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Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are now a key component of many devices and systems, including those in the cloud and data centers, thus are also subject to side-channel attacks. Existing side-channel attacks on GPUs typically leak information from graphics libraries like OpenGL and CUDA, which require creating contentions within the GPU resource space and are being mitigated with software patches. This paper evaluates potential side channels exposed at a lower-level interface between GPUs and CPUs, namely the graphics interrupts. These signals could indicate unique signatures of GPU workload, allowing a spy process to infer the behavior of other processes. We demonstrate the practicality and generality of such side-channel exploitation with a variety of assumed attack scenarios. Simulations on both Nvidia and Intel graphics adapters showed that our attack could achieve high accuracy, while in-depth studies were also presented to explore the low-level rationale behind such effectiveness. On top of that, we further propose a practical mitigation scheme which protects GPU workloads against the graphics-interrupt-based side-channel attack by piggybacking mask payloads on them to generate interfering graphics interrupt ``noises’'. Experiments show that our mitigation technique effectively prohibited spy processes from inferring user behaviors via analyzing runtime patterns of graphics interrupt with only trivial overhead.

In vehicle nodes dense networks, the existing IEEE 802.11p protocol cannot guarantee effective data transmission efficiency because of the aggravation of the collision between nodes. In the cluster-based network, to ensure the effective transmission of data packets, this paper proposes an improved IEEE 802.11p protocol combined with TDMA, which is suitable for dense scenarios. At the same time, the performance of the improved mechanism is analyzed by establishing a two-dimensional Markov model, and the performance indexes such as system transmission rate and delay are obtained. Finally, the improved mechanism is simulated and evaluated, and the influence of the number of nodes and cluster heads on the system communication performance is studied. To a certain extent, it can guide the deployment of roadside facilities and the optimization of cluster heads in VANET.

Herein, a fluorescent probe (named TPACP) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature was developed and utilized for the selective detection of Cu2+ with high sensitivity and fast-response.

In the apple tree, insufficient flower bud production is an intractable challenge, and very little information is available in this field due to the fact that research done in this sector is very rare owing to its extended life cycles and low rate of genetic transformation. Here we display novel changes and events in spur buds of Malus × domestica trees after they were exposed to salicylic acid (SA) treatment during the flower induction period. We found a significant increase in morphological indexes, followed by a wider and well-defined shoot apical meristem in SA-treated spur buds. Additionally, we observed increased oxidative stress markers and enzymatic antioxidants in control-treated buds during the flower induction period, while non-enzymatic antioxidants were recorded higher in SA-treated buds. Maximum flowering was observed in SA-treated trees in the next year. Furthermore, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (u-HPLC) analysis displays that SA treatment enhances SA and indole acetic acid (IAA), while having an antagonistic effect on gibberellin (GA). At different time points, transcriptome analysis was conducted to analyze the transcriptional response of CK and SA treated buds. Pathway enrichment was detected in differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Agamous (AGL) and SQUAMOSA-promoter binding protein-like (SPL) family related flowering genes display a positive signal for the increased flowering in SA-treated trees, which confirms our findings. As far as we know, there is no report available on the response of spur buds to SA treatment during the flower induction period. This data provides a new theoretical reference for the management of apple tree flowering and also provides an essential basis for future analysis of the regulation and control of flowering in M. domestica.

Chitosan is an abundant natural polysaccharide that contains a lot of amino and hydroxyl groups. It possesses great potential for biomedical applications owing to its low toxicity, biodegradability and low cost. Herein, a novel chitosan-based fluorescent copolymer (WS-CS-TPA) was designed and synthesized via nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), water-soluble chitosan (WS-CS) and an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogen (AIEgen) triphenylamine derivative (TPA-NH

Deep learning technologies have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, deep learning systems can be deceived by using intentionally crafted data, says, adversarial samples. This inherent vulnerability limits its application in safety-critical domains such as automatic driving, military applications and so on. As a kind of defense measures, various approaches have been proposed to detect adversarial samples, among which their efficiency should be further improved to accomplish practical application requirements. In this paper, we proposed a neuron coverage-based approach which detect adversarial samples by distinguishing the activated neurons' distribution features in classifier layer. The analysis and experiments showed that this approach achieves high accuracy while having relatively low computation and storage cost.

As the only standard of its kind, GB5009.35–2016 provides the determination of water-soluble synthetic colorants in processed grain products with high starch content for the purpose of food safety risk monitoring. However, it’s only applicable to candy products and liquid foods as beverages, but not solid grain products. Extraction is a critical and essential step in the overall analytical process for determination. This paper provides an improved method for extraction of synthetic colorants in food products presenting high starch content. The samples were successively extracted with methanol-water (4:6, v/v) containing 2.7% sodium bicarbonate, and the target analytes were purified by solid phase extraction column. The obtained eluent was concentrated in constant volume, separated by ODS-SP C18 column and determined by diode array detector. The limits of detection were in the range of 2.21 ~ 8.62 ng/mL for 6 synthetic colors. The average recoveries at the spiked levels of 10, 30, 50 μg/kg varied in the range of 79.3 ~ 101.4% with RSD (n = 6) around 0.2 ~ 6.7%. The developed sodium bicarbonate based extraction method was successfully applied to speciation analysis of water soluble azo synthetic colorant in starchy food, such as millet, grits, brown rice, rice flour, cornmeal and cornflakes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05199-x.

Because of its unique optical properties, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dye has attracted extensive attention for various applications. Especially, the utilization of AIE-active dyes for fabrication of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) has attracted the most research interest for biomedical applications. Therefore, the development of novel and effective strategies to design and prepare AIE-active FONs should be of great importance for the biomedical applications of AIE-active FONs. In this report, we reported an ultrafast strategy that based on the one-pot microwave-assisted Biginelli reaction for fabrication of AIE-active poly(AA-AEMA-TPE) copolymers, which use the 2-(methacryloyoxy) ethylacet, acrylic acid (AA) and 4′,4‴-(1,2-diphenylethene-1,2-diyl) bis([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde) (TPE-CHO) as the substrates. The microwave-assisted Biginelli reaction is simple, efficient and atom-economical and can be accomplished within 3 min. Owing to their amphiphilicity, poly(AA-AEMA-TPE) copolymers will self-assemble into FONs with small size and high water dispersibility. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrum and fluorescence spectrometer were used to characterize the resultant copolymers. We demonstrated that poly(AA-AEMA-TPE) FONs possess many excellent properties, such as high water dispersibility, intense fluorescence, obvious AIE feature and favorable biocompatibility. The above results suggest that poly(AA-AEMA-TPE) FONs are of great potential for fluorescent imaging. Moreover, the microwave-assisted Biginelli reaction can occur under a rather benign environment with high efficiency and good substrate adaptability. Therefore, we believe that the method developed in this work could greatly advance the applications of AIE-active functional materials.

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have attracted wide research interest due to their excellent optical properties and outstanding biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the complex preparation methods and high costs of FNDs still perplex their further biomedical applications. In this contribution, we developed an efficient one-step method for the preparation of water dispersible FNDs through a thiol-ene click reaction for the first time. Furthermore, a mass of carboxylic groups are introduced on the surface of FNDs, and this mass could lead to the dispersibility of FNDs in aqueous solutions. More importantly, the carboxylic groups on the surface of FNDs could further conjugate with various drug molecules and macromolecules. Therefore, the facile strategy for the preparation of FNDs with unique characteristics via the one-step thiol-ene reaction is expected to have high potential for various biomedical applications.

Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics have emerged as ideal probes in fluorescent imaging for visualization of complex biological processes by taking advantages of excellent optical properties, designability and biocompatibility. Significant progresses in the syntheses of AIE-active FONs open up new possibilities in biological applications, whereas, only limited attention was focused on the fabrication of biodegradable FONs through the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of AIE-active N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA) monomers. In this work, l -Cysteine (Cys) is functionalized with an AIE dye in the side chain, and then transformed into polymerizable NCA monomer with AIE feature. In the next step, amino-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was directly used to initiate the ROP of AIE-active NCA. The prepared amphiphilic copolymers contain hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic AIE dye have a tendency to self-assemble into core-shell nanostructure. Results confirmed mPEG5000 Cys-Phe FONs owned high water dispersibility and excellent optical properties. Besides, biological evaluation results demonstrated that these AIE-active FONs possess good biocompatibility and fluorescent imaging performance. More importantly, the strategy also be extend for the preparation other polypeptides based fluorescent probes with desired structure and functions.

Tb3+-doped layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit excellent optical characteristics, uniform size and uniform morphologies when synthesized through a hydrothermal method. However, due to their lack of functional groups and poor dispersibility, applications of these fluorescent Tb3+-doped LDHs have been largely impeded especially in the biomedical fields. In this work, a novel strategy was developed for the surface modification of these fluorescent Tb3+-doped LDHs using photoinduced surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) as the monomer. The final products were obtained via the metal free surface-initiated RAFT polymerization with light irradiation. Successful preparation of these fluorescent LDHs polymer composites (LDH-PEG) was confirmed by a number of analytical technologies, such as transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, laser scanning confocal microscope was employed to examine the cell uptake behavior of the LDH-PEG composites and evaluate their potential for biomedical applications. We demonstrated that the hydrophilic monomer PEGMA could be facilely grafted on the surface of Tb3+-doped LDHs through metal free photoinduced surface-initiated RAFT polymerization. The resultant LDH-PEG composites displayed high water dispersibility, strong fluorescence, low cytotoxicity and a desirable cell uptake performance. These features of the LDH-PEG composites indicated their great potential for biomedical applications. More importantly, photoinduced RAFT polymerization has the advantages of a conventional controlled living radical polymerization, which could overcome drawbacks such as toxicity, the fluorescence quenching effects of metal catalysts and the complex synthesis of chain transfer agents. Therefore, this method could be an alternative tool for the surface modification of materials and fabrication of multifunctional fluorescent nanomaterials based polymer composites.

Silica quantum dots (SiQDs) and their luminescent composites have displayed great potential for biomedical applications owing to their chemical inert and low cost. In this work, we report a facile, cost-effective and ultrafast strategy to prepare a stable luminescent SiQDs using N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (EDAS) and salicylaldehyde as precursors for the first time. These luminescent SiQDs were further utilized for fabrication of luminescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) through direct encapsulation of SiQDs by MSNs. The novel synthetic and modified SiQDs uses commercial raw materials and the entire reaction can be completed within 30 s. The successful preparation of SiQDs and SiQDs@MSNs were characterized by various characterization equipments. The cell viability as well as cell uptake behavior of SiQDs@MSNs were also examined to evaluate their potential for biomedical applications. We demonstrated that these SiQDs@MSNs are low toxicity and of great potential for biological imaging. Based on the above results, we believe that these SiQDs@MSNs should be novel and promising candidates for biomedical applications owing to their intense fluorescence, biocompatibility and high specific surface areas.

In order to ensure reliable data transmission of sender, the tree-based network is extended to Mesh network by collaborative technology, and the SW-HBH-CARQ broadcast scheme is introduced for the first time. Then, in order to solve the problems of broadcast storm and energy saving, SW-HBH-oiCARQ, SW-HBH-ieCARQ, and SW-HBH-oieCARQ are further proposed. Then, the four broadcasting schemes are analyzed quantitatively, and the performance indicators such as system energy consumption and time delay are obtained. Finally, the relationships between the performance indexes and the parameters are discussed by numerical simulation. At the same time, the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in energy saving is verified by comparing with the corresponding noncollaborative broadcasting scheme. However, the latency of proposes scheme is greater than uncooperative scheme, which is the cost of saving energy and resolving broadcast storms.

In this work, a novel imidazoles-MXene hybrid composite, namely polyimidazoles chain overlaying on the surface of MXene (Ti3C2@IMIZ), was prepared by a simple method. Through this strategy, imidazoles can be in situ growth on the surface of MXenes via a facile multicomponent reaction using chitosan as a renewable reactant. Based on the characterization results, we demonstrated that a thin layer imidazoles with an ordered chain structure was embedded on the surface of Ti3C2, which resulted in the formation of a novel imidazoles-MXene hybrid composite. The adsorption performance of Ti3C2@IMIZ for removal environmental pollutants was evaluated using heavy metal ions of Cr(Ⅵ) as adsorbate. Detailed adsorption characteristics of Ti3C2@IMIZ including operational factors, adsorption kinetics and isotherms models were investigated. XPS analysis showed that Cr(VI) was converted to Cr(III) with low toxicity during the adsorption process. The adsorption of Cr(VI) and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) contribute to elimination of Cr(VI) species. The adsorption behavior and process analysis show that the adsorption mechanism is mainly physical adsorption through electrostatic interaction. The excellent reproducibility suggests that Ti3C2@IMIZ may be a potential candidate for remove of Cr(Ⅵ) in actual sewage treatment.

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are now playing a vital role in many devices and systems including computing devices, data centers, and clouds, making them the next target of side-channel attacks. Unlike those targeting CPUs, existing side-channel attacks on GPUs exploited vulnerabilities exposed by application interfaces like OpenGL and CUDA, which can be easily mitigated with software patches. In this paper, we investigate the lower-level and native interface between GPUs and CPUs, i.e., the graphics interrupts, and evaluate the side channel they expose. Being an intrinsic profile in the communication between a GPU and a CPU, the pattern of graphics interrupts typically differs from one GPU workload to another, allowing a spy process to monitor interrupt statistics as a robust side channel to infer behavior of other processes. We demonstrate the practicality of such side-channel exploitations in a variety of attacking scenarios ranging from previously explored tasks of fingerprinting the document opened and the application launched, to distinguishing processes that generate seemingly identical displays. Our attack relies on system-level footprints rather than API-level ones and does not require injecting any payload into the GPU resource space to cause contentions. We evaluate our attacks and demonstrate that they could achieve high accuracy in the assumed attack scenarios. We also present in-depth studies to further analyze the low-level rationale behind such effectiveness.

In recent 20 years, the functional materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature have shown huge superiority and great potential in biomedicine field and numerous strategies have been developed to fabricate these AIE-active functional materials. Though delightful developments, facile synthesis of inorganic–organic hybrid fluorescent nanoparticles with AIE feature has seldom reported thus far. In this work, we reported for the first time that novel cross-linked inorganic–organic hybrid polyphosphazene nanospheres with AIE feature could be simply synthesized via conjugation AIE-active fluorophore tetraphenylethylene derivative (TPE-NH2) with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG-NH2) using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) as the bridge. This strategy is simple and high-efficient with some advantages (e.g., the reaction can occur under room temperature, the reaction time is short, no surfactant is required and no air-protection is needed). The structure, morphology and spectroscopic properties of TPE-HCCP-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by various apparatus. To further evaluate their potential applications in biomedical fields, biocompatibility and cell uptake behavior of TPE-HCCP-PEG composites have been examined. Results demonstrated that TPE-HCCP-PEG NPs possessed intensive fluorescence and high water dispersibility and were of low cytotoxicity. These features endow TPE-HCCP-PEG NPs huge potential in fluorescence imaging. Also, the strategy can be extended for the construction of many other inorganic–organic hybrid polymers taken advantage of their unique features and convenient synthetic method. We expect that this work will open a new avenue for the synthesis of inorganic heterocycles centered AIE-active materials with extensive application prospects.

The fluorescent nanomaterials based on rare earth metal complexes have become one of the promising candidates for biomedical applications due to their unique optical properties. However, direct utilization of these rare earth complexes in biological systems is challengable for their poor water solubility. In this work, an ultrasonic treatment-assisted crosslinking reaction was developed for the first time to synthesize the fluorescent amphiphilic copolymers (named as Eu (TTA)3phen-HCCP-PEG), in which the hydrophobic europium complexes (Eu (TTA)3phen-NH2) and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol were conjugated together using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) as crosslinking agent. The reaction could be occurred uner room temperature, mild reaction conditions without using catalysts. Owing to the amphiphilicity of Eu (TTA)3phen-HCCP-PEG, fluorescent nanoparticles can be formed in aqueous solution. Thereinto, the uptake behavior of Eu (TTA)3phen-HCCP-PEG by cells and cell toxicity testing were also utilized to evaluate their potential applications in biomedical fields. Results demonstrated that these fluorescent nanoparticles are of small size, high water dispersibility and low toxicity. The above results implied that Eu (TTA)3phen-HCCP-PEG could be potentially for biological imaging and imaging-guided drug delivery etc.

A novel and facile strategy that combination of surface ligand exchange and photo-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been developed for the preparation of fluorescent hydroxyapatite (HAp) based polymer composites, which were utilized for biological imaging applications. In particular, the photo-initiated ATRP not only inherited advantages of traditional ATRP but also overcome its deficiencies such as high energy consumption, transition metal contamination and long reaction time. In this method, a hydrophilic and biocompatible PEGMA was introduced to enhance the hydrophilic and biocompatibility of HAp nanocomposites. Simultaneously, the HAp-poly(PEGMA-co-AcFl) composites are endowed with bright green fluorescence by grafting with AcFl on the surface via copolymerization. The physicochemical properties of HAp-poly(PEGMA-co-AcFl) composites were characterized by a series of methods in detail. Results confirmed that HAp-poly(PEGMA-co-AcFl) composites possess controlled size and morphology, high water dispersibility and strong fluorescence. The cell viability and cell uptake behavior demonstrated that HAp-poly(PEGMA-co-AcFl) composites present low toxicity and can be potentially used for biological imaging. Taken together, we have developed a facile and efficient method for the fabrication of fluorescent HAp composites with desirable physicochemical and biological properties.

Mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (MSNs) have gradually developed into the multi-functional platforms in biomedical fields for their properties of high specific surface areas, regular mesoporous structure, low toxicity, chemical inert and facile functionalization. MSNs based fluorescent nanoprobes have been extensively investigated previously and many effective methods have been devoted to simplify the fabrication process. In this work, the MSNs based fluorescent polymer composites were prepared by a facile and effective reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization with the assistance by visible light irradiation, which could conduct in the presence of oxygen without complicated deoxygenation steps. A series of characterization techniques were employed to determine the successful synthesis of our preconceived MSNs-co-poly(MPC–AcFl) composites. Besides, the bright green fluorescence was observed in live L929 cells through CLSM, and cell viability evaluation was revealed that these as prepared composites were nearly no damage to cells. Combined with all the above results, the as prepared MSNs-co-poly(MPC–AcFl) composites should promising fluorescent nanoprobes for biomedical applications. Owing to the good monomer adoptability, the photoinduced oxygen tolerance RAFT polymerization could also be expanded for surface modification and construction of multifunctional composites.

Lanthanide-doped nanoprobes have received significant attentions for utilization in biological sensing and imaging due to their unique optical properties. However, only few works were focused on fabrication of europium complexes based fluorescence polymeric nanoparticles (FPNs) with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we fabricated the FPNs (named as Eu(TTA)3Phen-GluEG FPNs) with encapsulated europium complexes which show low cytotoxicity, high sensitivity and deep penetration. Free amine group present on europium complexes initiated the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of side-chain modified glutamic acid NCAs, offering a simple and effective method to prepare europium core FPNs with a uniform size distribution. Europium (III) chelates were furnished with a functional polyamino acid shell to fabricate biocompatible and biodegradable FPNs. Biological evaluation results demonstrate that such fabricated FPNs process excellent biocompatibility and dyeing performance. Therefore, we can expect that the fabrication approach will attract much research interest and effort on the preparation of biodegradable probes for various biological applications.

Fluorescent probes have long been regarded as tools for imaging living organisms with advantages such as high sensitivity, good designability and multifunctional potential. Many fluorescent probes, especially the probes based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dyes, have received increasing attention since the AIE phenomenon was discovered. These AIE dye-based fluorescent probes could elegantly overcome the notorious quenching effect caused by aggregation of conventional organic dyes. However, it is still difficult to directly apply these AIE-active dyes for biomedical applications owing to their hydrophobic nature. Therefore, the development of novel and facile strategies to endow them with water dispersibility is of critical importance. In this work, we exploit an efficient and simple strategy to fabricate an AIE dye-based fluorescent copolymer through the combination of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer and the Biginelli reaction. Moreover, the copolymer can self-assemble to fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (FPNs) in water solution. Hydrophilic poly(PEGMA-co-AEMA) was reacted with the AIE-active dye 4′,4‴-(1,2-diphenylethene-1,2-diyl)bis([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde (CHO-TPE-CHO) to form amphiphilic luminescent polymers using urea as the connection bridge. The successful synthesis of the final products (poly(PEGMA-co-AEMA-TPE) FPNs) was confirmed by various instruments. Furthermore, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images manifest that poly(PEGMA-co-AEMA-TPE) copolymers will self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles in aqueous environments with sizes between 100 nm and 200 nm. The cell uptake and bioimaging experiment confirm that poly(PEGMA-co-AEMA-TPE) FPNs have excellent biocompatibility and emit strong green fluorescence in a cellular environment. Thus, poly(PEGMA-co-AEMA-TPE) FPNs are excellent candidates for biomedical applications.

Nanodiamond (ND) is one of the most fascinating carbon materials that have been extensively investigated for biomedical applications owing to its small size, high specific surface areas, chemical inert and desirable biocompatibility. It has been reported that surface modification of ND with polymers could not only improve the dispersibility of final ND based composites but also endow them novel functions to fulfill the requirement for biomedical applications. Although some strategies have been developed previously, surface modification of ND with poly(amino acid)s has not been reported previously. In this work, poly(amino acid)s functionalized ND composites were fabricated through a ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), which was synthesized by conjugation of hydrophilic ethylene glycol with glutamic acid. The successful preparation of ND-GluEG composites was confirmed by a series of characterization techniques. The results suggest that the water dispersibility of final ND-GluEG composites is obviously improved. Moreover, ND-GluEG composites show low toxicity and are of great potential for biomedical applications.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique fluorescence phenomenon that has attracted great interest for various applications especially for the fabrication of AIE-active polymeric nanoparticles. The AIE-active fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (FPNs) showed attractive optical properties, which could elegantly overcome the lousy aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect of FPNs based on conventional organic fluorogens. Although great advances and progress have been achieved for the fabrication of AIE-active FPNs, the preparation of AIE-active carbohydrate polymers is still challengeable for the poor solubility of carbohydrate polymers in organic solvents. In this work, we reported the sodium alginate-based fluorescent biopolymers (OSA-PA-PhE) with AIE characteristic could be facilely fabricated via an ultrafast one-pot multicomponent reaction (named as Dobner reaction) with the assistance of microwave irradiation. Among the Dobner reaction system, the oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) and AIE-active dye (named as PhE-NH2) were conjugated using pyruvic acid (PA) as the molecular “bridge”. A number of characterization techniques, such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), have been utilized to confirm the successful preparation of OSA-PA-PhE biopolymers. The biological evaluation results confirmed that the OSA-PA-PhE FPNs possessed ultrahigh biocompatibility and desirable imaging properties. Moreover, compared with the previous work about FPNs, this work had at least two obvious advantages, one was the original materials of sodium alginate are resourceful, cheaper, and compatible for human tissue and cells, and another was the novel Dobner reaction is a facile conjugation reaction under mild experimental conditions (e.g. catalyst-free, air atmosphere and in the presence of water). Considered the features of microwave-assisted Dobner reaction and OSA, the OSA-PA-PhE FPNs should be of great potential for different biomedical applications.

Poly(NIPAM-AcFl)/SiO2 nanomaterials were successfully prepared through a convenient oxygen tolerance light-induced RAFT polymerization. The successful preparation of the resulting Poly(NIPAM-AcFl)/SiO2 nanocomposites have been confirmed based on various characterization data. These Poly(NIPAM-AcFl)/SiO2 nanocomposites showed temperature responsive coil-to-globule transition behavior in aqueous solution, because of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic transformation of the H-bond when the temperature was greater than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). More importantly, this facile RAFT polymerization based on photocatalysis would pave the way for the fabrication of other polymer/inorganic nanomaterials with great application potential in different fields. Compared with the traditional surface-initiated radical polymerization, our method possesses the advantages of no metal contamination, room temperature reaction condition and the oxygen tolerance properties could be the promising facile way for preparation of various nanocomposites.

Carbon-based fluorescent nanoparticles are considered to be new promising nontoxic fluorescence probes which suitable for various bioimaging and biomedical applications. However, the synthesis and production of such high-quality fluorescent carbon-based nanoparticles is still challenging, and its most application potential is unexplored. In this work, we introduce a facile light-induced surface-initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) method to fabricate the nanodiamonds (NDs) based fluorescence probes in the absence of transition metal ligands. In this sample way, the Fluorescein was employed and played the role as the fluorescent signal and photocatalyst simultaneously for its photochemical property. Besides, the poor dispersibility of pristine NDs was also obviously improved by modifying with PEGMA, and the modified NDs (FNDs-polyPEGMA) display good dispersion and biocompatibility via characterization methods. A series of characterization techniques were also carried out to confirm the successful fabrication of fluorescent NDs after polymerization. Through our investigation, the as prepared FNDs-polyPEGMA nanoparticles with high dispersibility and stable green fluorescence could be the potentially used fluorescent probes in biomedical application.

(Zn/Al) layered double hydroxide (LDH) based fluorescence probes have been facilely fabricated via photo-induced surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, which demonstrated green fluorescence, good biocompatibility and excellent dispersion performance in aqueous solution. The as prepared (Zn/Al)LDH polymeric composites were modified with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), acrylic acid (AA) and diacroloyl-fluorescein (Ac-Fl). Among them, the comonomers MPC and AA were used to endow their water dispersibility, biocompatibility and potential drug carriers, while the Ac-Fl was served both as the fluorescence signal and photocatalyst for RAFT polymerization. A series of characterization methods, including 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to conform the successful of surface modification of LDH through photo-induced surface-initiated RAFT polymerization. Besides, UV-vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra were adopted to evaluate the optical characteristics of as prepared (Zn/Al)LDH-co-Poly(MPC-AA-Fl) composites, which exhibited high intense green fluorescence. Furthermore, the endocytosis behavior indicates that (Zn/Al)LDH-co-Poly(MPC-AA-Fl) composites could be potentially used in cell imaging and even drug delivery application for their excellent biocompatibility and all advantages described above.

In present work, novel polyacrylamide immobilized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@PDA@PAM) composites were synthesized via the mussel-inspired chemistry and surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The as-prepared MoS2@PDA@PAM composites were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Characterization results provide sufficient evidences for the successful functionalization of MoS2 with PAM. The products were used as adsorbents for removing of copper (II) ions. Results show the introduction of PAM onto MoS2 could enhance the adsorption capacity of MoS2@PDA@PAM towards copper (II) ions. The amount of adsorbed copper (II) ions by MoS2@PDA@PAM composites is 2.5 times that of pristine MoS2. The effects of various experimental factors on the adsorption process, including contact time, initial copper (II) ion concentrations, solution pH and temperature, were also studied in this work. The batch experiments show that the adsorption of copper (II) ions onto MoS2@PDA@PAM is dependent on time, pH and temperature. The optimum solution pH is observed at pH 7 and the increase of temperature is favorable for the adsorption of MoS2@PDA@PAM towards copper (II). Based on the experiment data, the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics were also investigated. The kinetics and isotherm studies show that pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models could well fit with the adsorption data. The thermodynamic results show that the adsorption of copper (II) ions on MoS2@PDA@PAM is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The adsorption process is mainly governed by the chemisorption involving the electrostatic interaction and/or chemical chelation between copper (II) ions and amino groups on the surface of MoS2@PDA@PAM. Taken together, it is proven that the PAM can be immobilized onto the MoS2 nanosheets via the mussel-inspired chemistry and SI-ATRP, and it can enhance the adsorption performance of MoS2@PDA@PAM composites, which might be used as adsorbents to remove heavy metal ions in real environment treatment.