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Abstract Aim Hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability can be used as the desirable dressings for the therapy of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). This review aimed to summarize the biological functions of hydrogels, combining with the pathogenesis of DFU. Methods The studies in the last 10 years were searched and summarized from the online database PubMed using a combination of keywords such as hydrogel and diabetes. The biological functions of hydrogels and their healing mechanism on DFU were elaborated. Results In this review, hydrogels were classified by their active substances such as drugs, cytokines, photosensitizers, and biomimetic peptide. Based on this, the biological functions of hydrogels were summarized by associating the pathogenesis of DFU, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, cell phenotype change, vasculopathy, and infection. This review also pointed out some of the shortcomings of hydrogels in present researches. Conclusions Hydrogels were classified into carrier hydrogels and self‐functioning hydrogels in this review. Besides, the functions and components of existing hydrogels were clarified to provide assistance for future researches and clinical applications.

BackgroundNeuroglial heterotopia is a rare lesion composed of differentiated neuroectodermal cells that manifest in extracranial locations, with the majority of cases predominantly occurring in the head and neck region. Retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia is exceptionally rare, with isolated cases published in the scientific literature.Case reportHere, we present the case of a 3-year-old girl who was admitted without clinical signs but presented with a palpable abdominal mass. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scans revealed a sizable cystic lesion within the retroperitoneal space. Subsequently, laparoscopic resection was performed. Histological examination unveiled neuroglial cell-lined cysts encompassing fibrous connective tissue, ganglia, glial tissue, and nerve bundles. Notably, distinct areas and cell types exhibited expression of S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neuron-specific enolase. Follow-up assessments revealed no relapses or late complications.ConclusionIn cases of retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia, most children may remain asymptomatic without any congenital anomalies. Despite their detectability through imaging, accurate preoperative diagnosis is seldom achieved. Generally, a favorable prognosis follows complete surgical resection, although further cases are required to confirm its long-term efficacy, necessitating extended follow-up for verification.

Cell migration–inducing protein (CEMIP), also known as KIAA1199 and hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, is a new member of the hyaluronidase family that degrades hyaluronic acid (HA) and remodels the extracellular matrix. In recent years, some studies have reported that CEMIP can promote the proliferation, invasion, and adhesion of various tumor cells and can play an important role in bacterial infection and arthritis. This review focuses on the pathological mechanism of CEMIP in a variety of diseases and expounds the function of CEMIP from the aspects of inhibiting cell apoptosis, promoting HA degradation, inducing inflammatory responses and related phosphorylation, adjusting cellular microenvironment, and regulating tissue fibrosis. The diagnosis and treatment strategies targeting CEMIP are also summarized. The various functions of CEMIP show its great potential application value.

In response to the need for multiple complete bearing degradation datasets in traditional deep learning networks to predict the impact on individual bearings, a novel deep learning-based rolling bearing remaining life prediction method is proposed in the absence of fully degraded bearng data. This method involves processing the raw vibration data through Channel-wise Attention Encoder (CAE) from the Encoder-Channel Attention (ECA), extracting features related to mutual correlation and relevance, selecting the desired characteristics, and incorporating the selected features into the constructed Autoformer-based time prediction model to forecast the degradation trend of bearings’ remaining time. The feature extraction method proposed in this approach outperforms CAE and multilayer perceptual-Attention Encoder in terms of feature extraction capabilities, resulting in reductions of 0.0059 and 0.0402 in mean square error, respectively. Additionally, the indirect prediction approach for the degradation trend of the target bearing demonstrates higher accuracy compared to Informer and Transformer models, with mean square error reductions of 0.3352 and 0.1174, respectively. This suggests that the combined deep learning model proposed in this paper for predicting rolling bearing life may be a more effective life prediction method deserving further research and application.

To address the problem of insufficient real-world data on planetary gearboxes, which makes it difficult to diagnose faults using deep learning methods, it is possible to obtain sufficient simulation fault data through dynamic simulation models and then reduce the difference between simulation data and real data using transfer learning methods, thereby applying diagnostic knowledge from simulation data to real planetary gearboxes. However, the label space of real data may be a subset of the label space of simulation data. In this case, existing transfer learning methods are susceptible to interference from outlier label spaces in simulation data, resulting in mismatching. To address this issue, this paper introduces multiple domain classifiers and a weighted learning scheme on the basis of existing domain adversarial transfer learning methods to evaluate the transferability of simulation data and adaptively measure their contribution to label predictor and domain classifiers, filter the interference of unrelated categories of simulation data, and achieve accurate matching of real data. Finally, partial transfer experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the experimental results show that the diagnostic accuracy of this method is higher than existing transfer learning methods.

The Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag has attracted significant attention due to its rich shale oil reserves. However, several fundamental geological problems associated with shale from the Qingshankou Formation remain unresolved. The Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag is a set of deep-lake and semi-deep-lake fine-grained deposits primarily composed of mudstone and shale. Recent studies have shown that tempestites and storm deposits commonly occur in the Qingshankou Formation. Fine liquefaction veins often occur at the bottom of the tempestite, indicating that storm-shaking liquefaction is expected in the swale structure. Meanwhile, the mudstone and shales primarily have a sand structure with fine grain size, indicating that the environment is exposed to an undercurrent activity, with a water flow velocity of 20–55 cm s−1. Unlike previous studies, we posit that the ancient water depth was only 20–30 m or shallower. These phenomena have significance for understanding the formation environment and diagenetic process of shale in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation, which provides a reference for oil and gas exploration and development.

Abstract Background Most older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who attain morphologic remission with intensive chemotherapy (IC) will eventually relapse and post-relapse prognosis is dismal. In the pivotal QUAZAR AML-001 trial, oral azacitidine maintenance therapy significantly prolonged overall survival by 9.9 months (P

Recently, 15.1 billion tons of shale oil geological resources were discovered in the Qingshankou Formation of Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin, and this discovery has attracted considerable attention. Thus far, the sedimentary environment and diagenetic process of the Qingshankou Formation in Gulong Sag, particularly the reservoir space and accumulation mechanism of the shale oil, are unclear, which has seriously affected the exploration and development of shale oil. Based on detailed core and thin section observation, thin section analysis, mineral analysis, and geochemical analysis, thin layers and concretions of dolostone in Qingshankou Formation shale in Gulong Sag are studied. Three types of layers and nodules can be seen in the core and thin sections: the first is composed of very pure micrite, powdery calcite, or dolomite (dolomite greater than 90%); the second are argillaceous dolomite thin layers or nodules (dolomite content of approximately 75–90%); and the third is a highly impure dolomite thin layer (dolomite content between 50–75%). The chemical composition of three kinds of dolomite thin layers and nodules is different: the contents of CaO and MgO of the pure dolomite thin layer and nodules are more than 40%. The contents of CaO and MgO in the thin layer and nodules of argillaceous dolomite are between 30 and 40%. The content of CaO and MgO in the impure dolomite thin layers and nodules is less than 30%. The reservoir space is developed at the micron or nanometer scale in the thin dolomite layers and nodules, although most of these layers are filled with asphalt. The development of thin layers and nodules of dolomites is related to a dry and hot depositional climate and influenced by hydrothermal fluids. The findings presented here provide important information for exploiting the newly discovered shale oil resources. Many dolostone thin layers and nodules have curved silt veins, and the bending coefficient is 1.48, indicating that the dolostone thin layers and nodules have undergone compaction after formation.

Shale oil has become a global hotspot of unconventional exploration and development. In this study, the latest drill core and experiment analyses of the Qingshankou Formation in the northern Songliao Basin were used to evaluate its lithofacies classification, sedimentary environment, pore types, pore-throat structure characterization, and shale oil potential. Lithofacies classification was determined according to the total organic carbon (TOC) content, sedimentary structure, and rock mineral content. Laminae genesis and micro-sedimentary structures indicate the deposition of fine-grained sedimentary rocks (FGSRs) in a semi-deep to deep lacustrine environment; however, evidence also suggests partial reworking by storm events and bottom current flows. FGSRs mostly comprise type I kerogen, with small amounts of type II1. The average vitrinite reflectance of the FGSRs was 1.37%, indicating middle to high stages of thermal maturation within the oil generation window. The N2 adsorption experiment indicated that silty mudstone (SM), silty fine mixed sedimentary rock (SFMR), and argillaceous fine mixed sedimentary rock (AFMR) had ink-bottle-shaped and slit-shaped pores, and the lithofacies were dominated by mesopores, accounting for 77.4%, 71.9%, and 80.8% of the total pore volume, respectively. Mercury injection capillary pressure analysis indicated that SM and SFMR had an average pore-throat radius of 0.01–0.04 μm, whereas AFMR and CM were dominated by nanopores, mainly distributed in the range of 0.004–0.0063 μm. Based on the comprehensive studies of TOC content, pore development, and brittleness, we concluded that organic-rich laminated SM and SFMR should be the focus of shale oil exploration of the Qingshankou Formation in the northern Songliao Basin, followed by organic-rich or organic-moderate laminated and layered AFMR, as well as calcareous fine mixed sedimentary rocks.

Abstract By applying the weight functions, the idea of introducing parameters and the technique of real analysis, a new multiple Hilbert-type integral inequality involving the upper limit functions is given. The constant factor related to the gamma function is proved to be the best possible in a condition. A corollary about the case of the nonhomogeneous kernel and some particular inequalities are obtained.

Incipient damages of wind turbine rolling bearing are very difficult to be detected because of the interference of multi-frequency components and strong ambient noise. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new detected method named VMD-AMCKD, combining complementary advantages of variational mode decomposition (VMD) and adaptive maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution (AMCKD). A novel index is proposed to screen out the most sensitive mode containing fault information after VMD decomposition. The mode also can determine a suspectable range for the fault frequency, based on which the optimized range of devolution period T in MCKD can be pre-determined. The Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is adapted to adaptively select the key parameters in MCKD. The proposed method can successfully diagnose the simulated signal mixed with strong white Gaussian noise. Its robustness is further proven by the diagnosis for three different types of experimental signal from CWRU bearing data center. Finally, the VMD-AMCKD is applied to detect incipient damages of rolling bearings in a laboratory wind turbine.

The intelligent auxiliary decision-making (IADM) is emerging as a feasible solution for air traffic control (ATC) to reduce undesirable conflicts in shared airspace; meanwhile, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be operated with enhanced efficiency and safety using IADM. This paper presents the conflict risk framework of the MAV\UAV flight that improves flight safety of MAVs and UAVs in shared airspace. This is accomplished by focusing on two steps: First, determine the minimum safety communication interval between the UAV and controller; second, build a conflict risk model to detect which decision mechanism will minimize risk. Our approach provides a standard model to start with to improve IADM and allow engineers to focus on the operational purpose of MAV/UAV. Results show that our work presented here is practical and straightforward, and it brings an evident engineering application prospect.

Abstract Background In human pulmonary malignancies, the SRY-box containing gene 30 (SOX30) is a known cancer-suppressing gene. Nevertheless, its molecular role and clinical effects remains unknown in bladder cancer. Methods SOX30 mRNA expression was quantified in bladder cancer tissue, paired adjacent normal tissue, and cell lines with qRT-PCR. SOX30 protein expression in BC tissue and cell lines was evaluated via western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the clinical and prognostic significance of SOX30 in BC were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Furthermore, we measured cell migration and invasion, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis by means of a Transwell assay, cell counting kit-8 along with flow cytometry, respectively. Results Expression levels of SOX30 were markedly lower in BC cells and tumor tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Moreover, clinicopathological analyses showed that low SOX30 expression was positively related to an advanced tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) stage. Furthermore, low SOX30 expression conferred reduced survival rates (P

In order to fabricate fibrous eutectic Si, the selective etching of industrial Al–Si eutectic alloys directionally solidified at different growth rates and modified by different amounts of Sr was studied. Flake eutectic and fibrous Si were obtained by selective etching of non-modified, Sr-modified or directionally solidified Al–Si eutectic alloys. The optimal amount of Sr for fabricating branching eutectic Si was 0.04–0.07%. Through directional solidification with a high enough growth rate (more than 200 μm/s), lamellar eutectic Si transforms to fibrous eutectic Si for use in non-modified Al–Si eutectic alloys. The potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry methods were used to test the corrosion behavior of non-modified and Sr-modified Al–Si eutectic alloys. With a constant potential of 0.5 V in HCl solution, non-modified Al–Si eutectic alloys displayed initial pitting corrosion and subsequent spalling corrosion, and 0.04% Sr-modified samples displayed uniform pitting corrosion. Compared with non-modified Al–Si eutectic alloys, Sr-modified samples displayed better corrosion resistance with lower current density and shallower pit depth during the same etching conditions.

Background/Aims: In recent years the diagnosis and management of renal cancer has changed greatly, although the mechanism is still elusive. TMEM106a is a conserved type II transmembrane protein which is a key factor to regulate macrophage activation. Its inactivation in gastric cancer is frequently observed to be associated with poor prognosis. The role of TMEM106a in renal cancer remained unclear. Methods: TMEM106a expression profiling was performed in a panel of renal cancer cell lines and primary renal tissue cells. Then TMEM106a was overexpressed by a viral system in a renal cancer cell line with low level of TMEM106a. This stable cell line was assessed in multiple cell growth and migration assays. The results from TMEM106a overexpressing cell line were then confirmed with primary renal cells by siRNA knockdown of TMEM106a. Results: TMEM106a expression level was reduced in renal cancer cells compared to normal primary renal cells. Restoration of TMEM106a expression in TMEM106a-low renal cancer cells resulted in attenuated proliferation, reduced cell migration and enhanced caspase 3 dependent apoptosis compared to control cells. TMEM106a knockdown in primary renal cells led to increased colony formation compared to the control cells with scrambled siRNA transfection. Conclusion: TMEM106a is a novel tumor suppressor in renal cancer.

Abstract In this paper, by the use of weight coefficients, the transfer formula and the technique of real analysis, a new multidimensional Hilbert-type inequality with multi-parameters and a best possible constant factor is given, which is an extension of some published results. Moreover, the equivalent forms, the operator expressions and a few particular inequalities are considered.

The detailed characteristics and formation mechanisms of organic-rich clasts (ORCs) in the Upper Paleozoic tight sandstone in the northeastern margin of the Ordos Basin were analyzed through 818-m-long drilling cores and logging data from 28 wells. In general, compared with soft-sediment clasts documented in other sedimentary environments, organic-rich clasts in coal-bearing tight sandstone have not been adequately investigated in the literature. ORCs are widely developed in various sedimentary environments of coal-bearing sandstone, including fluvial channels, crevasse splays, tidal channels, sand flats, and subaqueous debris flow deposits. In addition to being controlled by the water flow energy and transportation processes, the fragmentation degree and morphology of ORCs are also related to their content of higher plants organic matter. The change in water flow energy during transportation makes the ORCs show obvious mechanical depositional differentiation. Four main types of ORC can be recognized in the deposits: diamictic organic-rich clasts, floating organic-rich clasts, loaded lamellar organic-rich clasts, and thin interlayer organic-rich clasts. The relationship between energy variation and ORCs deposition continuity is rarely studied so far. Based on the different handling processes under the control of water flow energy changes, we propose two ORCs formation mechanisms: the long-term altering of continuous water flow and the short-term water flow acting triggered by sudden events.

Tight sandstone gas is on the first position of unconventional natural gas sources, which can be developed under today’s technical conditions. In recent years, tight sandstone gas reservoirs have been found in several wells in the Linxing area, eastern margin of Ordos Basin, China. In this article, a variety of methods, including cast thin sections, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, and drill core data were used to study the petrological characteristics and their influences on tight sandstone reservoir in coal-bearing strata of the Linxing area. Based on the analysis of thin section, it can be concluded that the sandstone reservoir is essentially constituted of lithic sandstone as well as lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. Cement types are complicated, including carbonate minerals, clay minerals, and quartz overgrowth. Illite, kaolinite, chlorite, illite–smectite mixed layer, and chlorite–smectite mixed layer are found in clay minerals. Compared with other clay minerals, illite is in the dominant position. Pores can be divided into residual intergranular pore, intragranular dissolution pore, intergranular dissolution pore, cement dissolution pore, intercrystalline pore, and microcrack in sandstone reservoir of the Linxing area. Quartz has an average content of 68% with the feature of low compositional maturity and plays a major role in increasing porosity due to dissolution and protecting of quartz. Feldspar dissolution plays a role in decreasing porosity because the by-product materials of feldspar dissolution remain in original place, instead of being transported to other areas. Dissolution pores are 2–20 µm and may be filled with kaolinite, illite, or halite. It is worth mentioning that grain-coating chlorite may be of sufficient thickness to protect reservoirs along with the increasing content of chlorite, which is testified by the crossplot between the chlorite and porosity when the absolute content of chlorite is less than 1.5%.

Through the study of fabric characteristics, mechanical characteristics, crack and microstructure characteristics of shale, the micro-mechanism, controlling factors and fracture modes of shale macro-fracture are revealed. The macro-fracture of shale is affected by fabric characteristics, coring direction, confining pressure etc, and occurs when the pores and micro-cracks extend, merge and link up. Macroscopic failure modes include shear fracture, tensile fracture and slip rupture. Microscopically, the micro-crack failure mainly includes shear slip type (type II) and tensile type (type I). In essence, the shear rupture and slip fracture of shale are all caused by shear slip rupture of micro-cracks, but due to different shale structure, the failure takes on different modes. The tensile fracture is caused by the tensile extension of micro-cracks. In addition, during the macro-fracture, the shear and tensile fracture of micro-cracks co-exist, but make different contribution to the macro-fracture. Finally, shale fracture patterns, namely shear, tensile rupture and slip burst are set up, and the microscopic mechanism of macro-fracture is explained from the microscopic viewpoint. Key words: shale, macro-fracture mode, micro-fracture mechanism, microcrack, shear fracture, tension fracture

This study aims to identify favorable oil–gas reservoir facies in the Chishan group of the Wubao fault zone (Gaoyou sag, Subei basin, China) using the methods of outcrops and cores observation, granularity analysis, scanning electron microscope, log data, etc. The results suggest that the Chishan group in the studied area mainly develops desert sedimentary system, and contains five kinds of facies from bottom to top, namely dry salt lake, aeolian sand, intermittent river, fan delta, and salt lake facies; the Chishan group was divided two members according to the lithology and a sedimentary cycle of base-level. The lower member of the Chishan group in the Wubao fault zone contained dry salt lake, intermittent river, and aeolian sand facies. The upper member of the Chishan group in the Chenbao area consisted mainly of aeolian sand. The southwestern Zhousong area contained (from east to west) a succession of aeolian sand, intermittent river, fan delta, and salt lake facies. Among these facies, aeolian sand was divided into aeolian sand dune, interdune, and aeolian sand sheet three sub-lithofacies. In the aeolian sand dune, the sand dune was a typical micro-lithofacies and had a scattered distribution. The fan delta had a bead-like distribution along the main fault, in which mainly underwater distributary channel and sand bank were developed. The sand bodies of the sand dune, underwater distributary channel, and sand bank were all well developed, and had average porosity values of >20%, meaning that they were favorable oil–gas reservoirs. The interdune sediments were fine-grained and had low porosity and permeability. Hence the reservoir properties of the interdune sediments were poor, and they could represent either fluid interlayers of reservoirs or source beds.

Features of porphyritic limestone matrix fracture-vug reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China was examined by core observation, thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, microscopic fluorescence, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis. Thick and widespread in the Lower-Middle Ordovician Yijianfang and Yingshan Formations, sand-clastic masses in the porphyritic limestone are rich in oil, quite a proportion of oil and gas produced currently is from their matrix rather than completely from the fracture cave system in the past understanding. In irregular spot or ribbon shape on cores, dolomitic sand-clastic masses usually account for about 40% of the total surface of core in many layers, arenite section has a surface porosity of around 39%. The arenite section is well-crystallized dolomite, the dolomite crystals are mainly 100−350 μm in diameter, equivalent to medium-fine sand; high-pressure mercury injection experiment results show that the reservoir physical property of sand-clastic masses is much better than that of micrite limestone, with a porosity of 12.57%−36.39%. There developed abundant stylolites and microcracks around the sand-clastic masses, which connect the oil bearing units of dolomitc sand-clastic masses, making micropores and microcracks communicate and become effective reservoir space. Key words: carbonate rock, matrix fractured-porous reservoir, porphyritic limestone, sand-clastic micrite, Tahe Oilfield, Ordovican