Unearthing the hidden dangers by soil borne diseases of nursery plants: A review.

In agricultural production, soil transmitted diseases pose significant challenges, resulting in reduced crop productivity, increased production costs, and diminished yields. Environmental factors such as excessive moisture and nitrogen availability can give birth to and facilitate the spread of soil-borne diseases. Agricultural production can be significantly hindered by soilborne illnesses, particularly in the context of nursery operations. Even when employing conventional methods, they often provide challenges in terms of management. Furthermore, apart from viruses and plant parasitic nematodes, soil transmitted diseases can also be caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens, including oomycete and plasmodiophorid. Major soilborne fungal infections include the species Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Fusarium, and V erticillium. Oomycete pathogens, namely Phytophthora and Pythium, play a vital role. Resilient continuation structures such as chlamydospores, melanized hyphae, sclerotia, and oospores enable many soil-borne fungus to retain soil for extended durations. Ralstonia, Pectobacterium, Agrobacterium, and Streptomyces are important soil-dwelling bacterial pathogens. Soil-borne diseases often endure for an extended period on the biological remains of the host plant, either as organic matter within the soil or as autonomous organisms. Different soil parameters, such as soil texture, type, moisture, pH, temperature, ecology, and nutrient levels, influence the activity of soil-borne diseases. This review article provides a concise overview of the primary soil borne pathogens, diseases, management strategies, and approaches to soil borne diseases in large-scale crop production. This includes the system-based application of asepsis practices, legal techniques, anaerobic soil disinfestation, resistant cultivars and varieties, grafting, soil solarization, bio fumigants, soil amendments, soil steam sterilization, plant nutrients, soil fertility, soilless culture, and biological and chemical control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]