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Santalum album, commonly known as Indian sandalwood, is a highly valued species utilized for generations in traditional medicine, perfumery, and religious ceremonies. Renowned for its fragrant heartwood and essential oil, this review comprehensively analyzes S. album, covering its chemical composition, distribution, cultivation techniques, and botanical characteristics. The study delves into contemporary and ethnobotanical uses of sandalwood oil, highlighting its significance across various industries and medicinal properties. Additionally, it addresses the sustainable management strategies crucial for ensuring the species' long-term survival, considering the conservation challenges posed by overexploitation and habitat loss. Emphasizing the need for ongoing research and community involvement, the assessment underscores the importance of preserving and sustainably utilizing this invaluable resource.

Sandalwood, stands as India's oldest, most esteemed, and economically significant herbal plant. Revered for its distinctive aroma, this sacred plant finds mention in Vedas, Puranas, Buddhism, and various scriptures, playing a role in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism cultures. Not only utilized for its fragrant essential oil in perfumes, food, cosmetics, and aromatherapy, but the heartwood of this plant also holds immense commercial value in both national and international markets. Ayurvedic practices have embraced its use as an expectorant, diazepam, and astringent. Beyond its traditional applications, Santalwood has been associated with diverse therapeutic and medicinal attributes, including Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Hepatoprotective, and Cardiac-protective properties. However, due to excessive exploitation, the plant faces inclusion in the IUCN Red List. This review provides a glimpse into the traditional medicinal uses of Santalwood, delving into its pharmacological properties, habitat, and cultivation practices.

Agroforestry, which involves the incorporation of trees and perennial woody plants within agricultural systems, is a time-honoured land management practice with profound implications for rural communities and the environment. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of agroforestry in addressing contemporary challenges, particularly climate change. Climate change is an unprecedented global threat, exacerbating food insecurity, poverty, and environmental degradation. Developing countries, already facing critical development needs, will bear the brunt of its impact. This review examines the adaptation and mitigation functions of agroforestry systems, reevaluates the concept of sustainability, and investigates how agroforestry can enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability among smallholder farmers, particularly in tropical regions. Agroforestry contributes to carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, soil and water conservation, and diversified income sources. The review goes on to explore the capacity for carbon storage in agroforestry systems in both tropical and temperate.

Nature has been an authentic source of medicinal compounds for a long time. Numerous new medications have been identified from natural sources, many of which have been chosen for their application in conventional medicine. Around the world, people have been using a variety of medicinal plants to treat illnesses and for health for many years. The current investigation reveals that Dalbergia sissoo has a good source of medicinal properties, which belongs to the family: of Fabaceae. We discussed phytochemistry in this message and how it can be used to treat a range of illnesses. There are 300 species in the genus, 25 of which are found in India. The 18th-century Swedish brothers Nils and Carl Dalberg are honored by the generic name Dalbergia. The plant is used to treat syphilis, gonorrhea, leprosy, and jaundice, among other conditions. It is also known as a large deciduous multipurpose timber tree. The wood is highly regarded as utility and construction timber due to its strength, durability, and elasticity.

Another multipurpose leguminous tree with non-edible oil, Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata), grows all over India. Pongamia cake includes secondary metabolites in addition to a wealth of minerals and amino acids. Fatty acids are present in pongamia oil, and nutrients are present in the leaf. As a superior source of fertilizer in organic agriculture, Pongamia pinnata has a high nutritional value with macro and micronutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and iron. This plant has a long history of use in India and its nearby regions as a source of traditional medicines (for conditions including the common cold, leprosy, diarrhoea, and ulcers), fodder and feed, green leaf manure, lumber, fish poison, soil binder, and soil reclaimer, among others., both a biofuel and a source of pollen, mostly for honeybees. The soil fertility is enhanced by the good source of nutrients found in pongamia cake. Pongamia oil is derived from the seeds and utilized in biofuel, medicine, and agriculture. It works against a variety of pests and insects and has similar insecticidal characteristics to neem oil. Pongamia oil's primary active component is karanjin. While the cake, a byproduct of oil extraction, was discovered to be rich in all plant nutrients used as a source of plant nourishment, it also functions as an acaricide and pesticide.

Agroforestry is an integration of tree species with agricultural crops or livestock that can be directly used to enhance agro biodiversity, rural livelihood and to meet the demand of green fodder throughout the year. Considering this fact, a study was done at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana to assess the productivity of fodder crops under poplar based agroforestry system. In February 2016, poplar was planted in six different spacing of 3× 3 m, 4×3 m, 5×3 m, 6×3 m, 7×3 m and 8×3 m. In this study, fodder crops (sorghum during Kharif season and oat and berseem during Rabi season) were intercropped in different spacing’s of poplar and compared with control in three replications. The results revealed that the maximum DBH (13.92 cm), basal diameter (16.90 cm) and crown spread (6.79 m) attained in 8×3 m spacing while maximum height (9.61 m) is attained in 3×3 m spacing. The highest pH (7.94) and EC (0.27 dS/m) were recorded in 8×3 m spacing while highest SOC (0.47 %), N (158.5 kg/ha), P (16.8 kg/ha) and K (343.8 kg/ha) were recorded in 3×3 m spacing. Green fodder biomass of sorghum (38.45 t/ha), berseem (64.56 t/ha) and oat (52.62 t/ha) was recorded higher in wider spacing (8×3 m) as compared to sole crops. The maximum light intensity (672.4 Lux) was recorded in 8×3 m at 1.00 pm in the month of July, 2018. Higher value of BCR was observed for poplar with oat (2.44) followed by poplar with sorghum (2.31) and poplar with berseem (2.28) under 3×3 m spacing indicating that closer spacing of 3×3 m of poplar is more economic than the other spacings due to more number of trees per unit area and more production of wood.