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In order to improve the hydrophobicity and volatility of terpinen-4-ol and extend its duration of action, β-cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework (β-CD-MOF) was first prepared by the modified vapor diffusion method, and then terpinen-4-ol was encapsulated with the β-CD-MOF to prepare a terpinen-4-ol/β-CD-MOF inclusion complex by the solvent incubation method. The mass ratio of the prepared β-CD-MOF or β-CD used as the control to terpinen-4-ol was optimized for encapsulation. The morphological characteristics, spectral absorption properties and thermogravimetric characterisation of the terpinen-4-ol/β-CD-MOF complex were analyzed. Through in vitro bacteriostatic assays, the inhibitory effects of the complex on three food-borne pathogens were determined. The results showed that the highest drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were achieved when the mass ratio of terpinen-4-ol to β-CD-MOF was 1:1, superior to the same preparation conditions using β-CD as a carrier. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations indicated that irregularly arranged β-CD molecules stacked together under the bridging action of K+, forming an orderly arranged rectangular β-CD-MOF. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated terpinen-4-ol was successfully encapsulated in β-CD-MOF with hydrogen bond interactions between them. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that the volatilization rate of terpinen-4-ol could be retarded when encapsulated by β-CD-MOF, extending its application temperature range from 30~160 ℃ to 30~350 ℃. In vitro antibacterial experiments showed that the terpinen-4-ol/β-CD-MOF complex exhibited long-lasting antibacterial abilities against three common cold-chain microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. In conclusion, encapsulating terpinen-4-ol in β-CD-MOF allows for effective preservation, providing a theoretical basis for the development of novel, green and safe antimicrobial materials for cold-chain applications.

While homodimeric prodrug assemblies can improve drug loading and limit toxicity in cancer therapy, bioactivation within the target site is limited. Here, the authors introduce a hybrid chalcogen bond linker to a docetaxel dimeric prodrug nanoassembly and demonstrate its improved selfassembly, redox-responsivity and antitumor efficacy.

Vegetation greenery is essential for the sensory and psychological wellbeing of residents in residential communities. To enhance the quality of regulations and policies to improve people’s living environments, it is crucial to effectively identify and monitor vegetation greenery from the perspective of the residents using effective images and methods. In this study, Baidu street view (BSV) images and a Normalized Vegetation Greenery Index (NVGI) based method were examined to distinguish vegetation greenery in residential communities of Beijing, China. The magnitude of the vegetation was quantified and graded, and spatial analysis techniques were employed to investigate the spatial characteristics of vegetation greenery. The results demonstrated that (1) the identified vegetation greenery using the proposed NVGI-based method was closely correlated with those of the reference classification (r = 0.993, p = 0.000), surpassing the comparison results from the SVM method, a conventional remote sensing classification means; (2) the vegetation greenery was distributed unevenly in residential communities and can be categorized into four grades, 63.79% of the sampling sites were found with relatively low (Grade II) and moderate (Grade III) vegetation greenery distribution, most of the districts in the study area contained zero-value green view index sites; and (3) there was significant spatial heterogeneity observed in the study area, with low-value clustering (cold spots) predominantly located in the central region and high-value clustering (hot spots) primarily concentrated in the peripheral zone. The findings of this study can be applied in other cities and countries that have street view images available to investigate greenery patterns within residential areas, which can help improve the planning and managing efforts in urban communities.

Abstract Background Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer, and surgery is an effective method to treat melanoma. Unfortunately, local residual micro-infiltrated tumour cells and systemic circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are significant causes of treatment failure, leading to tumour recurrence and metastasis. Methods Small EVs were isolated from platelets by differential centrifugation, and doxorubicin-loaded small EVs (PexD) was prepared by mixing small EVs with doxorubicin (DOX). PexD and an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (aPD-L1) were co-encapsulated in fibrin gel. The synergistic antitumour efficacy of the gel containing PexD and aPD-L1 was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Results Herein, we developed an in situ-formed bioresponsive gel combined with chemoimmunotherapeutic agents as a drug reservoir that could effectively inhibit both local tumour recurrence and tumour metastasis. In comparison with a DOX solution, PexD could better bind to tumour cells, induce more tumour immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promote a stronger antitumour immune response. PexD could enter the blood circulation through damaged blood vessels to track and eliminate CTCs. The concurrent release of aPD-L1 at the tumour site could impair the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and restore the tumour-killing effect of cytotoxic T cells. This chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy triggered relatively strong T cell immune responses, significantly improving the tumour immune microenvironment. Conclusion Our findings indicated that the immunotherapeutic fibrin gel could “awaken” the host innate immune system to inhibit both local tumour recurrence post-surgery and metastatic potential, thus, it could serve as a promising approach to prevent tumour recurrence. Graphical Abstract

The bursa of Fabricius plays an essential role in B lymphocyte development, which is controlled not only by proteins but by noncoding RNA. Circular RNA (circRNA) are expressed in diverse tissues in eukaryotes. To acquire a deeper perception of the molecular mechanism of bursal development, RNA sequencing was used to identify the circRNA during varied evolving stages of the chicken bursa of Fabricius. We identified 13,689 circRNA. All these circRNA were originated from 4565 chicken genes. Among them, only 1 circRNA was yielded from those 4131 parental genes, and 2 or more circular isoforms were generated from the remaining genes. There were 27 circRNA found to be differentially expressed between the embryonic day 20 and day 2 developmental stages. The 5 isoforms of immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 circRNA were tested to validate the RNA sequencing data, and their targeted genes were also analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription PCR. These data indicate that cirRNA are abundant and essential during bursal development and may play essential roles in the development of bursa of Fabricius.

In the field of geoinformation science, multiview, image-based 3D city modeling has developed rapidly, and image depth estimation is an important step in it. To address the problems of the poor adaptability of training models of existing neural network methods and the long reconstruction time of traditional geometric methods, we propose a general depth estimation method for fast 3D city modeling that combines prior knowledge and information propagation. First, the original image is downsampled and input into the neural network to predict the initial depth value. Then, depth plane fitting and joint optimization are combined with the superpixel information and the superpixel optimized depth value is upsampled to the original resolution. Finally, the depth information propagation is checked pixel-by-pixel to obtain the final depth estimate. Experiments were conducted using multiple image datasets taken from actual indoor and outdoor scenes. Our method was compared and analyzed with a variety of existing widely used methods. The experimental results show that our method maintains high reconstruction accuracy and a fast reconstruction speed, and it achieves better performance. This paper offers a framework to integrate neural networks and traditional geometric methods, which provide a new approach for obtaining geographic information and fast 3D city modeling.

The Paleozoic strata are widely distributed in the northwest of the Ordos Basin, and the provenance attributes of the basin sediments during this period are still controversial. In this paper, the detrital zircon LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb age test was conducted on the drilling core samples of the Shanxi Formation of the Upper Paleozoic in the Otuokeqi area of the Ordos Basin, and the provenance age and the characteristic of the Shanxi formation in the Otuokeqi area in the northwest were discussed. The cathodoluminescence image shows that the detrital zircon has a clear core-edge structure, and most of the cores have clear oscillatory zonings, which suggests that they are magmatic in origin. Zircons have no oscillatory zoning structure that shows the cause of metamorphism. The age of detrital zircon is dominated by Paleoproterozoic and can be divided into four groups, which are 2500~2300 Ma, 2100~1600 Ma, 470~400 Ma, and 360~260 Ma. The first two groups are the specific manifestations of the Precambrian Fuping Movement (2.5 billion years) and the Luliang Movement (1.8 billion years) of the North China Craton. The third and fourth groups of detrital zircons mainly come from Paleozoic magmatic rocks formed by the subduction and collision of the Siberian plate and the North China plate. The εHft value of zircon ranges from -18.36 to 4.33, and the age of the second-order Hf model TDM2 ranges from 2491 to 1175 Ma. The source rock reflecting the provenance of the sediments comes from the material recycling of the Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic in the crust, combined with the Meso-Neoproterozoic detrital zircons discovered this time, indicating that the provenance area has experienced Greenwellian orogeny.

The parameters of grain size, contents of silica, kaolinite, hydromica, calcite, and a geological time of tight sandstone reservoirs in Upper Paleozoic in Ordos basin were researched thoroughly, and the impact of the diagenetic evolution process of different sandstone types on porosity and throats was analyzed, based on the quantitative statistics from thin sections, measurements of porosity and permeability, and conventional and constant-rate mercury injection tests. We not only build the evolution of porosity through process-oriented numerical simulations during the geological time but also establish effect-oriented numerical simulations between porosity and different diagenesis parameters. Furthermore, we set up a fitting relationship between diagenetic factors and pore throats in different gas-bearing reservoirs. Differentiation results in the evolution of porosity and a pore-throat system of sandstone types have clear characteristics, such as lithic quartz sandstones of the He 8 Member in the Sulige area and quartz sandstones of the Shan 2 Member in the Yulin area. The fitting results show that the main factors influencing the evolution of porosity and a pore-throat system are grain size and siliceous cement, which can also be validated by the measured data on two gas-bearing intervals. The results are important to a deep understanding of the relationship between the reservoir continuing to experience porosity and permeability evolution and the timing of petroleum charging into the reservoir and can also be applied elsewhere as a quick means in high grading areas of risks during field development.

Monitoring salinity information of salinized soil efficiently and precisely using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is critical for the rational use and sustainable development of arable land resources. The sensitive parameter and a precise retrieval method of soil salinity, however, remain unknown. This study strived to explore the sensitive parameter and construct an optimal method for retrieving soil salinity. The UAV-borne multispectral image in China’s Yellow River Delta was acquired to extract band reflectance, compute vegetation indexes and soil salinity indexes. Soil samples collected from 120 different study sites were used for laboratory salt content measurements. Grey correlation analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient methods were employed to screen sensitive band reflectance and indexes. A new soil salinity retrieval index (SSRI) was then proposed based on the screened sensitive reflectance. The Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Multivariable Linear Regression (MLR), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) methods were employed to construct retrieval models based on the sensitive indexes. The results found that green, red, and near-infrared (NIR) bands were sensitive to soil salinity, which can be used to build SSRI. The SSRI-based RF method was the optimal method for accurately retrieving the soil salinity. Its modeling determination coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were 0.724 and 1.764, respectively; and the validation R2, RMSE, and Residual Predictive Deviation (RPD) were 0.745, 1.879, and 2.211.

The study of fluid seepage mechanism in tight sandstone reservoirs is an important part of reservoir research. In this study, through thin section, scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury intrusion, constant-rate mercury intrusion, and seepagecharging experiments, the evaluation of the YQ well area in Yan'an Gas Field was conducted. The experimental results of filling simulation of sandstone samples show that there is no obvious correlation between the mean pore radius, the mean throat radius and permeability of sandstone. However, the correlation between the median radius of pore throat and permeability is obvious, and the gas saturation has a good correlation with the value of throat radius. The experimental results show that the microscopic difference and connectivity of the low-permeability sandstone throat directly affect the oil-water twophase seepage law, which is further characterized by the difference in reservoir permeability and movable fluid saturation. The research results have certain guiding significance for analyzing the oil-water relationship in lithologic reservoirs and the microscopic accumulation factors of low-permeability reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb age test of detrital zircons was conducted on the Late Paleozoic strata samples in the Yulin area of the Ordos Basin. Meanwhile, we collected geochronology data of previous researchers obtained from rocks around the basin and compared them with our data from local samples. Together with our palaeocurrent direction data measured from the typical outcrops of the lower member, we performed a systematic analysis of the sedimentary provenance. The age of detrital zircon is mainly divided into three groups: 2550 ~2300 Ma (peak value of 2410 Ma), 2100~1700 Ma (peak value of 1840 Ma) and 360~283 Ma (peak value of 327 Ma). The first and second groups are reflections of the basement of the North China Craton. The 176Hf/177Hf ratios of the third group of detrital zircons range from 0.282171 to 0.282640, and the t'.Hf (t) value ranges from -14.78 to 1.90. The age of the first-order Hf model is between 1586 and 908 Ma, and the age of the second-order model is between 2257 and 1217 Ma. It has dual Hf isotopic characteristics in the northern margin of the North China Craton and the Xingmeng orogenic belt, indicating that the northern margin of the North China Craton and the Xingmeng orogenic belt are the common provenance of the Late Paleozoic sedimentary strata in the Ordos Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight sandstone reservoirs have been complex developed in Chang4+5-Chang6 oil reservoir in the Hechuan area of the Zhidan Oilfield. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively analyze the relationship between tightening and accumulating in tight sandstone, which is favorable to research the accumulation mechanism of Chang4+5-Chang6 oil reservoir in the Hechuan area of the Zhidan Oilfield. According to laboratory tests of casting thin, cathode luminescence, fluid inclusion, SEM, fluorescence observation and fluorescence spectrometry, the diagenesis sequence and characteristics can be concluded in Yanchang Formation of the Zhidan Oilfield. Furthermore, the evolution of porosity in different diagenesis stages also can be calculated step by step. Combining with hydrocarbon charging history, the sequence of tightening and accumulating for sandstone can be inferred. The research shows that densification process of Chang4+5-Chang6 oil reservoir have been completed basically after the compaction during the early burial stage, and then petroleum has been generated and charged into the reservoirs. The reservoirs were continuing tighter after multiple cementations during the same time more and more petroleum charged into tight sandstone reservoir. In general, the tightening of sandstone reservoirs was developed before the oil accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]