for full text review. On completion of full text review, 8 review articles were included for data extraction. These included: one umbrella review, four systematic reviews, a rapid review, and two literature reviews (one of which was on strategic reports written for government and public health policy). Evaluations of WSA were mainly process evaluations although health outcomes were assessed in some studies. Several conceptual frameworks or mathematical modelling approaches have been applied to WSAs for diet, healthy weight, and obesity to inform their planning or delivery, and to understand/map the associated systems. Common mathematical approaches include agent based or System Dynamic Modelling. Underlying both conceptual and mathematical models is an understanding how the elements of the complex systems impact each other to affect diet, healthy weight, and obesity. WSA implementations have reported some success in positively impacting health outcomes including reducing Body Mass Index, reducing sugary food intake, and increasing physical activity. Public and user involvement in WSA was not widely reported.ConclusionThe application of WSA to diet and healthy weight shows promise, yet the research is lagging behind their implementation. Further robust evidence for using WSA to address diet and healthy weight are required, including incorporating process and outcome evaluations (perhaps using established approaches such as Systems Dynamic Modelling). Furthermore, the analysis of epidemiological data alongside longitudinal process and outcome evaluation regarding the implementation of a WSA is required.

Currently available silver-based antiseptic wound dressings have limited patient effectiveness. There exists a need for wound dressings that behave as comfortable degradable hydrogels with a strong antibiotic potential. The objectives of this project were to investigate the combined use of gallates (either epi gallo catechin gallate (EGCG), Tannic acid, or Quercetin) as both PVA crosslinking agents and as potential synergistic antibiotics in combination with silver nanoparticles. Crosslinking was assessed gravimetrically, silver and gallate release was measured using inductively coupled plasma and HPLC methods, respectively. Synergy was measured using 96-well plate FICI methods and in-gel antibacterial effects were measured using planktonic CFU assays. All gallates crosslinked PVA with optimal extended swelling obtained using EGCG or Quercetin at 14% loadings (100 mg in 500 mg PVA with glycerol). All three gallates were synergistic in combination with silver nanoparticles against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. In PVA hydrogel films, silver nanoparticles with EGCG or Quercetin more effectively inhibited bacterial growth in CFU counts over 24 h as compared to films containing single agents. These biocompatible natural-product antibiotics, EGCG or Quercetin, may play a dual role of providing stable PVA hydrogel films and a powerful synergistic antibiotic effect in combination with silver nanoparticles.

Summary Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can trigger excessive interleukin (IL)‐6 signalling, leading to a myriad of biological effects including a cytokine storm that contributes to multiple organ failure in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that nasal inoculation of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NPP) of SARS‐CoV‐2 increased IL‐6 content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Nasal administration of liquid coco‐caprylate/caprate (LCC) onto Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis)‐colonized mice significantly attenuated NPP‐induced IL‐6. Furthermore, S. epidermidis‐mediated LCC fermentation to generate electricity and butyric acid that promoted bacterial colonization and activated free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) respectively. Inhibition of Ffar2 impeded the effect of S. epidermidis plus LCC on the reduction of NPP‐induced IL‐6. Collectively, these results suggest that nasal S. epidermidis is part of the first line of defence in ameliorating a cytokine storm induced by airway infection of SARS‐CoV‐2.

Abstract Background Injury is one of the major causes of death and illness among children and adolescents worldwide. We sought to investigate the prevalence of serious injury and its associated factors among in-school adolescents in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods A sample of 14,967 in-school adolescents was drawn from the Global School-based Student Health Surveys conducted from 2012 to 2017 in eight sub-Saharan African countries. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires. The prevalence of serious injuries was calculated using proportions while multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the factors associated with serious injuries. Results Approximately 45% of in-school adolescents had experienced serious injuries during the past 12 months to the survey in the eight sub-Saharan African countries, with variations from 32.3% in Mauritius to 68.2% in Liberia. Adolescents who experienced bullying [aOR = 2.37, CI = 2.10, 2.68], those who engaged in physical fight [aOR = 2.14, CI = [1.87, 2.44], those who experienced an attack [aOR = 1.96, CI = [1.73, 2.22], those who felt anxious [aOR = 1.47, CI = 1.22,1.77], those who attempted suicide [aOR = 1.38, CI = 1.14, 1.65], truants [aOR = 1.33, CI = [1.17,1.51], current tobacco users [aOR = 1.42, CI = [1.01, 2.01] and current marijuana users [aOR = 1.78, CI = 1.08, 2.93] had higher odds of experiencing serious injuries. However, those whose parents or guardians respected their privacy had lower odds of experiencing serious injuries [aOR =0.78, CI = [0.68, 0.88] compared to those whose parents or guardians did not respect their privacy. Conclusion A relatively high prevalence of serious injuries among in-school adolescents was identified in the eight sub-Saharan African countries studied. Programs and interventions that target the reduction of injuries in educational institutions should take a keen interest in the factors identified in this study. To deal with injury victims, first aid services should be provided in school settings.

Chlorhexidine is the most commonly used anti-infective drug in dentistry. To treat infected void areas, a drug-loaded material that swells to fill the void and releases the drug slowly is needed. This study investigated the encapsulation and release of chlorhexidine from cellulose acetate nanofibers for use as an antibacterial treatment for dental bacterial infections by oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. This study used a commercial electrospinning machine to finely control the manufacture of thin, flexible, chlorhexidine-loaded cellulose acetate nanofiber mats with very-small-diameter fibers (measured using SEM). Water absorption was measured gravimetrically, drug release was analyzed by absorbance at 254 nm, and antibiotic effects were measured by halo analysis in agar. Slow electrospinning at lower voltage (14 kV), short target distance (14 cm), slow traverse and rotation, and syringe injection speeds with controlled humidity and temperature allowed for the manufacture of strong, thin films with evenly cross-meshed, uniform low-diameter nanofibers (640 nm) that were flexible and absorbed over 600% in water. Chlorhexidine was encapsulated efficiently and released in a controlled manner. All formulations killed both bacteria and may be used to fill infected voids by swelling for intimate contact with surfaces and hold the drug in the swollen matrix for effective bacterial killing in dental settings.

In this article, we identify the steps and strategies that emerged through an interdisciplinary, community-based participatory research (CBPR) project—the Crabby Creek Initiative. The Initiative was undertaken jointly by Cabrini College faculty in biology and psychology, the Valley Creek Restoration Partnership (VCRP), the Stroud Water Research Center, (SWRC) and local residents of this eastern Pennsylvania region. The paper examines the phases the partners have gone through and the strategies used as the building blocks of partnerships in the process of collaboration: trust, mutual design, shared implementation, joint ownership, and dissemination of knowledge, the building blocks of sustainable partnerships. Ultimately, the lessons learned have the potential to galvanize practitioners to engage not only in citizen science, but also more broadly in the practice of applied and engaged democracy.

Pulsed power generators create high-energy-density conditions by rapidly delivering an immense pulse of electrical current to a compact imploding load. Accurately measuring the shape and amplitude of this load current pulse is essential to understanding the behavior of all pulsed power experiments. At the Z Pulsed Power Facility, the closest-in load current measurements are provided by velocimetry techniques such as VISAR (velocity interferometer system for any reflector) and PDV (photonic Doppler velocimetry). Here, fiber-coupled interferometers measure the velocity history of an exploding metallic flyer plate that is embedded in the vertical walls of the current return can. The flyer plate is driven outward by the magnetic pressure from the load current such that magnetohydrodynamic modeling can be used to determine the load current waveform from the measured velocity history. In this paper, we present the first load current velocimetry measurements to be made from the horizontal top flyer plate that carries current radially inward from the return can to the load. These spatially resolved measurements, which span R=5–9 mm, are enabled by a transformative new velocimetry diagnostic—a line-imaging velocity interferometer called Z Line VISAR (ZLV)—whose optical performance overcomes the measurement challenges presented by the steep velocity gradients encountered on the top flyer plate. To validate ZLV’s capabilities, a 14-MA, 100-ns experiment was conducted to losslessly couple current up the return can and radially inward across the top flyer plate. Comparisons between the ZLV data obtained from this experiment and two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations driven with the current measured on the return can indicate that the current delivery across the top flyer plate is indeed lossless to within the few-percent uncertainty of the ZLV data. Given that the current coupling is lossless, the experimental results are used to demonstrate that one-dimensional current unfold techniques can be applied to generate a radially resolved load current map from the ZLV velocity data. This analysis provides a template for how to use the ZLV diagnostic to determine the efficacy of current delivery in future experiments where losses may occur in close proximity to the load.

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation induces melanin accumulation, which can be reduced by the use of chemical whitening products. However, the associated safety concerns of such products have prompted the search for natural and harmless alternatives. This study aimed to identify a natural acidic formulation to reduce skin pigmentation. The metabolite propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH, PA) was the most abundant fatty acid in the filtrate from Pluronic F68 (PF68) fermentation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and reduced the DOPA-positive melanocytes by significantly inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity via binding to the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Moreover, 4 mM PA treatment did not alter melanocyte proliferation, indicating that it is an effective solution for hyperpigmentation, causing no cellular damage. The reduced DOPA-positive melanocytes and tyrosinase activity were also observed in mice ear skin tissue injected with a mixture of C. acnes and PF68, supporting that the inhibition of melanogenesis is likely to be mediated through fermentation metabolites from C. acnes fermentation using PF68 as a carbon source. Additionally, PA did not affect the growth of its parent bacteria C. acnes, hence is a potent fermentation metabolite that does not disrupt the balance of the skin microbiome.

With the looming threat of abrupt ecological disruption due to a changing climate, predicting which species are most vulnerable to environmental change is critical. The life-history of a species is an evolved response to its environmental context, and therefore a promising candidate for explaining differences in climate-change responses. However, we need broad empirical assessments from across the world's ecosystems to explore the link between life history and climate-change responses. Here, we use long-term abundance records from 157 species of terrestrial mammals and a two-step Bayesian meta-regression framework to investigate the link between annual weather anomalies, population growth rates, and species-level life history. Overall, we found no directional effect of temperature or precipitation anomalies or variance on annual population growth rates. Furthermore, population responses to weather anomalies were not predicted by phylogenetic covariance, and instead there was more variability in weather responses for populations within a species. Crucially, however, long-lived mammals with smaller litter sizes had smaller absolute population responses to weather anomalies compared with their shorter living counterparts with larger litters. These results highlight the role of species-level life history in driving responses to the environment.

The training and registration of psychiatric/mental health nurses has a contested past in Canada. One of the consequences of the professional jostling between psychiatry and nursing for control over this area is the unusual circumstances of Canada having two education systems for this specialty. To understand why the schism has taken place and the impact it has had on psychiatric/mental health nursing, the authors have undertaken a critical review of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of these two pedagogical approaches. This review reveals that while the approaches share much in common, groups from both the east and the west receive different levels of mental health-related curriculum within their training. While it could be argued that psychiatric/mental health nursing practice is different enough to warrant its own framework for the preparation of specialist practitioners, there is no clear answer as to whether one of the current models should be implemented over the other. In this context, this paper argues that it is important that psychiatric nurses advocate for a future for the speciality in Canada.

Low dose methotrexate (MTX) is known to effectively decrease type I collagen production in dermal fibroblasts, while increasing the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in vitro. For in vivo use as an antifibrotic agent on wounds, a linear and extended controlled release formulation of MTX is required. The objective of this study was to optimize the fabrication of MTX-loaded polymeric microspheres with such properties, and to test the efficacy for the prevention of fibrosis in vivo. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and the diblock copolymer, methoxypolyethylene glycol-block-poly (D, L-lactide) (MePEG-b-PDLLA), were used to fabricate microspheres, which were then characterized in terms of size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release profiles. The optimized formulation (PLGA with diblock copolymer) showed high drug encapsulation efficiency (>80%), low burst release (~10%) and a gradual release of MTX. The amphipathic diblock copolymer is known to render the microsphere surface more biocompatible. In vivo, these microspheres were effective in reducing fibrotic tissue which was confirmed by quantitative measurement of type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression, demonstrating that MTX can be efficiently encapsulated in PLGA microspheres to provide a delayed, gradual release in wound beds to reduce fibrosis in vivo.

Abstract Although several electrogenic bacteria have been identified, the physiological effect of electricity generated by bacteria on host health remains elusive. We found that probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides) can metabolize linoleic acid to yield electricity via an intracellular cyclophilin A-dependent pathway. Inhibition of cyclophilin A significantly abolished bacterial electricity and lowered the adhesion of L. mesenteroides to the human gut epithelial cell line. Butyrate from L. mesenteroides in the presence of linoleic acid were detectable and mediated free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) to reduce the lipid contents in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Oral administration of L. mesenteroides plus linoleic acid remarkably reduced high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) biomarker, and decreased abdominal fat mass in mice. The reduction of 4-HNE and abdominal fat mass was reversed when cyclophilin A inhibitor-pretreated bacteria were administered to mice. Our studies present a novel mechanism of reducing abdominal fat mass by electrogenic L. mesenteroides which may yield electrons to enhance colonization and sustain high amounts of butyrate to limit ROS during adipocyte differentiation.

Abstract Background Organoids play an important role in basic research, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Here, we aimed to develop a novel kind of three-dimensional (3D) organoids generated from urine-derived stem cells (USCs) and to explore whether kidney-specific extracellular matrix (kECM) could enable such organoids for renal function in vitro. Methods USCs were isolated from human urine samples and cultured with kECM extraction to generate 3D organoids in vitro. Eight densities from 1000 to 8000 cells per organoids were prepared, and both ATP assay and Live/Dead staining were used to determine the optimal USC density in forming organoids and kECM additive concentration. The morphology and histology of as-made organoids were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H.E.) staining, immunofluorescence staining and whole mount staining. Additionally, RT-qPCR was implemented to detect renal-related gene expression. Drug toxicity test was conducted to evaluate the potential application for drug screening. The renal organoids generated from whole adult kidney cells were used as a positive control in multiple assessments. Results The optimized cell density to generate ideal USC-derived organoids (USC-organoids) was 5000 cells/well, which was set as applying density in the following experiments. Besides, the optimal concentration of kECM was revealed to be 10%. On this condition, Live/Dead staining showed that USC-organoids were well self-organized without significant cell death. Moreover, H.E. staining showed that compact and viable organoids were generated without obvious necrosis inside organoids, which were very close to renal organoids morphologically. Furthermore, specific proximal tubule marker Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), kidney endocrine product erythropoietin (EPO), kidney glomerular markers Podocin and Synaptopodin were detected positively in USC-organoids with kECM. Nephrotoxicity testing showed that aspirin, penicillin G, and cisplatin could exert drug-induced toxicity on USC-organoids with kECM. Conclusions USC-organoids could be developed from USCs via an optimal procedure. Combining culture with kECM, USC-organoid properties including morphology, histology, and specific gene expression were identified to be similar with real renal organoids. Additionally, USC-organoids posed kECM in vitro showed the potential to be a drug screening tool which might take the place of renal organoids to some extent in the future.

Abstract There is a need for effective wound treatments that retain the bioactivity of a cellular treatment, but without the high costs and complexities associated with manufacturing, storing, and applying living biological products. Previously, we developed an amnion membrane‐derived hydrogel and evaluated its wound healing properties using a mouse wound model. In this study, we used a full thickness porcine skin wound model to evaluate the wound‐healing efficacy of the amnion hydrogel and a less‐processed amnion product comprising a lyophilized amnion membrane powder. These products were compared with commercially available amnion and nonamnion wound healing products. We found that the amnion hydrogel and amnion powder treatments demonstrated significant and rapid wound healing, driven primarily by new epithelialization versus closure by contraction. Histological analysis demonstrated that these treatments promote the formation of a mature epidermis and dermis with similar composition to healthy skin. The positive skin regenerative outcomes using amnion hydrogel and amnion powder treatments in a large animal model further demonstrate their potential translational value for human wound treatments.

In this article we present a standardized dataset on 6659 songbirds (Passeriformes) highlighting information relevant to species conservation prioritization with a main focus to support the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Data were collected from both scientific and grey literature as well as several online databases. The data are structured into six knowledge categories: Conventions and Treaties, Human Use, Extinction Risk, Management Opportunities, Biological Information, and Intrinsic Values. The Conventions and Treaties category includes the listings for two international conventions, CITES and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), as well as EU listings for the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations and the EU Birds Directive. The Human Use category contains information on both regulated trade collected from the CITES Trade Database and the United States’ Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS), and highly aggregated data on seizures which we obtained from TRAFFIC, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and two data sources on traditional medicine. We also present, for the first time, the complete Songbirds in Trade Database (SiTDB), a trade database curated by taxon expert S. Bruslund based on expert knowledge, literature review, market surveys and sale announcements. Data on the types of human use, including traditional medicine are also provided. The knowledge area on Extinction Risk contains data on the species’ IUCN Red List status, the Alliance for Zero Extinction Trigger Species status, site and population at the site, the species’ IUCN Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, and the listing of priority species at the Asian Songbird Crisis Summit. In the Management Opportunities category, we gathered data on ex-situ management from Species360 zoo holdings as well as species management plans from the European and North American Zoo Associations (EAZA and AZA, respectively). Biological Information includes data on body mass, clutch size, diet, availability of data from the IUCN Red List on habitat systems, extent of occurrence, generation length, migration pattern, distribution, and biological data from the Demographic Species Knowledge Index, number of occurrences recorded by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) as well as genomic data from the Bird 10 000K Genomes (B10K) project, Vertebrate Genome Project (VGP) and GenBank. Information on invasive species is also part of this knowledge area. The Intrinsic Value category refers to two measures of the species’ intrinsic value, namely Ecological and Evolutionary Distinctiveness. In order to make these knowledge areas comparable, we standardized data following the taxonomy of the Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Version 4, 2019). The data enable a broad spectrum of analyses and will be useful to scientists for further research and to policymakers, zoos and other conservation stakeholders for future prioritization decisions.

Abstract Background The existence of extended post-reproductive lifespan is an evolutionary puzzle, and its taxonomic prevalence is debated. One way of measuring post-reproductive life is with post-reproductive representation, the proportion of adult years lived by females after cessation of reproduction. Analyses of post-reproductive representation in mammals have claimed that only humans and some toothed whale species exhibit extended post-reproductive life, but there are suggestions of a post-reproductive stage for false killer whales and Asian elephants. Here, we investigate the presence of post-reproductive lifespan in Asian elephants using an extended demographic dataset collected from semi-captive timber elephants in Myanmar. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of post-reproductive representation values to availability of long-term data over 50 years. Results We find support for the presence of an extended post-reproductive stage in Asian elephants, and that post-reproductive representation and its underlying demographic rates depend on the length of study period in a long-lived animal. Conclusions The extended post-reproductive lifespan is unlikely due to physiological reproductive cessation, and may instead be driven by mating preferences or condition-dependent fertility. Our results also show that it is crucial to revisit such population measures in long-lived species as more data is collected, and if the typical lifespan of the species exceeds the initial study period.

Excessive fibrosis following surgical procedures is a challenging condition with serious consequences and no effective preventive or therapeutic option. Our group has previously shown the anti-fibrotic effect of kynurenic acid (KynA) in vitro and as topical cream formulations or nanofiber dressings in open wounds. Here, we hypothesized that the implantation of a controlled release drug delivery system loaded with KynA in a wound bed can prevent fibrosis in a closed wound. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and a diblock copolymer, methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-poly (D, L-lactide) (MePEG-b-PDLLA), were used for the fabrication of microspheres which were evaluated for their characteristics, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile, and in vivo efficacy for reduction of fibrosis. The optimized formulation exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (>80%), low initial burst release (~10%), and a delayed, gradual release of KynA. In vivo evaluation of the fabricated microspheres in the PVA model of wound healing revealed that KynA microspheres effectively reduced collagen deposition inside and around PVA sponges and α-smooth muscle actin expression after 66 days. Our results showed that KynA can be efficiently encapsulated in PLGA microspheres and its controlled release in vivo reduces fibrotic tissue formation, suggesting a novel therapeutic option for the prevention or treatment of post-surgical fibrosis.

Background and purpose — Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to understand better the outcomes after total hip replacement (THR). These are administered in different settings using a variety of methods. We investigated whether the mode of delivery of commonly used PROMs affects the reported scores, 1 year after THR. Patients and methods — A prospective test–retest mode comparison study with randomized sequence was done in 66 patients who had undergone primary THR. PROMs were administered by 4 modes: self-administration, face-to-face interview, telephone interview, and postal questionnaire. PROMs included: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Oxford Hip Score (OHS), EQ5D-3L (EQ5D), and Self-Administered Patient Satisfaction Scale (SAPS). Linear regression was used to estimate relationships between the mean scores for PROMs by mode. Individual paired differences by mode were calculated, relationships between modes were identified, and results adjusted by time delay and participant age. Results — There was no statistically significant difference between the mean PROM scores recorded for each mode of delivery for each score. Statistically significant differences in the individual paired differences were detected between modes for the WOMAC stiffness subscale, OHS, EQ5D, and SAPS. OHS difference in individual paired means between face-to-face and telephone interview exceeded the minimal clinically important difference. Interpretation — PROMs mode of administration can affect the recorded results. Modes should not be mixed and may not be comparable between studies. It should not be assumed that different modes will obtain the same results and where not already established this should be checked by researchers before use.

We collated and synthesized information on 1,226 Elasmobranch species (i.e., sharks, rays, and skates) globally from a wide range of sources. We obtained curated and standardized data from online databases, legal documents, press releases, and websites. All data were standardized according to the taxonomic nomenclature described in the Catalogue of Life. We grouped data into five categories: 1) biological information, 2) conservation status, 3) management opportunities, 4) use, and 5) inclusion in international conventions and treaties. For species biological information, we included migration, habitat, species characteristics such as length & body weight, their threat to humans, life-history trait data availability from FishBase, whether the species was listed on the Global Register of Migratory Species, the presence of occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), information on genomics from GenBank, and species evolutionary distinctiveness scores. For conservation status, we recorded threat status from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species™ and inclusion in the Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE). For management opportunities, we identified species under human care in zoos and aquariums in the Species360 network, species under management in studbooks from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), the American Association for Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), and the Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia (ZAA), as well as data on recovery, management, and action plans at the class, family, and species levels. For use, we collated species-level data on international trade levels from the CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Trade Database, as used in aquaculture, as bait, and as gamefish, recording the purpose of the trade according to the IUCN Red List and the global catches reported to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Finally, we collated information from seven international conventions and treaties: CITES, UNCLOS (the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea), CMS (the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals), Shark MoU (the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks), BERN (the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats), OSPAR (Protecting and conserving the North-East Atlantic and its resources), and the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean. Our data are comparable across databases and will assist further research on in-situ and ex-situ population management for sharks and batoids. Our data can be of use to international policy makers, aquarium curators, management authorities, conservation practitioners, and scientists interested in prioritizing Elasmobranchs for conservation.

The kidney function of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is impaired irreversibly. Organ transplantation is the only treatment to restore kidney function in CKD patients. The assessment of new potential therapeutic procedures relies heavily on experimental animal models, but it is limited by its human predictive capacity. In addition, the frequently used two-dimensional in vitro human renal cell models cannot replicate all the features of the in vivo situation. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro human renal organoid model from whole kidney cells as a promising drug screening tool. At present, the renal tissue generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exhibits intrinsic tumorigenicity properties. Here we first developed a 3D renal organoid culture system that originated from adult differentiated cells without gene modification. Renal organoids composed of multiple cell types were created under optimal experimental conditions and evaluated for morphology, viability and erythropoietin production. As a novel screening tool for renal toxicity, 3D organoids were exposed to three widely used drugs: aspirin, penicillin G and cisplatin. The study results showed this 3D renal organoid model can be used as a drug screening tool, a new in vitro 3D human kidney model, and provide hope for potential regenerative therapies for CKD.

This study investigated the safety of a novel cell-labeling technology with mKATE and Renilla reniformis luciferase (mKATE-renLUC) and assessed the efficacy on tracking implanted human placental stromal cells (PSC) in an erectile dysfunction (ED) animal model. Human PSC were labeled with mKATE-renLUC using a lentivirus. Cell viability, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, surface marker expression and differentiation potential of the labeled PSC were evaluated and compared with non-labeled PSC. The paracrine profile of labeled cells was examined using an angiogenesis protein array. The brightness and duration of labeled cells with different densities were evaluated. An ED rat model was established and labeled PSC were injected into cavernosal tissue of the penis. The migration and distribution of transplanted PSC were monitored using an IVIS imaging system in real time. Implanted PSC were identified in isolated tissues via detection of mKATE fluorescence. The cell viability, morphology, proliferation, migration, surface marker expression and differentiation potential of mKATE-renLUC-labeled PSC were similar to those of non-labeled cells in vitro (no statistical difference p >0.05). Similar expressions of trophic factors were found between labeled and non-labeled PSC. The migration and distribution of PSC expressing renLUC were tracked in vivo using IVIS imaging system. mKATE-positive PSC were detected in penile, kidney, prostate and hepatic tissues using histological methods. This labeling technology provides a safe and effective cell-tracking approach with a brighter fluorophore and codon-optimized luciferase.

There is an urgent environmental need to remediate waste water. In this study, the use of surface-modified nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) to remove polluting drugs or chemicals from waste water and oil sands tailing ponds has been investigated. CNC was modified by either surface adsorbing cationic or hydrophobic species or by covalent methods and integrated into membrane water filters. The removal of either diclofenac or estradiol from water was studied. Similar non-covalently modified CNC materials were used to flocculate clays from water or to bind naphthenic acids which are contaminants in tailing ponds. Estradiol bound well to hydrophobically modified CNC membrane filter systems. Similarly, diclofenac (anionic drug) bound well to covalently cationically modified CNC membranes. Non-covalent modified CNC effectively flocculated clay particles in water and bound two naphthenic acid chemicals (negatively charged and hydrophobic). Modified CNC integrated into water filter membranes may remove drugs from waste or drinking water and contaminants from tailing ponds water. Furthermore, the ability of modified CNC to flocculate clays particles and bind naphthenic acids may allow for the addition of modified CNC directly to tailing ponds to remove both contaminants. CNC offers an environmentally friendly, easily transportable and disposable novel material for water remediation purposes.

There is an unmet need for biocompatible, anti-infective, and mechanically strong hydrogels. This study investigated the use of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), polysaccharides, and nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) to deliver silver in a controlled manner for possible use against oral or wound bacteria. Silver was included in solvent cast films as silver diammine fluoride (SDF) or as nitrate, sulphate, or acetate salts. Hydrogel formation was assessed by swelling determinations and silver release was measured using inductively coupled plasma methods. Antibacterial studies were performed using Gram-positive and negative bacteria turbidity assays. PVA formed homogenous, strong films with SDF and swelled gently (99% hydrolyzed) or vigorously with dissolution (88% hydrolyzed) and released silver slowly or quickly, respectively. CNC-SDF films swelled over a week and formed robust hydrogels whereas CNC alone (no silver) disintegrated after two days. SDF loaded CNC films released silver slowly over 9 days whereas films crosslinked with silver salts were less robust and swelled and released silver more quickly. All silver loaded films showed good antibacterial activity. CNC may be crosslinked with silver in the form of SDF (or any soluble silver salt) to form a robust hydrogel suitable for dental use such as for exposed periodontal debridement areas.

Using bone cement as a carrier, gentamicin was for years the default drug to locally treat orthopedic infections but has lost favor due to increasing bacterial resistance to this drug. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of combining gentamicin with silver nitrate in bone cement against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Antibacterial effects (CFU counts) of gentamicin and silver were initially studied followed by studies using subtherapeutic concentrations of each in combination. The release rates from cement were measured over 10 days and day 7 release samples were saved and analyzed for antibiotic activity. A strong synergistic effect of combining silver with gentamicin was found using both dissolved drugs and using day 7 bone cement release media for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cement studies were extended to vancomycin and tobramycin, which are also used in bone cement, and similar synergistic effects were found for day 7 release media with P. aeruginosa but not S. aureus. These studies conclude that the combined use of low loadings of gentamicin and silver nitrate in bone cement may offer an economical and much improved synergistic method of providing anti-infective orthopedic treatments in the clinic.

Introduction: We previously described the manufacture and characterization of hydrogel forming, thin film, anti-infective wound dressings made from Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and silver nanoparticles, crosslinked by heat. However, these films were designed to be inexpensive for simple manufacture locally in Africa. In this new study, we have further developed PVA dressings by manufacturing films or electrospun membranes, made from blends of PVA with different degrees of hydrolyzation, that contain silver salts and degrade in a controlled manner to release silver in a sustained manner over 12 days. Methods: Films were solvent cast as films or electrospun into nanofibre membranes using blends of 99 and 88% hydrolyzed PVA, containing 1% w/w silver sulphadiazine, carbonate, sulphate, or acetate salts. Dissolution was measured as weight loss in water and silver release was measured using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. Results: Cast films generally stayed intact at PVA 99: PVA 88% ratios greater than 40:60 whereas electrospun membranes needed ratios greater than 10:90. Films (40:60 blend ratio) and membranes (10:90) all released silver salts in a sustained fashion but incompletely and to different extents. Electrospun membranes gave more linear release patterns in the 2–12 day period and all salts released well. Conclusion: Blended PVA cast films offer improved control over hydrogel dissolution and silver release without the need for high temperature crosslinking. Blended PVA electrospun membranes further improve membrane dissolution control and silver release profiles. These blended PVA films and membranes offer improved inexpensive systems for the manufacture of long lasting anti-infective hydrogel wound dressings.

The prompt treatment of burn wounds is essential but can be challenging in remote parts of Africa, where burns from open fires are a constant hazard for children and suitable medical care may be far away. Consequently, there is an unmet need for an economical burn wound dressing with a sustained antimicrobial activity that might be manufactured locally at low cost. This study describes and characterizes the novel preparation of a silver nitrate-loaded/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film. Using controlled heating cycles, films may be crosslinked with in situ silver nanoparticle production using only a low heat oven and little technical expertise. Our research demonstrated that heat-curing of PVA/silver nitrate films converted the silver to nanoparticles. These films swelled in water to form a robust, wound-compatible hydrogel which exhibited controlled release of the antibacterial silver nanoparticles. An optimal formulation was obtained using 5% (w/w) silver nitrate in PVA membrane films that had been heated at 140 °C for 90 min. Physical and chemical characterization of such films was complemented by in vitro studies that confirmed the effective antibacterial activity of the released silver nanoparticles against both gram positive and negative bacteria. Overall, these findings provide economical and simple methods to manufacture stable, hydrogel forming wound dressings that release antibiotic silver over prolonged periods suitable for emergency use in remote locations.

Drawing on a second survey of lay adjudication in Europe conducted by the authors in 2011-2012, this article points to a general decline across Europe in the use of the ‘traditional’ jury and a trend towards diminishing its capacity to deliver independent decisions. Two examples from Eastern and Western Europe are used to illustrate this trend: a case study of the Russian jury shows how a lack of respect within the legal culture of professionals for lay adjudication has reduced the jury in Russia to a mere ‘decorative’ institution and an analysis of the ECtHR’s jurisprudence shows how the Court’s concern to avoid arbitrary decision making has been encouraging Western European states to introduce greater accountability measures, which threaten the jury’s independence. The article ends on a more optimistic note by arguing that greater accountability measures need not detract from the jury’ s traditional role in promoting lay and political participation in the administration of justice. Basándose en una segunda encuesta sobre adjudicación de legos en Europa desarrollada por los autores entre 2011 y 2012, este artículo apunta a una disminución general en toda Europa del uso del jurado "tradicional" y una tendencia hacia su capacidad cada vez menor de prestar decisiones independientes. Se utilizan dos ejemplos de Europa oriental y occidental para ilustrar esta tendencia: un estudio de caso del jurado ruso demuestra cómo dentro de la cultura jurídica, la falta de respeto de los profesionales hacia la adjudicación de legos ha reducido el jurado en Rusia a una institución meramente “decorativa” y un análisis de la jurisprudencia del TEDH muestra cómo la preocupación de la Corte para evitar la toma de decisiones arbitrarias ha fomentado que los estados de Europa occidental introduzcan mayores medidas de control, que ponen en peligro la independencia del jurado. El artículo termina con una nota más optimista con el argumento de que mayores medidas de control no tienen que quitarle valor al papel tradicional del jurado en la promoción de la participación de legos y políticos en la administración de justicia. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2782413

The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated rece ptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is known to induce the differentiation of adipocytes. This study aimed to investigate the probiotic effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced PPAR-γ activation and abdominal fat depots. Incubation of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with media of L. mesenteroides EH-1, a butyric acid-producing strain, significantly reduced the amounts of lipid droplets. The oral administration of L. mesenteroides EH-1 produced large amounts (>1 mM) of butyric acid in cecum and attenuated the HFD-induced upregulation of PPAR-γ and accumulation of abdominal fats in mice. The combination of 2% glucose with L. mesenteroides EH-1 increased the production of butyric acid and potentiated the probiotic activity of L. mesenteroides EH-1 against the formation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as abdominal fats in HFD-fed mice. The inhibition of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) by its antagonist, GLPG-0974, markedly diminished the probiotic effects of L. mesenteroides EH-1 plus glucose on the suppression of HFD-induced PPAR-γ and abdominal fats. Besides demonstrating the probiotic value of L. mesenteroides EH-1, our results highlight the possible therapy targeting the butyric acid-activated Ffar2 pathway to reduce abdominal fats.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA) has become an alarming threat to public health, and infected soft tissue. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat skin infection with MRSA, but the inappropriate use of antibiotics runs a considerable risk of generating resistant S. aureus. In this study, we created a cysteine-capped hydrogel able to absorb and release copper, an ion with the capability of suppressing the growth of USA300, a community-acquired MRSA. The results of analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the binding of copper to a cysteine-capped hydrogel. The topical application of a cysteine-capped hydrogel binding with copper on USA300-infected skin wounds in the dorsal skin of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice significantly enhanced wound healing, hindered the growth of USA300, and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP-2) cytokine. Our work demonstrates a newly designed hydrogel that conjugates a cysteine molecule for copper binding. The cysteine-capped hydrogel can potentially chelate various antimicrobial metals as a novel wound dressing.

Polymeric drug delivery systems usually deliver drugs by diffusion with an initial burst of release followed by a slower prolonged release phase. An optimal system would release exact doses of drugs using an on-demand external actuation system. The purpose of this study was to design and characterize a novel drug-delivery device that utilizes near infrared (NIR 800 nm) laser-actuated drug release. The device was constructed from biocompatible polymers comprising a reservoir of drug covered by an elastic perforated diaphragm composed of a bilayer of two polymers with different thermal expansion coefficients (ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing gold nanoparticles). Upon illumination with a NIR laser, the gold nanoparticles rapidly heated the bilayer resulting in bending and a drug-pumping action through the perforated bilayer, following sequential laser-actuation cycles. Devices filled with the anti-proliferative drug docetaxel were seen to release only small amounts of drug by diffusion but to release large and reproducible amounts of drug over 20 s laser-actuation periods. Because NIR 800 nm is tissue-penetrating without heating tissue, suitable geometry drug-delivery devices might be implanted in the body to be actuated by an externally applied NIR laser to allow for on-demand exact drug dosing in vivo.

Survey rating scale: In Brief: Recent content analyses of LIS literature show that, by far, the most popular data collection method employed by librarians and library researchers is the survey. The authors of this article, all participants in the 2014 Institute for Research Design in Librarianship, recognize that there are sound reasons for using a […]

CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have diverse immune stimulatory/regulatory activities through their ability to release cytokines and to kill or transactivate other cells. Activation of iNKT cells can protect against multiple diseases in mice but clinical trials in humans have had limited impact. Clinical studies to date have targeted polyclonal mixtures of iNKT cells and we proposed that their subset compositions will influence therapeutic outcomes. We sorted and expanded iNKT cells from healthy donors and compared the phenotypes, cytotoxic activities and cytokine profiles of the CD4(+), CD8α(+) and CD4(-)CD8α(-) double-negative (DN) subsets. CD4(+) iNKT cells expanded more readily than CD8α(+) and DN iNKT cells upon mitogen stimulation. CD8α(+) and DN iNKT cells most frequently expressed CD56, CD161 and NKG2D and most potently killed CD1d(+) cell lines and primary leukemia cells. All iNKT subsets released Th1 (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) cytokines. Relative amounts followed a CD8α>DN>CD4 pattern for Th1 and CD4>DN>CD8α for Th2. All iNKT subsets could simultaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-4, but single-positivity for IFN-γ or IL-4 was strikingly rare in CD4(+) and CD8α(+) fractions, respectively. Only CD4(+) iNKT cells produced IL-9 and IL-10; DN cells released IL-17; and none produced IL-22. All iNKT subsets upregulated CD40L upon glycolipid stimulation and induced IL-10 and IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells. Thus, subset composition of iNKT cells is a major determinant of function. Use of enriched CD8α(+), DN or CD4(+) iNKT cells may optimally harness the immunoregulatory properties of iNKT cells for treatment of disease.

SL-298, a 7-page illustrated fact sheet by William Lusher, John Jackson, and Kelly Morgan, describes the history, data collection and delivery, data access, management tools, impact, and recognitions of this state-wide network of automated weather sites that has been providing weather data in support of Florida agriculture. Published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, July 2009. Revised August 2009.

Farmers make decisions on a daily basis that affect their financial returns and overall welfare. The consequences of decisions are often not known with certainty until long after the decisions occur and the outcomes can be better or worse than expected. Often the decisions are made based on some type of forecast, such as price, weather, or climate. This document is ABE 352, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Sciences, University of Florida. Published July 2004. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae267