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NS OLIVA SUMO, hibrid suncokreta, priznat je od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Rumunije (Ministerul agriculturii si dezvoltarii rurale), rešenje Nacionalnog Instituta za testiranje i registraciju biljnih vrsta (Institutul de stat pentru testarea si inregistrarea soiurilor (ISTIS) broj 2653 od 04.04.2024. godine, Bukurešt, Rumunija.

NS H 8287, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-3818/2/2022-11 od 26.04.2024. godine, Beograd, Republika Srbija

NS H 2626, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-3819/2/2022-11 od 26.04.2024. godine, Beograd, Republika Srbija

Suncokret je sve više ižložen negativnim uticajima klimatskih promena, posebno visokim temperaturama i sušnim periodima, što neretko uzrokuje značajne varijacije i smanjenje prinosa semena. S obzirom na to da se klimatske promene ne mogu zaustaviti, neophodno je identifikovati promene u biljci koje omogućavaju prilagođavanje na ekstremne klimatske uslove i primeniti ova saznanja u procesu oplemenjivanja. Stvaranje novih genotipova tolerantnih na sušu i sve vrste stresa je prioritet u sadašnjem ali i budućem procesu oplemenjivanja biljaka. Postizanje ovog cilja zahteva ispitivanje performanši hibrida na više lokaliteta i u ražlićitim godinama, osiguravajuć i tako pouzdane rezultate i prilagodljivost u promenljivim okolnostima. Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Institut od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju, Novi Sad sprovodi svake godine multilokacijske mikro i proizvodne ogleda širom zemlje, testirajući adaptabilnost i stabilnost novih i već raširenih hibrida suncokreta u različitim mikroklimatskim uslovima. Tokom 2023. godine hibridi nove generacije, odnosno dva konvencionalna hibrida (NS Kruna i NS Ronin) i dva Express (SUMO) hibrida (NS H 8002 i NS H 8005) posejani su u osam regiona tj. okruga, kod četiri poljoprivredna proizvođača a u svakom okrugu. Imajući u vidu da je u 2023. godini, prosečan prinos semena suncokreta u Republici Srbiji prema procenama iznošio 2,7 -2,9 t/ha, a kada uporedimo ovu vrednost sa prosečnim prinosima u mreži proizvodnih ogleda osam okruga, jasno se ističe visok kvalitet NS hibrida suncokreta nove generacije. NS Ronin je ostvario izuzetan prinos od 4,2 t/ha, prati ga NS Kruna sa 4 t/ha, dok su SUMO hibridi NS H 8002 i NS H 8005 postigli prinose od 3,7 t/ha i 3,8 t/ha. Rezultati AMMI analize pokazuju da je za prinos semena tokom 2023. godine u proseku kroz sve okruge najstabilniji bio hibrid NS H 8002, sa vrednosć u IPC1 najblizoj nuli. Hibridi NS Kruna, NS Ronin i NS H 8005 su pokazali manju stabilnost, jer su bili udaljeniji o

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeding for biotic and abiotic challenges is a dynamic and multidisciplinary process that requires ongoing research and adaptation to evolving agricultural and environmental conditions. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability and productivity of sunflower crop worldwide, as an important source of edible oil for human consumption. Sunflower is host for large number of pathogenic microorganism that can cause a significant reduction in yield such as Plasmopara halstedii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium dahliae, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium spp. etc. Another important biotic threat on sunflower is certainly the parasitic plant broomrape (Orobanche cumana) which is one of the most important breeding topic worldwide. Breeding process typically combines traditional breeding methods and modern biotechnological tools to enhance the efficiency and precision of the breeding process. It is aimed to identify and incorporate genes or traits associated with resistance or tolerance to certain biotic stress and utilize molecular markers linked to genes associated with. Abiotic stress tolerance involves selection and development of genotypes that can withstand and thrive in unfavourable environmental conditions such as drought, salinity, high temperatures, etc. In that regard, effective sunflower breeding is aimed at combining phenotypic data with genotypic information for more effective selection via utilizing advanced phenotyping technologies to accurately assess plant performance under different stress conditions. In addition, work on increasing and maintaining the existing genetic diversity in sunflower gene banks is essential for long-term resilience against evolving biotic and abiotic stresses.

NS Blanka, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-3815/2/2022-11 od 26.04.2024. godine, Beograd, Republika Srbija

NS H 8149 je hibrid suncokreta priznat od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., NS H 8149 is a registered newly-developed sunflower hybrid released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

NS Oliva SUMO je hibrid suncokreta priznat od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., NS Oliva SUMO is a registered newly-developed sunflower hybrid released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

NS Fortis je hibrid suncokreta priznat od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Rumunije (Ministerul agriculturii si dezvoltarii rurale), Bukurešt., NS Fortis is a sunflower hybrid released by the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture (Ministerul agriculturii si dezvoltarii rurale), Bucharest.

NS H 8269 je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., NS H 8269 is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

NA Konkord je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Državne komisije za ispitivanje i zaštitu selekcionih dostignuća Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Ruske Federacije., NA Konkord is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the State Committee for Testing and Protection of Selection Achievements of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

NS H 8005 je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Nacionalnog instituta za testiranje i registraciju biljnih vrsta Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Rumunije., NS H 8005 is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the National Institute for Plant Cultivars Testing and Release of the Ministry of Agriculture of Romania.

NS H 7749 SUMO je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Nacionalnog Instituta za testiranje i registraciju biljnih vrsta Ministarstva poljoprivrede Rumunije., NS H 7749 SUMO is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the National Institute for Plant Cultivars Testing and Release of the Ministry of Agriculture of Romania.

NA Grinvich je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Državne komisije za ispitivanje i zaštitu selekcionih dostignuća Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Ruske Federacije., NA Grinvich is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the State Committee for Testing and Protection of Selection Achievements of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

NS H 7822 je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., NS H 7822 is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

NS H 7749 SUMO je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., NS H 7749 SUMO is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

NA Imilend je hibrid suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) priznat od strane Državne komisije za ispitivanje i zaštitu selekcionih dostignuća Ministarstva poljoprivrede Ruske Federacije., NA Imilend is a registered newly-developed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid released by the State Committee for Testing and Protection of Selection Achievements of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

Klimatske promene značajno utiču na gajene kulture, smanjujući stabilnost prinosa i kvalitet semena. Adaptabilnost suncokreta na promenu klime ima ključnu ulogu u perspektivi gajenja ove kulture u Evropi. Prilagođavenjem besplatne agrotehničke mere kao što je datum setve suncokreta, poljoprivrednici mogu povećati prinose. Cilj istraživanja je da analizira i proceni kako različiti genotipovi reaguju na različite datume setve u uslovima promenjene klime, te da identifikuje najpovoljnije uslove za maksimalne prinose semena, ulja, kvalitet proizvedenog semena i morfološke osobine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno od 2020. do 2022. godine na oglednim poljima Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad. Ogled se sastojao od tri izolacije u četiri ponavljanja sa šest genotipova, kao simulacija semenske proizvodnje osnovne kategorije semena i setrifikovane kategorije semena I generacije. Svi genotipovi su posejani u četiri različita datuma setve sa razmakom od dve nedelje između datuma. Analizom rezultata može se primetiti da datum setve, genotip i njihova interakcija značajno utiču na variranje ispitivanih osobina. Utvrđeno je da povećanje prinosa semena prati povećanje kvaliteta proizvedenog semena u svim datumima setve. Korelacijama je utvrđeno da, smanjenje padavina u fazi nalivanja semena utiče na smanjenje prinosa semena i ulja. Primećeno je da visoke temperature od nicanja do butonizacije imaju negativan uticaj na prinos semena, ali povećavaju visinu biljke, energiju klijanja i klijavost proizvedenog semena. Visoke temperature tokom cvetanja negativno utiču na energiju klijanja i klijavost proizvedenog semena, ali pozitivno na prečnik glave. Prilagođavanje datuma setve može biti pouzdan alat za odgovor na buduće klimatske promene. Pomeranje optimalnih datuma setve (sredina aprila) na kasniji period (početak ili sredina maja) može smanjiti stresne uslove tokom oplodnje i nalivanja semena, rezultirajući većim prinosima i boljim kvalitetom proizvedenog semena, što je cilj s, Climate change has a significant impact on cultivated crops, reducing yield stability and seed quality. The adaptability of sunflower to climate change plays a key role in the perspective of growing this crop in Europe. By adjusting a free agrotechnical measure such as the sunflower sowing date, farmers can increase yields. The goal of the research is to analyze and evaluate how different genotypes react to different sowing dates in conditions of a changed climate, and to identify the most favorable conditions for maximum yields of seeds, oil, quality of produced seeds and morphological characteristics. The research was conducted from 2020 to 2022 on the experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The experiment consisted of three isolations in four replications with six genotypes, as a simulation of seed production of the basic seed category and the certified seed category of the first generation. All genotypes were sown on four different sowing dates with a two-week interval between dates. Analyzing the results, it can be observed that the date of sowing, the genotype and their interaction significantly affect the variation of the tested traits. It was found that the increase in seed yield is accompanied by an increase in the quality of the produced seed on all sowing dates. Through correlations, it was determined that the decrease in precipitation during the seed-filling phase affects the decrease in seed and oil yields. It was observed that high temperatures from germination to budding have a negative effect on seed yield, but increase plant height, germination energy and germination of the seeds produced. High temperatures during flowering have a negative effect on the energy of germination and germination of the seeds produced, but a positive effect on the diameter of the head. Adjusting sowing dates can be a reliable tool to respond to future climate change. Shifting the optimal sowing dates (mid-April) to a later period (early

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a holoparasitic plant that causes significat yield losses to sunflower crops. Hence, the development of broomrape-resistant hybrids is one of the prime breeding objectives. Using conventional plant breeding methods, resistance genes have been identified which led to the development of a number of resistant hybrids, adapted to different growing regions worldwide. However, while there are many studies on genetic of resistance to broomrape in sunflower, the molecular tools that are available for research on O. cumana are very scarce. Recent advances in sunflower genomics pawed the way for application of modern breeding tools in broomrape breeding and find durable solutions for limiting broomrape spread and virulence. Here we present an overview of those new tools, such as phenotyping, -omics, and genome editing techniques, which need to be introduced into the sunflower breeding programs in order to achieve durable resistance to this parasitic plant.

Temeljno ispitivanje morfoloških osobina korena je ključno za odabir genotipova suncokreta sa odgovarajućim osobinama korena bolje prilagođenim uslovima suše. Ova studija, deo SmartSun projekta koji finansira Fond za nauku Republike Srbije, ima za cilj da proceni potencijal postojećih genotipova suncokreta da tolerišu sušne uslove korišćenjem visoko propusne fenotipizacije korena u rizotronima. Rizotroni su providni kontejneri koji omogućavaju nedestruktivno posmatranje rasta i razvoja korena u realnom vremenu. Morfološke osobine korena u studiji su procenjene korišćenjem rizotrona pod dobro navodnjenom kontrolom (70% zapreminskog sadržaja vode) i stresom od suše (41-50% zapreminskog sadržaja vode), praćeno analizom digitalne slike korena pomoću WinRhizo skenera. Studija je otkrila da nekoliko morfoloških osobina korena, uključujući svežu i suvu masu korena, širinu korena, dužinu primarnog korena, ukupnu dužinu korenovog sistema, zapreminu, površinu i prečnik, mogu ukazivati na različit odgovor na sušu. Generalno, ispitivani genotipovi su ispoljili smanjenu brzinu rasta i značajno smanjenje merenih parametara, osim prosečnog prečnika korenovog sistema, u uslovima smanjene dostupnosti vode u poređenju sa rastom pod dobro zalivenom kontrolom. Fenotipizacijom korena suncokreta u rizotronima i odabirom odgovarajućih osobina korena, mogu se identifikovati genotipovi tolerantni na sušu koji mogu da izdrže uslove vodenog stresa, usmeravajući napore oplemenjivanja ka većem fokusu na ove osobine., Investigating root morphological traits thoroughly is crucial for selecting sunflower genotypes with suitable root traits better adapted to drought conditions. This study, a part of the SmartSun project funded by the Fund of Science in the Republic of Serbia, aims to assess the potential of existing sunflower genotypes to tolerate drought conditions using high-throughput root phenotyping in rhizotrons. Rhizotrons are transparent containers that allow non-destructive real-time observation of root growth and development. Root morphological traits in the study were assessed using rhizotrons under well- watered control (70% volumetric water content) and drought stress (41-50% volumetric water content), followed by root digital image analysis using a WinRhizo scanner. The study revealed that several root morphological traits, including fresh and dry root mass, root width, primary root length, a total length of the root system, volume, surface area, and diameter, can indicate a differential response to drought. Generally, the tested genotypes exhibited a reduced growth rate and a significant decrease in measured parameters, except for the average diameter of the root system, under reduced water availability conditions compared to growth under well-watered control. By phenotyping sunflower roots in rhizotrons and selecting appropriate root traits, drought-tolerant genotypes that can withstand water stress conditions can be identified, directing breeding efforts towards a greater focus on these traits.

Oplemenjivanje gajenih biljaka je kontinuirani proces usmeren ka povećanju prinosa i poboljšanju njihove otpornosti na biotičke i abiotičke stresove. U novije vreme, česte i često nepredvidive varijacije u klimatskim i tržišnim uslovima su dovele do toga da klasične metode oplemenjivanja ne mogu uvek da obezbede rešenja i blagovremeni odgovor na nove izazove u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Imajući sve ovo u vidu, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (IFVCNS) je osnovao Centar izvrsnosti za inovacije u oplemenjivanju biljaka tolerantnih na promene klime – Climate Crops sa ciljem uvođenja i primene novih tehnika oplemenjivanja (NBT), kao i efikasnih platformi za fenotipizaciju u oplemenjivačke programe ratarskih biljaka u IFVCNS. Očekuje se da će aktivnocti u okviru Climate Crops pozitivno uticati na izvrsnost i inovativne kapacitete IFVCNS u oblasti oplemenjivanja biljaka tolerantnih na ekstremne vremenske uslove koji se javljaju kao posledica promene klime., Crop breeding is a continuous process aimed at increasing yields and improving crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, frequent and often unpredictable variations in climatic and market conditions have led to the fact that classical breeding methods cannot always provide solutions and a timely response to new challenges in agricultural production. With all this in mind, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (IFVCNS) established the Centre of Excellence for Innovations in the Breeding of Climate-tolerant Plants - Climate Crops with the aim of introducing and applying new breeding techniques (NBT), along with efficient phenotyping platforms in crop breeding programs in IFVCNS. It is expected that the activities within Climate Crops will have a positive impact on the excellence and innovative capacities of IFVCNS in the field of breeding plants tolerant to the extreme weather conditions that occur as a result of climate change.

Broomrape (Orobanche spp.) is a widespread, herbaceous, parasitic plant that has been known to attack various host plants, including sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). It is native to regions in Europe and Asia, and it co-evolved with various host plants and with the expansion of agriculture and the movement of crops around the world, broomrape was unintentionally transported to new areas. Newer studies reports about sunflower broomrape detection in African countries such as Tunisia and Morroco. After the discovery of broomrape infestations on sunflower, various control and management strategies have been developed to combat its spread which includes crop rotation, use of resistant sunflower genotypes, herbicide use and other cultural practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of broomrape. Since it appereance on sunflower in the beggining of the 20th Century and development of resistant sunflower varieties, broomrape control was mostly focused on using resistant genotypes with monogenic inheritance. With the expansion of resistant sunflower genotypes in the production, existential pressure on broomrape led to the emergence of more virulent physiological races. Broomrape races are designated with letters, from A to H, and until the middle of 1990s broomrape race E was predominant in the most countries were broomrape was present and was successfully controlled by resistant gene Or5. However, studies from the last several years indicate disimilarities between broomrape populations with the same letter (above race E) reported in different countries. Newer molecular studies are focused on detecting quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which may act at different development stages of broomrape, providing accumulative resistance mechanisms in order to ensure more durable protection. Despite efforts to control broomrape, it remains a persistent problem in sunflower cultivation in certain regions. New strains of broomrape may emerge, making control measures an ongoing challenge fo

Različiti vremenski okviri setve i karakteristike genotipova značajno utiču na varijacije u pokrovnosti useva suncokreta. Istraživanja ukazuju na mogućnost optimizacije pokrovnosti useva putem prilagođavanja datuma setve i odabira genotipa, posebno uzimajući u obzir dužinu vegetacije. Razvijeniji habitus biljke može značajno olakšati proces kontrole korova u suncokretu, pružajući veću pokrovnost, koja sprečava dalji rast korova. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita pokrovnost tri inbred linije suncokreta različite dužine vegetacije: ultra rana, srednje rana i kasna i njihov habitus kroz četiri različita roka setve i četiri perioda merenja: 30, 40, 50 i 60 dana nakon nicanja. Korišćenjem aplikacije „CANAPEO“, sprovedeno je detaljno merenje habitusa biljke suncokreta. Analiza varijanse korišćena je da bi se uočile razlike između habitusa kod različitih inbred linija, datuma setve i datuma merenja. Primećeno je da su inbred linije, datum setve i njihova interkacija imali značajan uticaj na habitus biljke tokom većine perioda merenja. Analiza rezultata pokazuje da nakon 30, 40, 50 i 60 dana od nicanja, poslednji rok setve i srednje rana inbred linija u proseku ostvaruje najveći habitus biljke, odnosno pokrovnost useva suncokreta. Srednje rana inbred linija sucnokreta nakon 60 dana od nicanja pokriva više od 99% površine zemlje i ne dopušta dalji rast korova. Može se zaključiti da primenom fenotipske analize habitusa biljke postoji mogućnost za efikasnije suzbijanje korova. Takođe, ističe se da uz pomeranje datuma setve prema kasnijem, dolazi do brže i efikasnije pokrovnosti tla ispod svih inbred linija suncokreta, što doprinosi efikasnom suzbijanju rasta korova., Different sowing dates and genotype characteristics significantly influence variations in sunflower canopy. Various studies indicate the potential for optimizing crop canopy through adjusted sowing times and genotype selection, particularly considering vegetation length. A more developed plant habitus can considerably facilitate weed control in sunflower fields, providing enhanced coverage that impedes further weed growth. The aim of this study was to examine the coverage of three different sunflower inbred lines with varying vegetation lengths: ultra-early, mid-early, and late, across four different sowing dates and four measurement periods: 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after emergence. Through the utilization of the “CANAPEO” application, a comprehensive measurement of sunflower plant habitus was conducted. Analysis of variance was employed to discern differences in habitus among different inbred lines, sowing dates, and measurement periods. It was observed that inbred lines, sowing dates, and their interaction significantly impacted plant habitus throughout most measurement periods. The results indicated that 30, 40, 50, and 60 days post-emergence, last sowing date and mid-early inbred line on average achieved the biggest habitus i.e. crop canopy. The mid-early inbred line covered over 99% of the ground surface after 60 days from emergence, preventing further weed growth. In conclusion, the application of phenotypic analysis of plant habitus presents an opportunity for efficient weed suppression. Additionally, shifting the sowing date towards later periods results in faster and more effective soil coverage beneath all sunflower inbred lines, contributing to effective weed growth inhibition.

Klimatske promene negativno utiču na proizvodnju ratarskih useva, posebno tokom dugih sušnih perioda. Jedan od ključnih pristupa za ublažavanje uticaja ekstremnih klimatskih uslova je oplemenjivanje useva kako bi se poboljšala njihova prilagodljivost različitim uslovima gajenja. Međutim, tradicionalne metode oplemenjivanja su često dugotrajne, radno intenzivne i rezultati evaluacije mogu biti pristrasni. U cilju dubljeg razumevanja adaptivnog odgovora suncokreta na sušne stresove uzrokovane klimatskim promenama, SmartSun projekat primenjuje holistički pristup koji obuhvata digitalnu fenotipizaciju korena suncokreta, analizu epigenetskih mehanizama i integraciju dobijenih podataka mašinskim učenjem. Do sada je razvijen protokol za rani rast korena suncokreta kroz fenotipizaciju u rizotronima pod različitim uslovima zalivanja (70, 42 i 50% zapreminskog sadržaja vode). Testirane su inbred linije suncokreta sa Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo kako bi se identifikovali tolerantni i osetljivi genotipovi. Identifikovane su ključne morfološke osobine korena koje su pouzdane u razlikovanju osetljivosti na sušu., Climate change has a negative impact on the production of field crops, especially during extended periods of drought. One of the key strategies to mitigate the effects of extreme climate conditions is crop breeding aimed at enhancing their adaptability to various growing conditions. However, traditional breeding methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and the evaluation outcomes may be biased. To gain a deeper understanding of the adaptive response of sunflowers to drought stress caused by climate change, the SmartSun Project employs a holistic approach encompassing digital root phenotyping, analysis of epigenetic mechanisms, and the integration of acquired data through machine learning. A protocol for early sunflower root growth has been developed using phenotyping in rhizotrons under different watering conditions (70%, 42%, and 50% volumetric water content). Inbred sunflower lines from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (IFVCNS) were tested to identify tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Key morphological root traits that reliably differentiate drought sensitivity have been identified.

Ugljenasta trulež prouzrokovana gljivom Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, predstavlja jednu od ekonomski značajnih bolesti suncokreta u svetu, posebno u suvim i toplim klimatskim regionima. Ovo istraživanje imalo je za cilj ispitivanje mehanizama nasleđivanja otpornosti na M. phaseolina analizom dve populacije suncokreta. Obe populacije su formirane ukrštanjem otpornih i osetljivih inbred linija. Osetljiva inbred linija, AB OR8, bila je zajednička za obe populacije, dok je otporni roditelj u prvoj populaciji bila inbred linija PB 21, a u drugoj populaciji inbred linija VL A8. Prva populacija obuhvatala je 200 genotipova, a druga po pulacija 190. Genotipovi su klasifikovani u četiri grupe prema nivou otpornosti, a odnos ovih grupa je upoređen sa teorijskim očekivanim odnosima., Charcoal rot, caused by soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, stands out as a significant sunflower disease globally, particularly in arid and warm climatic regions, with notable economic implications. This study aimed to examine the inheritance mechanisms of resistance to M. phaseolina by investigating two sunflower populations. In this experiment, the progeny populations of F2 plants were examined. Both populations were formed through the strategic crossing of resistant and susceptible inbred lines. The susceptible inbred line AB OR 8, was common to both populations, while the resistant parent in the first population was inbred line PB 21, and in the second population inbred line VL A 8. The first population included 200 genotypes, and the second 190. Genotypes were classified in four groups according to resistance level and ratio of these groups was compared with theoretical expectations of progeny ratio.

Suncokret (Helianthus annuus L.), u poređenju sa drugim usevima se smatra bolje adaptiranim prema sušnim uslovima. Međutim, različito ispoljavanje suše može prouzrokovati štete merljive u prinosu semena i sadržaju ulja u semenu. U poljskim uslovima stres izazvan sušom se ispoljava u vidu uvelosti počev od donjih spratova lišća koja napreduje sa trajanjem sušnih uslova. Razlike u stepenu uvelosti između biljaka suncokreta i genotipova su, iako lako uočljive, nedovoljne za pouzdan zaključak o tolerantnosti prema suši. Za potrebe kvantifikacije tolerantnosti suncokreta prema suši i uticaja suše na arhitekturu korena razvijene su različite metode od kojih jedna podrazumeva gajenje biljaka u rizotronima tokom vremenskog perioda ograničenog brzinom rasta korena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bilo proučavanje korena suncokreta primenom rizotrona u uslovima suše., Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), compared to other crops is considered to be better adapted to drought conditions. However, various drought scenarios can inflict damage quantified in terms of lower seed yield and oil content. In field conditions drought stress in visible in wilting starting with leaves of lower strata and progressing with persistence of stress conditions. Differences in level of wilting symptoms between sunflower plants and genotypes can be observed, although firm conclusion about drought tolerance is not easy to make. To quantify drought tolerance and impact of drought on root architecture various approaches in root phenotyping have been developed. One of methods includes growing plants in rhizotrons for period of time limited by root growth speed.

Sunflower is an important industrial crop. Together with the expansion of the production areas, the challenges in growing sunflower are becoming tougher. Undoubtedly one of the most important problems in sunflower cultivation is the parasitic plant broomrape (Orobanche cumana). The first use of wild Helianthus species for introduction of broomrape resistance dates from the first half of 20th century when Russian academician Zhdanov developed resistant sunflower genotypes from interspecific crosses with H. tuberosus, H. mollis and H. maximiliani. Taking into account the ability of broomrape to evolve into more aggressive races and thus overcome the resistance genes, scientists are forced to constantly search for new sources of resistance. As a result, sources with different levels of resistance are found in H. tuberosus, H. mollis, H. maximiliani, H. nuttalii, H. debilis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. argophyllus, H. divaricatus, H. bolanderi, H. petiolaris, H. praecox, H. deserticola and H. grosseserratus. Breeding for genetic resistance is even more challenging due to the existence of not only large broomrape interpopulation divergence, but also intrapopulation divergence. One of the areas that has not received enough attention is the anatomical characterization of the root of wild sunflower species and sunflower in general. It is known that pre-haustorial resistance to broomrape is determined by the development of physical barriers in host root cell walls, which prevents linkage of broomrape to the host. A detailed anatomical characterization of root in wild Helianthus species can give valuable information about differences between the species and more knowledge about the nature of resistance of certain Helianthus species to broomrape.

The presence of various biotypes of broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.), each differing in their virulence towards sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), has been widely documented. Highly virulent races of broomrape (F, G and H) have been observed in numerous sunflower cultivation regions. It is important to note that biotypes of O. cumana belonging to the same race can exhibit varying levels of virulence; for instance, race F from Spain may differ significantly from race F in Romania. In light of these variations, conducting systematic multi-environmental testing on available germplasm becomes crucial for identifying stable genetic sources of resistance. The IFVCNS has organized multi-environmental testing to evaluate its breeding material, identifying several resistance genes. Some resistance sources are governed by major genes, while others follow recessive inheritance or exhibit quantitative trait loci (QTL) resistance. Managing broomrape in sunflower production poses challenges due to the parasite's ability to adapt and overcome existing resistance mechanisms. Climate change is considered as a potential factor behind the rapid changes in the racial composition of the parasite. Although resistance to O. cumana is frequently breached, utilizing multiple resistance sources is crucial in combating the emergence of new races. While resistance based on a single gene can be easily transferred to elite breeding material and prove effective in the short term, achieving durable resistance necessitates the combination of different resistance genes from diverse sources, including both quantitative and qualitative modes of resistance. Consequently, the incorporation of multiple resistance genes into a single genotype has demonstrated improved resistance durability. Moreover, it is essential to ensure that these genes do not have adverse effects on other desired traits. By capitalizing on the strengths of durable resistance approach, the breeding team at IFVCNS has successfully

Oplemenjivanje konzumnog suncokreta odlikuje se činjenicom da različita tržišta imaju različite zahteve u pogledu veličine semena, boje ljuske i drugih osobina, što ovaj proces čini težim i skupljim. Krupne frakcije semena se otkupljuju, prže i pakuju pojedinačno, dok se sitnije frakcije semena koriste u proizvodnji hladno ceđenog suncokretovog ulja i pogače. Prerađivačka industrija, odnosno male fabrike, otkupljuju seme krupne frakcije za pečenje i pakovanje. Da bi se razumeo doprinos genotipoa, spoljne sredine i njihove interakcije na varijabilnost osobina, korišćen je REML slučajni model za procenu komponenti varijanse faktora za svaku osobinu. Efekat genotipova (G), spoljašnje sredine (E) i njihove interakcije (GE) upoređeni su uzimajući u obzir njihov doprinos ukupnoj varijansi za udeo jezgra i ljuske ,dužine, širine i debljine semena., Confectionary sunflower breeding is characterized by different markets having different demands for seed size, hull color, and other traits, thus making this process more difficult and costly. Large seed fractions are purchased, roasted, and packed individually, while smaller seed fractions are used in the production of cold-pressed sunflower seed oil and oil cake. The processing industry, that is, small factories, buy large seed fractions for backing and packaging. To understand the contribution of genotypes, years, and their interaction to the variability of traits, REML random model was used to estimate the variance components of factors for each trait. The effect of genotypes (G), environments (E), and their interaction (GE) was compared by considering their contribution to the total variance for kernel and shell ratio, seed length, width, and thickness.