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Diabetic wounds are a common complication in patients with diabetes, which is difficult to treat. Current treatment methods for diabetic wounds include debridement, functional dressing coverage, negative pressure therapy, bone cement filling, and skin grafting, etc. MicroRNA (miRNA) engineered exosomes have shown promising potential in diabetic wound repair due to the ability to alleviate inflammation, stimulate angiogenesis, and promote collagen deposition and re-epithelialization. Related researches are being actively carred out. This paper reviews the pathophysiological characteristics of diabetic wounds, the characteristics of miRNA and exosomes, the engineering methods for exosomes loaded with miRNA, and the mechanism of miRNA engineered exosomes in promoting healing of diabetic wounds, aiming to provide a reference basis for the future clinical application of miRNA engineered exosomes in diabetic wounds.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the influences of postoperative oral function in patients with median or paramedian mandibulotomy during the radical resection of tongue carcinoma and to provide evidence for the choice of osteotomy location for mandibulotomy., Methods: The clinical data of 126 patients who underwent combined radical neck dissection with mandibulectomy and glossectomy followed by simultaneous reconstruction were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the position of mandibulotomy: median mandibulotomy group (median group, n=60) and paramedian mandibulotomy group (paramedian group, n=66). The fourth edition of the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire (UW-QOL) was used to compare the differences in oral functions, such as swallowing, mastication, and speech, between the two groups during regular follow-up. SPSS 24.0 software package was used for statistical analysis, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Six months after the operation, no significant differences in swallowing, mastication, and speech functions were found between the median and paramedian groups. However, the swallowing and speech functions in the paramedian group were better than those in the median group 1 year after the operation (P<0.05), whereas no statistical difference in mastication function was observed between the two groups., Conclusions: Evaluation of the postoperative oral function results showed that paramedian mandibulotomy was a better surgical approach than median mandibulotomy. Paramedian mandibulotomy is worth prioritizing in the radical resection of tongue carcinoma.

Objective: This study investigated the feasibility and clinical result of radical resection of posterior buccal carcinoma by using the facial nasolabial fold "smile" incision approach., Methods: From August 2016 to March 2017, 23 patients with posterior buccal carcinoma were included in this study and underwent radical surgery. Upon finishing the cervical lymph node dissection, an arc-shaped incision was made at 1 cm lateral to the ipsilateral angulus oris, extending along the nasolabial fold upward to the inferolateral margin of the nasal alar while downward in direct continuity with the neck dissection incision., Results: Satisfactory exposure and easy resection of the primary tumor with negative surgical margin were achieved in all 23 patients. After 12-22 months of follow-up (16.5 months on average), all patients recovered favorably, and no local recurrence or distant metastasis was observed. Mouth opening was restored to normal in all cases. The scars were hidden in the nasolabial fold, thus named "smile" incision., Conclusions: For posterior buccal cancer patients, the facial "smile" incision approach can satisfy the need of surgical exposure, facilitate operative performance, and preserve the annular integrity of the lips without affecting the radical tumor ablation, thereby maintaining a favorable mouth opening. With these advantages, the "smile" incision approach is considered worthy of being popularized in clinical application.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to introduce submandibular-facial artery island flaps (S-FAIF), including the perforator flap, and to evaluate their application for intraoral reconstruction in comparison with submental artery perforator flaps (SMAPF)., Methods: Ninety-six patients who underwent intraoral reconstruction using an S-FAIF (n = 34) or SMAPF (n = 62) after cancer resection were recruited in this study. The flap characteristics (viz., pedicle length, flap size, venous drainage pattern, and harvest time), short-term outcomes (viz., flap partial loss, intraoral wound dehiscence, fistula, and wound infection), and long-term morbidity (viz., facial nerve palsy, neck motion restriction, and hair growth) were compared., Results: Nine S-FAIFs were authentic perforator flaps pedicled by level Ⅰ facial artery perforators, while the rest were island flaps based on level Ⅱ facial artery perforators. The survival rates of S-FAIF and SMAPF were both 100 percent. Flap partial loss occurred in two patients in each group. The pedicle length of S-FAIF was shorter than that of SMAPF (p < 0.001). Statistics analysis revealed no significant difference regarding flap size, venous drainage pattern, short-term outcomes, neck motion restriction, or facial nerve palsy between the groups. S-FAIF required less harvest time (p < 0.001) and experienced less hair growth when compared to SMAPF (p = 0.011)., Conclusions: The S-FAIF is a robust and reliable novel flap and on par with SMAPF for reconstruction of small and medium-sized intraoral defects. It is preferred to SMAPF when technical requirements for flap harvest and hair problems are considered. It should be supplemented to the armamentarium for intraoral reconstruction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To study the difference between the distinct ways of delivering postoperative instructions to reduce the side effects of wisdom tooth extraction, including pain, bleeding and swelling, and improve the degree of satisfaction of the patients., Methods: A group of 150 patients who underwent wisdom tooth extraction in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between Jan. 2018 to Oct. 2018 were selected in this research randomly. They were divided into 3 groups randomly and 50 patients in each group. Patients in group 1 received verbal postoperative instructions, patients in group 2 received written postoperative instructions, and patients in group 3 received verbal plus written postoperative instructions. The information of age, sex and education level was collected for each patient. The side effects of pain, bleeding and swelling, and the satisfactory degree of the patients were recorded 7 days after surgery. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: There were 81 women and 69 men among 150 patients. The mean age was 24.6±2.6 years. The results showed that the degree of pain of group 1 was significantly higher than group 2 (P=0.001) and group 3 (P=0.000). The satisfactory degree of group 1 was the lowest, and group 3 was the highest., Conclusions: The way of delivering postoperative instructions affects pain and satisfactory degree after wisdom tooth extraction.

The aim of this study was to compare the use of a microvascular coupler device (MCD) for end-to-side venous anastomosis (ETS group) and phleboplasties combined with MCD for end-to-end venous anastomosis (ETE group) in free tissue transfer for oral and maxillofacial reconstruction, with regard to the anastomosis time and occurrence of postoperative vascular crisis. The ETS group included 22 patients and the ETE group included 40 patients. Patient demographic data, anastomotic time, coupler size, microvascular complications, and flap survival rates were collected and analyzed. In the ETS group, the most suitable donor vessel size was greater than 2mm, varying from 2mm to 4mm. The average anastomosis time was 3.35±0.89min in the ETS group and 7.80±2.93min in the ETE group; the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p<0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in complications or outcomes between the two groups. The ETS venous anastomosis with MCD technique is a better choice for anastomosis when the donor vessel size is greater than 2mm. In those cases with mismatched veins, ETS venous anastomosis with MCD could significantly reduce the anastomosis time compared to ETE venous anastomosis with MCD after phleboplasties., (Copyright © 2018 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study evaluated the effects of three different incision designs for the vertical platysma myocutaneous flap (VPMF): apron, MacFee, and T-shaped. This flap was used for the reconstruction of intraoral defects following cancer ablation in selected patients. Sixty-eight cases of VPMF reconstruction were assessed: the apron incision was used in 28, MacFee incision in 22, and T-shaped incision in 18. With regard to postoperative outcomes, there were 26 cases of flap survival and two of partial necrosis with the apron incision; 20 of survival and two of partial necrosis with the MacFee incision; 15 of survival and three of partial necrosis with the T-shaped incision. Success rates were 92.9%, 90.9% and 83.3%, respectively, for VPMF with the apron, MacFee, and T-shaped incisions. A wound healing disturbance in the neck was seen in three cases of VPMF with the apron incision and one case with the MacFee incision. The MacFee incision had the best aesthetic effect, and the postoperative neck scar was more obvious for the T-shaped incision. It is recommended that VPMF with the MacFee or apron incision be used for the reconstruction of larger buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth defects, while VPMF with the T-shaped incision should be used for smaller intraoral defects, especially tongue defects of the lateral surface., (Copyright © 2017 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To summarize the clinical anatomical features and surgical technique of the submental artery perforator flap (SMAPF), and to evaluate the outcome and value of the flap for oral cavity reconstruction after cancer ablation. Methods: A total of 56 patients with oral cancer were included in this study. The modified SMAPF excluded the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and submental fatty tissue. The primary sites of malignancy were buccal mucosa ( n= 24), tongue ( n= 21), mandibular gingiva ( n= 6), mouth floor ( n= 3), soft palate ( n= 2). Results: The flap size varied from 3 cm×5 cm to 5 cm×12 cm. Four flaps presented mild venous congestion, which was salvaged with conservative measures such as acupuncture and blood letting. Overall flap survival rate was 100%. The SMAPF with septocutaneous perforator was used in 49 cases and with musculocutaneous perforator in seven cases. External jugular vein and internal jugular vein provides venous drainage were applied in half cases respectively. All the patients showed a good recovery of tongue mobility and mouth opening with a follow-up of 3-41 months. Local recurrence was detected in one patient 4 months after operation. Conclusions: The SMAPF is a reliable flap for oral cavity reconstruction with outstanding functional and aesthetic outcomes.

The submental island flap is a common choice for reconstruction of intraoral defects. To obtain a thinner, more pliable flap and get a better oncological result, the submental artery perforator flap has been proposed, and to assess its feasibility for closure of defects after resection of cancers of the oral cavity we studied 20 patients, each of whom was treated in this way. All the flaps were classified into those with septocutaneous perforators (n=16) and those with musculocutaneous perforators (n=4), and the main veins that drained the flaps were two submental veins (n=17). There were two patterns of venous drainage: in pattern 1 (n=9) the external jugular vein provided the primary venous drainage, and in pattern 2, the submental veins drained mainly into the facial vein, the common facial vein, and the internal jugular (n=10). In one patient the submental veins bypassed the facial vein to drain into the internal jugular. Eighteen of the 20 patients had no postoperative complications. The remaining two developed mild venous congestion of the flaps, which was resolved with conservative management and no skin loss. No local or regional recurrence was detected after a mean (range) follow-up of 21 (4-35) months. This is a simple, reliable flap that can be used for the reconstruction of intraoral defects after resections for cancer, but its oncological outcome still requires proof in long-term, large-scale, clinical trials., (Copyright © 2017 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study was aimed to detect the expression of PTPRZ1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) originated from oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), and discuss its role in the development and progression of OSCC originating from OSF as well as its clinical significance., Methods: Immunohistochemisty (IHC) and Western blot (WB) for the expression and distribution of PTPRZ1 were carried out in 36 cases of OSF transforming into OSCC, 23 cases of OSCC and 21 cases of healthy controls. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test using SPSS 21.0 software package., Results: IHC results demonstrated that the expression of PTPRZ1 in OSCC originated from the OSF was strongly positive and the rate of positive expression was 72.22%; expression of PTPRZ1 in OSCC was weakly positive, the positive rate was 43.47%; and the expression of PTPRZ1 in healthy controls was negative. The rate of PTPRZ1 positive expression was significantly higher in OSCC originated from OSF and OSCC with non-OSF than that of the healthy controls (P<0.01). The positive expression rate of OSCC originated from OSF was significantly higher than that of OSCC with non-OSF (P<0.05).WB results showed the expression of PTPRZ1 was weak in the healthy controls and in OSCC with non-OSF, but strong in OSCC originated from OSF. Correlation analysis between PTPRZ1 and clinical data showed PTPRZ1 was correlated with recurrence and metastasis positively (r k =0.642, P<0.05; r k =0.656, P<0.05)., Conclusions: Differential expression of PTPRZ1 in OSCC originating from OSF and OSCC with non-OSF was significant. PTPRZ1, which plays an important role in the processes of development, invasion and metastasis of OSCC originated from OSF, can be used as a molecular marker for early diagnosis and targeted gene for treatment of OSCC originating from OSF.

Purpose: To introduce the methods of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and salvianolic acid B(SA-B) intralesional injection in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis and evaluate the treatment effects., Methods: TA combined with SA-B were consecutively applied intralesionally 1 time weekly for 30 times. The technique of intralesional injection was that syringe needle be emptied into submucous tissues 1 cm posterior to the corner of oral cavity running from the front to retromolar area by pushing the injection, then the syringe needle retained to the original point and upward from the front to retromolar area by pushing the injection, finally the syringe needle returned to the starting point and downward from the front to retromolar area by pushing the injection. Mouth opening, the color change of the buccal mucosa and the increase of capillary vessels as determined by degree I-IV visual analog scale were evaluated at 12, 24, and 36 month. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 software package., Results: One hundred and fourteen subjects fulfilled the study without obvious adverse reactions. After treatment for 36 months , the net gain in mouth opening of the early stage group，middle stage group and advanced stage group was (12.0±1.2) mm, (14.5±2.4) mm and (15.5±1.5) mm, respectively. The response rate of color change of the buccal mucosa and the increase of capillary vessels in early stage group, middle stage group and advanced stage group after treatment for 36 months was 100%, 94.7% and 90.7%, respectively., Conclusions: Triamcinolone acetonide and salvianolic acid B intralesional injection is effective in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of salvianolic acid B (SA-B) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) by means of combined intralesional injection in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Methods: According to clinical findings and symptoms, TA combined with SA-B were consecutively applied intralesionally 1 time weekly for 30 times. Mouth opening degree, color change of the buccal mucosae and numeral increase of the capillary vessels were determined by degree Ⅰ-Ⅳ visual analog scale were evaluated at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Results: One hundred and fourteen subjects fulfilled the study without obvious adverse reactions. After treatment for 1 year, the net gain in mouth opening of the early stage group was (5.5 ± 1.5) mm at 12 months, (8.8 ± 1.6) mm at 24 months and (12.0±1.2) mm at 36 months. The net gain in mouth opening of the middle stage group were (5.3±1.7) mm at 12 months, (10.5±1.5) mm at 24 months and (14.5±2.4) mm at 36 months. The net gain in mouth opening of the advanced stage group were (5.7±1.3) mm at 12 months, (13.7±1.3) mm at 24 months and (15.5±1.5) mm at 36 months. The effective rates of color change of the buccal mucosae and numeral increase of the capillary vessels after treatment for 36 months were 100% in early stage group, 93% (51/55) in middle stage group and 90% (36/40) in advanced stage group. Conclusions: TA and SA-B combined intralesional injection in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis is effective.

Objective: To forecast the future trend of betel nut-associated oral cancer and the resulting burden on health based on historical oral cancer patient data in Hunan province, China., Methods: Oral cancer patient data in five hospitals in Changsha (the capital city of Hunan province) were collected for the past 12 years. Three methods were used to analyse the data; Microsoft Excel Forecast Sheet, Excel Trendline, and the Logistic growth model. A combination of these three methods was used to forecast the future trend of betel nut-associated oral cancer and the resulting burden on health., Results: Betel nut-associated oral cancer cases have been increasing rapidly in the past 12  years in Changsha. As of 2016, betel nuts had caused 8,222 cases of oral cancer in Changsha and close to 25,000 cases in Hunan, resulting in about ¥5 billion in accumulated financial loss. The combined trend analysis predicts that by 2030, betel nuts will cause more than 100,000 cases of oral cancer in Changsha and more than 300,000 cases in Hunan, and more than ¥64 billion in accumulated financial loss in medical expenses., Conclusion: The trend analysis of oral cancer patient data predicts that the growing betel nut industry in Hunan province will cause a humanitarian catastrophe with massive loss of human life and national resources. To prevent this catastrophe, China should ban betel nuts and provide early oral cancer screening for betel nut consumers as soon as possible.

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value between CBCT and MSCT in the styloid process syndrome. Method: One case with styloid process syndrome is selected examination of CBCT and MSCT in the patient's position of styloid process. The length and the angle of the styloid process in the picture of CBCT and MSCT were measured and had a construct with each other. Result: MSCT is slightly clearer than CBCT in the imaging of styloid process, but there is no obvious difference in the length and angle measurement of styloid process between them. Conclusion: Except for MSCT, CBCT is another important means in the diagnosis of styloid process syndrome, CBCT has a great clinical application value., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Accumulating evidence suggests that β‑catenin signaling may be involved in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) cell invasion. Abnormal activation of twist‑related protein 1 (TWIST1 or TWIST) has been identified in several types of human cancer. A recent study showed that overexpression of TWIST is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with OTSCC and may enhance OTSCC cell invasion. This study investigated the effect of TWIST on β‑catenin signaling in OTSCC cells and its impact on OSTCC cell invasion. Stable overexpression of TWIST, with or without knockdown of β‑catenin, and stable knockdown of TWIST were performed in SCC‑4 and TCA8113 human OTSCC cells. Overexpression of TWIST in SCC‑4 and TCA8113 cells increased β‑catenin signaling luciferase reporter activity, mRNA levels of the β‑catenin signaling target genes, c‑Myc and c‑Jun levels, soluble β‑catenin level, the phosphorylation status of glycogen synthase kinase‑3β (GSK‑3β) at serine 9, matrix metalloproteinase‑2 (MMP‑2) expression and cell invasion. Knockdown of TWIST had the opposite effect. All of these changes, with the exception of phosphorylation of GSK‑3β, were eliminated by stable knockdown of β‑catenin. In addition, the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002 abrogated the enhancing effects of TWIST on mRNA levels of c‑Myc and c‑Jun, soluble β‑catenin levels, MMP‑2 expression, cell invasion and GSK‑3β phosphorylation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that TWIST enhances cell invasion and MMP‑2 expression in OTSCC cells through β‑catenin signaling, probably via a PI3K‑dependent mechanism. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying OTSCC progression.

Oral cancer is an aggressive disease with a high incidence in both males and females in Asia and ranks as the first of all malignancies in India. The relatively high prevalence rate of oral cancer in Asia is mainly due to the fact that a high percentage of the population are smokers or chew betel nut. They comprised the so called 'high risk population' of oral cancer. Meanwhile, epidemiological surveys showed a much lower 5-year survival rate in patients with advanced TNM stage III and IV oral cancer than those in the earlier stage I and II disease after treatment. Therefore, it is important to identify and treat precancerous lesions and oral cancer at early stages. In this article, we describe the expert consensus contributed by outstanding clinicians and scientists at the 11th Asian Congress of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (ACOMS) and we highlight the importance of oral cancer screening by various conventional and novel methods based on scientific research.

Median cleft lip is a midline vertical cleft through the upper lip. This is a very rare anomaly described in the literature. Median cleft lip is caused by the failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominences. In this case report, a 4-month-old boy with a median cleft associated with a mass of the upper lip is presented. The patient has no other anomalies of the nose or alveolus. The patient has normotelorism. A Z-plasty technique was used on the skin of the base of the columella. A vertical excision of the cleft with muscle approximation was performed on the white roll and the wet-dry border of either side of the defect of the upper lip. Postoperatively, the patient had a satisfactory result. The incisive scars were not visible. Cupid's bow was appropriately aligned, and the height of the upper lip was equal on both sides., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Fluorhydroxyapatite/strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (FHA/SrHA) biphasic coatings with F and Sr elements incorporated simultaneously into one coating layer were prepared on titanium substrate via colloidal sol-gel method. The bioactivity of the as-prepared FHA/SrHA biphasic coatings was evaluated in vitro by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). All the biphasic coatings exhibited great ability to induce apatite precipitation on their surfaces. In vitro cell responses were evaluated using osteoblast-like MG63 cells in terms of cell proliferation and differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin level). The biphasic coatings show significantly positive effects on the viability and functional activity of osteoblastic cells with clear evidence that an optimum SrHA amount dose exists, indicating that the coexistence of FHA and SrHA had a synergistic stimulatory effect. This finding suggests the potential use of this colloidal sol-gel derived FHA/SrHA biphasic coatings for hard tissue applications., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Purpose: To investigate the expression of activating receptor NKG2D(natural killer group 2,member D) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) and its clinicopathological significance., Methods: The expression of NKG2D on PBMCs in 54 OSCC patients and 20 healthy controls were assessed by flow cytometry. The data was analyzed with SPSS16.0 software package for independent-sample t test and one-way ANOVA test., Results: The positive rate of assay for NKG2D on PBMCs in OSCC patients (12.49±5.26)% was lower than that of the controls (22.93±8.14)% (P<0.05). And which was significantly different among different clinicopathological parameters such as tumor size and disease stage(P<0.05), but no significant difference was found among different gender, age, tumor location, tumor differentiation and cervical lymph node status (P>0.05)., Conclusions: The NKG2D expression on PBMCs in OSCC patients was lower than that of healthy controls and was correlated with tumor size and disease stage.

Purpose: To investigate the vaccine potency of MHC class I chain-related gene A (MICA) modified oral squamous cell carcinoma cells., Methods: Oral squamous cell carcinoma Tb cells transfected with eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1-MICA and overexpressing MICA protein were inactivated by 120Gy irradiation and vaccinated human peripheral blood leucocytes reconstituted SCID (Hu-PBL/SCID)mice via intra-peritoneal injection, and the non-transfected or blank vector transfected Tb cells were used as the controls. The inhibition effect on tumorigenicity of subcutaneously challenged Tb cells in vaccinated Hu-PBL/SCID mice was detected.The expression of NKG2D and the cytotoxicity in vitro to Tb cells of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and spleen cells were measured by flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. SPSS16.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: MICA gene modified Tb tumor vaccine resulted in remarkable loss of tumor size and tumor weight in vaccinated Hu-PBL/SCID mice. Flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay showed MICA gene modified Tb tumor vaccine up-regulated the expression of NKG2D on PBMC and spleen cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity to tumor cells. Significant difference was found between MICA-transfected vaccine and non-transfected and blank vector-transfected vaccine (P<0.05)., Conclusions: MICA gene modified oral squamous cell carcinoma vaccine can enhance the ability of antitumor immune response,and MICA may be considered as a promising immunotherapy target of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The current research concerns the clinicopathological significance of MHC class I chain-related protein A (MICA) expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The expression and location of MICA protein in 14 normal oral mucous and 45 cancerous and para-cancerous tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry and levels of MICA mRNA expression in 29 cancerous and para-cancerous tissues were determined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed with the SPSS16.0 software package. MICA was found to be located in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Expression was higher in para-cancerous than in cancerous tissues (P<0.05). However, no statistical difference was found between the following: 1) para-cancerous tissue with normal mucosa; 2) normal mucosa with cancerous tissue;and 3) among different clinicopathological parameters in OSCC (P>0.05). The level of MICA mRNA was higher in OSCCs than in para-cancerous tissues, and was correlated with the regional lymph node status and disease stage (P<0.05). The levels of MICA protein and mRNA expression differ among normal oral mucosa, para-cancerous tissue, and cancerous tissue. MICA may contribute to the tumorigenesis and progression of OSCC.

Objective: To investigate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), its ligand RANKL, and osteoprotegerin, and observe the effects of αD3 on their expressions in male rats at different ages., Methods: Wistar rats at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 24 months (n=15) were examined for mRNA expressions of RANK/RANKL and osteoprotegerin in the left proximal femur using RT-PCR and for their protein expressions in the right femur using immunohistochemistry. RANK/RANKL and osteoprotegerin expressions were also detected in another 15 rats aged 24 months following intragastric administration of 0.05 µg/kg αD3 (3 times a week for 10 weeks)., Results: Compared with 6-week-old rats, 6-month- and 24-month-old rats showed a 6.2-fold and 7.3-fold increase of RANKL mRNA expression, respectively (P<0.05), and osteoprotegerin mRNA levels increased slightly with age. αD3 treatment resulted in significantly increased expression of RANK in 24-month-old rats with a lowered RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio. RANKL and osteoprotegerin were co-localized in the osteoblasts and chondrocytes. αD3 treatment also caused an increased expression of osteoprotegerin mRNA in 24-month-old rats., Conclusion: The age-related increase of the ratio of RANKL/osteoprotegerin mRNA promotes osteoclast activity and bone turnover. αD3 has favorable effect on osteogenesis and suppress bone absorption in the femur possibly by reducing RANK expression and lowering RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, pathological and biological behaviors of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) originated from oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)., Methods: A total of 528 patients with OSCC treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from 2002 to 2010 were divided into two groups, OSCC originated from OSF and OSCC not originated from OSF. The clinical data regarding age, gender, location, pathological type, metastasis and recurrence rate of these patients were analyzed retrospectively., Results: The mean age of the group of OSCC originated from OSF (45.8 years) was younger than that of the group of OSCC not originated from OSF (55.9 years). The male female ratio of the group of OSCC originated from OSF (32.3:1) was higher than that of the group of OSCC not originated from OSF (2.3:1). The metastasis and recurrence rate of the group of OSCC originated from OSF (13.5%, 39.1%) was higher than that of the group of OSCC not originated from OSF (7.6%, 27.8%.)., Conclusions: OSCC originated from OSF occurs at younger age and more in male, and is clinically more invasive and metastatic.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of heterogeneous acellular dermal matrix in the surgical treatment of advanced oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)., Methods: There were eight patients who had undergone surgical treatment of trismus caused by OSF. Surgery was performed under general anaesthesia given through a nasoendotracheal tube using a fibreoptic bronchoscope. All the fibrous bands on the buccal mucosa were incised and bluntly dissected to stretch the mouth opening. Based on the defect, heterogeneous acellular dermal matrix graft was applied directly on the bilateral wounds. A tie-over dressing technique was used to hold the graft firmly to its bed.The sutures and dressing material were removed on the tenth to fourteenth day after the operation. All the patients were asked to stretch the mouth opening 3 times daily and were followed up for at least 6 months. A modality of medical treatment including multiple micronutrient supplements and steroid injection therapy were carried out if necessary. The changes in the interincisal distances (IDs) were analyzed in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages. The data was analyzed with SPSS16.0 software package for one-way ANOVA., Results: The overall success rate was 100% without any or only partial graft loss. There were no immunologic reactions or significant complications.The mean preoperative, intraoperative, and final follow-up interincisal distances were 12.04, 35.46, and 29.33 mm, respectively. Evaluation of the changes in the IDs revealed statistically significant differences between the values recorded at the different stages.(P<0.05)., Conclusions: Heterogeneous acellular dermal matrix may be a valuable biomaterial for repairing oral mucosal defects after surgery on the fibrous bands in patients with advanced OSF through covering and protecting wound surface early,which shortens the healing time of wound, decreases relapse of fibrosis and improve the restricted mouth opening.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between male osteoporosis and the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL) and osteoprotegerin(OPG)-mRNA in male mandible at different ages., Methods: Between May 2008 and January 2009, bone tissues of the mandible were collected as the experimental material from 46 patients suffering from jaw facial deformity and extraction. The patients with periodontist, systemic disorder and smoking as well as drinking were excluded.They were divided into three groups: young group, whose age was 10-29 years old ;middle age group, whose age was 30-59 years old; aged group, whose age was 60-89 years old. The expression of RANKL mRNA and OPG mRNA was examined by real-time PCR. The data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by least significant difference (LSD) test with SPSS16.0 software package., Results: (1)Compared with the young group, RANKL mRNA level in mandible was 2.1-fold and 5.3-fold higher in the middle age and aged groups, respectively, whereas OPG mRNA level was 3.3-fold and 4.8-fold higher in middle age and aged groups, respectively. RANKL and OPG were positively correlated with age.(2)The ratio of RANKL/OPG in middle age group was lower than that of young group and old group,respectively., Conclusions: (1)The expression of RANKL and OPG increases with age remarkably.(2)Bone formation of the mandible is activated in middle aged group. The formation is over absorption.(3)Bone formation of the mandible in aged group is at low level. Bone absorption exceeds bone formation.

Purpose: Cervical neurilemmoma originating from cervical spine could extend through foramen intervertebrale and displayed a radiographic features as a cervical intra- and extra-spinal dumbbell-shaped mass.Because of its early compressive spine cord, patients usually visited neurosurgery at first. In this paper, two patients of cervical intra- and extra-spinal dumbbell-shaped neurilemmoma visiting oral and maxillofacial surgery complained of upper cervical mass were reported, aiming to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic skill for oral and maxillofacial surgeons., Methods: Two case of cervical dumbbell tumors who complained of a neck mass underwent surgery and were followed up by oral and maxillofacial surgeons .The pathogenesis,operative approach and prognosis were discussed by reviewing relevant literatures retrospectively., Results: Both of the two patients' presenting symptoms were upper-cervical masses. Preoperative imaging suggested trans-cervical vertebra dumbbell masses.The tumors were removed through combining the posterior midline and lateral cervical approach, and a gross total resection was achieved.No evidence of recurrence was noted after one-year of follow-up., Conclusions: The initial symptom of cervical intra- and extra-spinal dumbbell-shaped neurilemmoma may be a cervical mass and inconspicuous compressive spine cord. Analysis is essentially devoted to the radicality of tumor resection, nerve root preservation, relation to the vertebral artery, and compromise of spinal stability.The surgical resection of dumbbell-shaped cervical spinal neurilemmoma can pose a formidable challenge.

Purpose: To explore the value of free anterolateral thigh flaps in the reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects following radical resection of malignant tumors., Methods: Seventy-six cases of oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor from December 2007 to June 2009, including 32 tongue carcinomas, 16 buccal carcinomas, 10 carcinomas of floor of mouth, 9 gingival carcinomas, 8 oropharyngeal carcinomas and 1 skin carcinoma, underwent radical resection. Free anterolateral thigh flaps were used to reconstruct the defects. The postoperative effect and flap success rate were evaluated., Results: Among 76 cases, 74 flaps survived completely with satisfied configuration, only 2 flaps had complete necrosis. The survival rate was 97.3%. No complications were observed in the donor site., Conclusions: The free anterolateral thigh flap is an ideal choice for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects, as it has many advantages such as reliable blood supply, large size available, and little donor site morbidity.

Purpose: The aim is to measure and investigate the anatomic structures of orbital soft tissue and the relationships between the adjacent regions in 102 normal young Han Chinese adults using a computer-assisted photography system to provide reference data for periocular cosmetic and reconstructive surgery., Methods: A random sample of 102 Han young Chinese adults (53 males and 49 females) aged from 18 to 25 years in Changsha, Hunan Province, was obtained. Standard digital images were taken and then processed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software. The linear and angular measurements, including intercanthal distance, outer canthal distance, palpebral fissure width (PFW), palpebral fissure height (PFH), orbit height (OH), upper lid height, lower lid height, nasal eyebrow height, central eyebrow height, temporal eyebrow height, reference line to lateral canthus'inclination of palpebral fissure, were measured. The proportional indices, including intercanthal distance/outer canthal distance, PFH/PFW, PFH/OH, OH/PFW, upper lid height/OH, lower lid height/OH, nasal eyebrow height/OH, central eyebrow height/OH, and temporal eyebrow height/OH, were investigated., Results: Means and standard deviations of all the items had been obtained and differences between male and female subjects were assessed., Conclusions: The normal measurement values of anatomic structures of orbital soft tissue and the proportional indices for normal young Han Chinese adults provided reference data for periorbital cosmetic and reconstructive surgery.

Precisely locating tumors always proves to be difficult. To find a molecule that can specifically bind to tumor cells is the key. Recently, chlorotoxin (CTX) has been proved to be able to bind to many kinds of tumor cells. The CTX receptor on the cell surface has been demonstrated to be matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Many researchers have combined CTX with other molecules, including 131I, Cy5.5, iron oxide nanoparticles coated by polyethylene glycol (NP-PEG), and so on, and thus synthesized various types of probes that can be detected by gamma-camera, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With these methods, the binding degree of CTX could be assessed. These studies demonstrated that CTX has a highly specific binding ability, high stability, and security. CTX could also inhibit or kill the tumor cells. A nonviral nanovector has been developed for gene therapy. As a result, it gradually develops into a new method of diagnosis and targeted therapy of tumors. This article reviews the current progress on CTX including the origin, chemical construction, the mechanism of binding with tumor cells, and the application to tumor imaging diagnosis and therapy.

Objective: To investigate the influence of multiple sintering on wear behavior of Cercon veneering ceramic., Methods: Samples were fabricated according to the manufacture's requirement for different sintering times (1, 3, 5, 7 times). The wear test was operated with a modified MM-200 friction and wear machine in vitro. The wear scars were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)., Results: With the sintering times increasing, the wear scar width became larger. The correlation was significant at the 0.01 level. Significant difference was observed in wear scar width among different samples (P < 0.05). SEM and AFM results showed that veneering ceramic wear facets demonstrated grooves characteristic of abrasive wear., Conclusion: Multiple sintering can decrease the wear ability of Cercon veneer, and the wear pattern has the tendency to severe wear.

A random sample of 119 young, healthy Han Chinese adults (56 men and 63 women) between the age of 18 and 25 years (mean, 22.7 y) in PR China was obtained for this study. By the guidance of standard methods, based on Farkas's anthropometric measurements in craniofacial region, 12 nasal soft tissue landmarks and 12 linear and 3 angular measurements were chosen. The linear measurements were taken directly, whereas the angular measurements were taken by photogrammetric method. Eight nasal proportion indices were calculated according to the linear measurements. The application of the independent-samples t-test showed sex dimorphism in most parameters of the nasal region. All the linear measurements were larger in men than in women, whereas all the angular measurements were smaller in men than in women. The significant differences in partial parameters between men and women have been proved. Ten of 12 linear measurements, 1 of 3 angular measurements, and 3 of 8 nasal proportion indices showed significant sexual dimorphism (P < 0.01). Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, the nasal anthropometric measurements and proportion indices of Han Chinese adults were different, to some extent. This study could provide credible and objective reference material for plastic and maxillofacial surgeons for the external nasal soft tissue evaluation and planning of the cosmetic nasal surgery. Besides, these results could be a useful guidance for preoperative and postoperative evaluations of secondary rhinoplasty in nasal deformity associated with cleft lip and palate.

Objective: To investigate the expression of loricrin (LOR) and cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP 3A5) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and to evaluate their roles in the defending ability of epithelium mucosae., Methods: The expression of LOR and CYP 3A5 was examined in the specimens of 66 OSF and 14 normal buccal mucosa samples by immunohistochemistry, and the protein and mRNA expression of them was detected by Western blot and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR)., Results: LOR was overexpressed in 42 (63.6%) cases of OSF, and showed a significant difference only between the early and moderately stages of OSF (P < 0.05), but no clear difference between moderately and advanced stages (P > 0.05). All normal buccal mucosa tissues showed positive immunoreactivity for CYP 3A5 protein in the membrane and cytoplasm of spinous epithelial cells and cytoplasm of endothelial cells, 5 (7.6%) cases of OSF showed weak staining of CYP 3A5 in spinous epithelial cells and 33 (50%) showed faint in cytoplasm of endothelial cells. A negative relationship between its expression and pathological stages was found in OSF (P < 0.05). RT-PCR results were fully consistent with the immunohistochemical data. But the results of Western blot only showed the expression of CYP 3A5 was significantly higher in normal buccal mucosa samples than OSF., Conclusion: The results suggest that the LOR and CYP 3A5 might play a vital role in the change of defending ability of epithelium mucosae as well as the pathopoiesis and carcinogenesis of OSF.

Objective: To determine the expression of Cyclin B1, p34(cdc2) and the phosphorylation of survivin (p-survivin) in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral submucosa fibrosis (OSF), and to discuss their possible role in carcinogenesis of OSF., Methods: The expression of Cyclin B1, p34(cdc2) and p-survivin were analyzed by Western blotting assay in 10 cases of normal oral mucosa epithelium, 40 cases of OSF epithelium and 42 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) originated from OSF, respectively. Immunoprecipitation was used to confirm the relationship between the p34(cdc2) and survivin., Results: The expression of Cyclin B1, p34(cdc2), p-p34(cdc2) and p-survivin in OSF group were significantly higher than those in normal group (P < 0.05). The expression of these molecules showed significant different (P < 0.05) between the OSF and OSCC originated from OSF, but there was no significant difference among the early stage, the moderately advanced stage and the advanced stage of OSF. Immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the combination of p34(cdc2) and survivin., Conclusions: The important molecules in G(2)/M phase-Cyclin B1, p34(cdc2) and p-survivin may play a key role during the mitosis and proliferation of OSF, which will be helpful in early diagnosis and therapy of carcinogenesis of OSF.

Sparganosis mansoni is a kind of parasitic infective disease, rarely seen in clinic. A case of sparganosis mansoni is reported in this article. The patient was a 25-year-old male, who came to Xiangya Hospital on September 26, 2007 because of a mass in the left cheek. A white tape-like body was found during the operation and recognized to be a live parasite. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of the serum revealed positivity against Spirometra mansoni. The final identification proved that the white tape-like body was Sparganum mansoni. The disease of this patient was caused by eating raw flesh of frogs infected with the Sparganum mansoni.

Objective: To determine the effective rule of protraction in different directions,strains, and shifts of maxillary bone,and to supply the scientific data for treatment of the maxilla in patients with cleft lip and palate., Methods: " Based on the establishment of 3-dimensional finite element model of maxilla with cleft lip and palate,ANSYS 10.0 software was used to simulate protraction,and then we analyzed the change of maxillary stress and shift in the same force of traction in different directions., Results: With 500 g per lateral protraction and the protraction angle from 20 degree to 45 degree,the maxillary shifted upward, forward, and outward, and the shape of maxillary plate bow showed internal shrinkage. There was a close relation between the internal shrinkage and the direction of protraction. The smaller the angle between the direction of protraction and the functional occlusion plane,the larger the internal shrinkage of tooth bow. The larger the angle between the direction of protraction and the functional occlusion plane,the smaller the internal shrinkage of tooth bow., Conclusion: With protraction,the maxilla grows upward, forward, and outward, and the maxillary palate shinks internally. There is a close relation between the direction of protraction and the range of internal shrinkage.

Objective: To investigate the expression and localization of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), C-X-C motif 9 (CXCL9) and keratin 19 (KRT19) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and to evaluate their roles in the pathopoiesis of OSF., Methods: The expression and localization of COMP, CXCL9 and KRT19 were investigated in the specimens of 66 patients with oral submucous fibrosis and 14 normal controls by immunohistochemistry, and their protein and mRNA expressions were detected by Western blotting and RT-PCR., Results: COMP was overexpressed in 36 (55%) cases of OSF, and 43 (65%) cases showed positive immunoreactivity for CXCL9 protein in the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells and endothelial cells in OSF. All normal buccal mucosa tissues were stained continuously and strongly for KRT19 in the cytoplasm of basal cells, only 7 (11%) of 66 OSF samples showed faint and fragmented KRT19 staining in the cytoplasm of basal cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting results were fully consistent with the immunohistochemical data., Conclusions: COMP, CXCL9 and KRT19 play an important role in the pathopoiesis of OSF.

Objective: To apply the bioinformatics tools for analyzing the differentially expressed genes in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) to obtain the implied biological significance., Methods: By using DAVID and Onto-express bioinformatic tools, 865 differentially expressed genes in OSF were analyzed and the analysis of chromosome location, gene ontology (GO) and genetic-association diseases were performed., Results: A majority of the differentially expressed genes were located on chromosome 1,2,5,6,7,11,12 (P < 0.01). GO classification of the differentially expressed genes identified the biological process subgroups, including genes involved in immune response, defense response and so on. The cellular component subgroups were associated with extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton and membrane, molecular function subgroups related to protein binding, extracellular matrix structural constituent and signal transducer activity. The diseases genetically associated with these genes included infection, immune and cardiovascular diseases., Conclusions: Bioinformatics can provide the quick and parallel analysis of massive data got from gene microarrays and enable the function classification of the differentially expressed genes, which provides new ideas on the research of pathogenesis and epidemiology of OSF.

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities and tumorigenesis. In this paper, a case of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome family was reported, and its incidence, pathogenesis, clinical features and methods of treatment were discussed by reviewing relevant literatures.

Objective: To observe the dynamic immunity of the porcine cancellous bone scaffold(PCBS) after transplantation and provide experimental evidences for amending and clinical use., Methods: The PCBS was gained through physical and chemical disposals to porcine cancellous bone and was implanted subcutaneously in rabbit. The histological investigation and the expression of Th1 (such as IL-2, IFN-gamma) and Th2 (such as IL-4, IL-10) mRNA were measured by HE, RT-PCR respectively in 1,2,4,8,12 week postoperation., Results: HE revealed: Inflammation cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) were shown abundantly in the surrounding tissue in 1 week and were decreased gradually since 2 week. At 12 week, there were few inflammation cells in the surrounding tissue. RT-PCR revealed: The mRNA expression level of Th1 cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-gamma was high in 1 week and began to fall since 2 week. At 12 week, the mRNA expression level of Th1 cytokines was low; The mRNA expression level of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 was low in 1 week, rose gradually since 2 week and reached tiptop in 8 week. At 12 week, the mRNA of Th2 cytokines maintained high level expression., Conclusions: The porcine cancellous bone scaffold excitate immunoreaction was transitory inflammation after implantation.

Objective: To compare the wear between the enamel and two types of dental decoration porcelains for all-ceramic restorations (Vita-alpha, Vintage AL)., Methods: Friction coefficients, wear scar width, element concentrations and wear surface evolution were considered relatively to the tribology of that in vivo situation. The wear scars of the samples were characterized by means of dynamic atomic force microscopy (DFM). The different element concentrations of the surface before/after the wear test were determined with energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS)., Results: The friction coefficient varied from time in each kind of material. The statistical differences between materials were observed in wear scar width and properties of materials (P<0.05). DFM results showed wear surface of natural tooth full of abrasive particles and denaturation of dental texture. Wear surface of veneering ceramics consisted mainly of abrasive particles, plough and microcracking. EDS results showed that the element concentration of Fe was obviously found on the samples after wear., Conclusion: The main underlying mechanisms of natural teeth wear are abrasive, and denaturation of dental texture. Abrasive wear, adhesion and fatigue of veneering ceramics characterize the wear patterns which plays different role in Vita-alpha and Vintage AL. The wear patterns of veneering ceramics can be described as mild wear.

Objective: To explore a faster and more precise method to establish a 3-dimensional (3 D) finite element model of maxillary in human complete unilateral cleft lip and palate., Methods: The surface of the model was created using Materialists Interactive Medical Image Control System (Mimics) software to deal with Dicom standard files obtained by scanning the cranium of the patient with multi-slice helical CT. The 3D finite element model for complete unilateral cleft lip and plate in maxillary was established by Ansys software., Results: A 3D finite element model of maxillary in human complete unilateral cleft lip and palate was constructed with 27,405 units and 26,876 nodes., Conclusion: The combination of Mimics software, Geomagic studio software, Ansys software, and spiral CT is able to create a 3D finite element counter model, which provides a faster and more valid method to study complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Objective: To observe the growth and osteogenic property of cultured dog bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) by investigating the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on the proliferation and ultrastructure of BMSCs into osteoblasts in vitro., Methods: BMSCs osteogenic property was detected by improved Wright-Giemsa, Gomori and alizarin dyeing method. The proliferation and differentiation of the induced BMSCs with APS in different concentration and time were detected by MTT assay and the morphologic change of the induced BMSCs was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM)., Results: BMSCs osteogenic property was detected with Wright-Giemsa deep-bluing, Gomori method blacking and with more mineral nodules alizarin dyeing method carmining. APS with concentration of 0.005 mg/mL can promote the proliferation of the induced BMSCs in short-term culture (1th, 3th day) and 50 mg/mL can decrease the effect through long-term culture (5th day). Observed by TEM (5th day), the number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum increased and the extracellular matrix was excreted more in the induced BMSCs by APS with concentration of 0.005 mg/mL. However, not only the number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum reduced but also the structure was swollen, degenerative, membrance damaged in the induced BMSCs by APS with concentration of 50 mg/mL., Conclusion: APS with lower concentration in short-term culture may promote BMSCs proliferation and differentiation.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on collagen phagocytosis of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF)., Methods: Fluorescence localization and flow cytometry was used to test the collagen phygocytosis of hPDLF stimulated by the various concentration of LPS for 48 hours in vitro., Results: The collagen phygocytosis of hPDLF was increased significantly by 0.1 microg/mL LPS (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: This study indicates that P. gingivalis LPS may enhance the degradation of collagen by stimulating the phagocytic activity of the hPDLF in periodontitis.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of orthodontic forces in moving teeth after root canal therapy and the risk of apical resorption which may happen during orthodontic movement in an animal model., Methods: Under general anesthesia, root canal therapy was performed on the mandibular canines on one side of 16 adult cats. Tipping movement of the canines was induced with an orthodontic spring (100 to 120 g). Eight weeks later, tooth movement was assessed from pre- and posttreatment mandibular casts, including measurement of root lengths in both radiographs and histological sections. All the data were analysed with SPSS 11.0 for windows. Student's t test was used for comparisons between paired groups., Results: The results showed that teeth after root canal therapy and vital teeth moved similar distances when subjected to the same forces (P>0.05). And teeth after root canal therapy had greater loss of cementum after tooth movement than vital teeth (P<0.05), but without significant differences in radiographic root length (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Teeth after root canal therapy can be moved orthodontically as readily as vital teeth when subjected to the same orthodontic forces under the conditions of the study. However, teeth after root canal therapy have more root resorption than vital teeth during orthodontic movement which may not be detected form the radiography.

Objective: To investigate the effects of monofluorphosphate and alphaD3 on the bone mineral density of mandibular of ovariectomy rats., Methods: 39 female Sprague-Dawley rats about 90 days of age were randomly divided into the following treatment groups and treated for 12 weeks: SHAM group, OVX group, MFP group, MFP+alphaD3 group. Rats of MFP group received monofluorphosphate by gastric feeding. Rats of MFP+alphaD3 group received monofluorphosphate and alphatD3 by gastric feeding. The femur and the mandibles were collected for histomorphometry and bone mineral density measurement., Results: The bone area, bone thick, and bone mineral density of femur in the OVX group were significantly lower than those of other groups, while the trabecular separation of the OVX group was significantly higher than that of other groups. The bone mineral density of mandible was increased in OVX group and MFP+alphaD3 group compared with SHAM group., Conclusion: Monofluorphosphate and alphaD3 can obviously increase the mass of mandible. The bone mineral density of femur decreased after ovariectomy while it increased in mandibular.

Objective: To investigate restoration of alveolar cleft with engineered bone constructed by sponge collagen protein combined bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC)., Methods: Twelve dogs were divided into 4 groups, the third incisor and alveolar bone with periosteum in bilateral maxilla were removed to form alveolar cleft model. The BMSCs were isolated from dog bone marrow. After being cultured and induced, the BMSCs were seeded in sponge collagen protein and cultured for 48 hours. The composites of BMSCs and collagen were implanted into the defect of alveolar cleft. After 12 weeks' feeding, those dogs were sacrificed. Three-dimensional CT and histological examination were used to observe the progress of bone formation., Results: The defects healed at 12 weeks after being implant BMSCs-collagen composites, the width of engineered bone is resembled with positive control, but the height is less than positive control., Conclusions: The engineered bone can restore the defect of alveolar bone effectively, it can be used clinically to treat alveolar cleft.

Objective: To explore the effect of astragalus polysaccharides-chitosan/polylactic acid (AP-C/PLA) scaffolds and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on periodontal regeneration of experimentally horizontal periodontal defects in dogs., Methods: Dog BMSCs were isolated from the bone marrow and then cultured in a conditioned medium to be induced for osteogenesis. The expressions of Type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were examined by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry in the induced BMSCs, respectively. The BMSCs were harvested and implanted with astragalus polysaccharides-chitosan/polylactic acid (AP-C/PLA) and chitosan/polylactic acid (C/PLA) scaffolds. Horizontal alveolar bone defects (5 mm depth, 2 mm width) were produced surgically in the buccal side of the mandibular premolar 3 and 4 of the 10 dogs. The defects were randomly repaired with a cell-scaffold construction (10 teeth per group): root planning only (surgical control), AP-C/PLA with a conditioned medium (medium control), C/PLA with BMSCs (scaffolds control), and AP-C/PLA with BMSCs (experimental group) . The dogs were killed at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the surgery, and block sections of the defects were collected for the histologic and histometric analysis., Results: BMSCs induced in vitro exhibited an osteogenic phenotype with expressing Type I collagen and ALP histologically. The bone nodule structure was observed in the experimental group 4 weeks postsurgically. The engineered bone became more mature,similar to the native bone 8 weeks postsurgically. The amount of new bone regeneration and the rate of new bone filling to the defect height of the experimental group were significantly different from those of the surgical control, medium control, and scaffolds control [(2.90+/-0.41) mm vs (0.83+/-0.30) mm, (1.46+/-0.55) mm, (2.67+/-0.26) mm; 57.46% vs 15.68 %, 30.13%, 51.87%)] (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05)., Conclusion: Astragalus polysaccharides can promote the new bone formation on the periodontal defects. The technology of tissue engineering with AP-C/PLA scaffolds and induced BMSCs may contribute to the periodontal regeneration.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MBT straight wire on extraction case of Class II division I., Methods: Thirty-six class II division I malocclusion patients were treated with MBT straight wire by extracting 4 bicuspid premolars or 2 maxillary bicuspid premolars. The X-ray cephalograms were analyzed before and after the treatment of MBT straight wire., Results: After the treatment, the overjet was reduced by 6.04 mm (P < 0.01); U1-NA was reduced by 15.43 degrees (P <0.01); and U1-NA (mm) was reduced by 4.71 mm (P <0.01). ANB was significantly reduced (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: MBT straight wire not only shortens the operation but also shows superior effect for Class II division I malocclusion cases.