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To further determine how BHE affected the growth of HCC cells, the proportion of each cell cycle phase was explored in HCC cells by flow cytometry. Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a species of bush that grows in eastern Russia. Blue honeysuckle extract (BHE) is rich in bioactive phytochemicals which can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. The mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of BHE in primary liver cancer is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibition mechanism of bioactive substances from blue honeysuckle on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to explore its protein and gene targets. The compounds in BHE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used to evaluate the effects of BHE on HCC cell proliferation, and flow cytometry assay (FCA) was used to determine how BHE arrested the proportion of each cell cycle phase in HCC cells. Western blot (WB) was performed to determine the expression of cell cycle-related proteins in HCC cells treated with different concentrations of BHE. The xenograft tumor animal models were established by HCC cell implantation. The results showed that cyanidin-3-o-glucoside and cyanidin-3-o-sophoroside which are the main biologically active components were detected in BHE. BHE is highly effective in inhibiting the proliferation of HCC cells by arresting the HCC cell cycle in the G2/M phase. BHE also downregulated the expression of conventional or classical dendritic cells-2 (cDC2) and cyclin B1 by promoting the expression of myelin transcription factor 1 (MyT1) in HCC cells. The weight and volume of xenografts were significantly decreased in the BHE treated groups when compared to the control group. BHE increased the expression of MyT1 in xenograft tissues. These findings showed that blue honeysuckle extract inhibits proliferation in vivo and in vitro by downregulating the expression of cDC2 and cyclin B1 and upregulating the expression of MyT1 in HCC cells.

This paper presents a technique for suppressing specific resonance modes of micromechanical resonators by mechanical means. In particular, attaching multiple miniaturized beam structures with properly designed dimensions acting as anti-resonating tuned mass dampers (TMD’s) to a micromechanical clamped-clamped beam (CC-beam) resonator based on a CMOS-MEMS process platform successfully attenuate the dynamic frequency response of the fundamental mode while retaining the $2^{\mathrm {nd}}$ harmonic mode of the CC-beam. The measured results show that the frequency transmission response of the TMD-embedded CC beam drops as much as $\sim 12$ dB compared to that of a reference resonator. An analytical model is used to study the effects of the parameter variations of the TMD structures. This technique provides an alternative approach to mechanically suppressing vibration modes for the micromechanical resonators that cannot employ the conventional quarter-wavelength support technique. [2020-0289]

A three-degree-of-freedom flight simulator platform with a translational and two rotational movement capabilities is studied. Based on the Lagrange method the dynamic model is established and then simplified by eliminating the sub-diagonal elements of the matrixes. A washout algorithm is employed to qualify the platform for flight simulation in limited space. In order to improve the modeling and experimental accuracies further when some dynamic parameters of an actual platform are unknown, the stepwise identification method is proposed to solve this problem. By dividing the driving torque into the load torque, reducer driving torque, screw driving toque and integrated friction torque, and main dynamic parameters are identified by applying proper trajectories and estimated by the weighed least square method. The procedures of identification are verified through comparing the driving forces from the identified model and those of servo motor encoders.

Frequency stability of micromechanical resonators operating in the nonlinear tapping mode was investigated. In particular, a CC-beam oxide-rich resonator based on a CMOS-MEMS process platform exhibits higher frequency stability at the bifurcation points in the nonlinear tapping frequency transmissions, yielding a ∼2× improvement of short-term Allen deviation compared to that at the midpoint of the tapping regime and that operating under the regular nonlinear spring softening (not entering the tapping mode yet). Differing from the previous studies on stability of MEMS resonators in either nonlinear softening or hardening condition [1] [2], this work explores the frequency stability deeper into the tapping mode of MEMS resonators—essentially behaving as resoswitches with no electrical current flowing through the contact—where the devices are subject to highly nonlinear repulsive forces due to impact. The results would help facilitate not only the understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of resoswitches but also the determination of optimum operating points of the devices.

A temperature-insensitive micromechanical resonator that utilizes an electrical stiffness compensation technique was demonstrated. In particular, a 2.92-MHz free-free beam (FF-beam) resonator based on a $0.35-\mu \mathrm{m}$ 2-poly-4-metal CMOS-MEMS process platform cancels the first-order temperature coefficient of frequency $(TCF_{1})$ , from − 70.03 ppm of an uncompensated version to +0.44 ppm, and a $22\times$ lower overall frequency drift from the uncompensated 2120 ppm to 95 ppm from 25°C to 55°C. In contrast to the previously demonstrated electrical stiffness compensated resonator of [1], for which the resonator consists of an out-of-plane overhanging temperature-compensating electrode realized by a CMOS-incompatible poly-Si surface micromachining process, this work employs an in-plane U-shaped compensating electrode design that allows the use of a standard CMOS-MEMS process platform for achieving the device. The FEA-derived thermal expansion of the compensating electrode is used to predict the temperature coefficient of frequency. The measured results is compared with a finite element analysis.

A novel micromechanical mode-localized resonator has been demonstrated. In particular, a CMOS-MEMS clamped-clamped beam resonator topped with multiple cantilevers that serve as anti-resonating tuned-mass dampers yields a resonance frequency variation of 0.14% for an equivalent mass perturbation of one picogram added on the cantilever beams, resulting in a sensitivity as high as $10\times$ compared to that simulated without the anti-resonating structures. Additionally, the pg-mass perturbation yields a variation of 2.93% in the magnitude of the frequency response of the presented mode-localized sensor, whereas the regular resonator exhibits nearly zero change. Unlike typical 2-degree-of-freedom mode-localized sensors that couple two identical resonators, this approach boosts the effect of mass perturbation by miniaturizing the secondary oscillating tank, which serve as the absorbers. Via the unbalanced coupling scheme, a larger percentage change in mass for a certain mass perturbation can be achieved, thereby resulting in a higher sensitivity.

An experimental study on dynamic parameters identification of a flight simulator platform is presented. The dynamic model is first obtained by Lagrange method according to kinematic analysis. Then the parameters identification model is derived by transforming the dynamic model into liner equation about parameters to be identified. The stepwise identification strategy is proposed to identify the parameters. Base on the load torque, the main dynamic parameters are identified in two steps by applying proper trajectory and estimated by the weighed least square method. The proposed methodology of dynamic parameters identification is verified by comparing the theoretical driving forces derived from the identified model and experimental force from encoder of servo motor.

A passively temperature compensated micromechanical resonator based on an electrical stiffness frequency pulling technique was demonstrated. In particular, a 2.92-MHz free-free beam (FF-beam) resonator achieved by a 0.35-µm 2-poly-4-metal CMOS-MEMS process platform yields a nearly zero first-order temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF1), from -69.78 ppm/°C of an uncompensated version to +0.43 ppm/°C, and a 12× lower overall frequency drift from the uncompensated 5885 ppm to 496 ppm between 0°C and 85°C. The electrical stiffness compensation technique previously demonstrated on a CMOS-incompatible poly-Si surface micromachining process consumes no dc power consumption in contrast to other active methods. In this work, an improved design of the in-plane U-shaped compensating electrode allows not only the employment by a stand-ard CMOS process but also layout-defined temperature dependency of the electrical stiffness via varying the length of the compensating electrode. A theoretical model predicts the thermally induced extension of the compensating electrode and further leads to an optimum electrode length which allows the use of only one voltage source for both compensation and polarization bias voltages. The measured results are compared with the analytical model prediction and discussion on the effects of process induced device parameter variations is presented.

This paper presents a micromechanical clamped–clamped beam (CC-beam) displacement amplifier based on a CMOS-MEMS fabrication process platform. In particular, a 2.0 MHz resonant displacement amplifier composed of two identical CC-beams coupled by a mechanical beam at locations where the two beams have mismatched velocities exhibits a larger displacement, up to 9.96×, on one beam than that of the other. The displacement amplification prevents unwanted input impacting—the structure switches only to the output but not the input—required by resonant switch-based mechanical circuits (Kim et al 2009 22nd IEEE Int. Conf. on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems; Lin et al 2009 15th Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, & Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS'09); Li et al 2013 17th Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, & Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS'13)). Compared to a single CC-beam displacement amplifier, theory predicts that the displacement amplifying CC-beam array yields a larger overall output displacement for displacement gain beyond 1.13 thanks to the preserved input driving force. A complete analytical model predicts the resultant stiffness and displacement gain of the coupled CC-beam displacement amplifier that match well with finite element analysis (FEA) prediction and measured results.

Inhibitors of DNA binding/inhibitors of differentiation (Id) protein family (Id-1, -2, -3 and -4) of helix-loop-helix proteins have been shown to be involved in carcinogenesis and are regarded as prognostic markers in several types of human cancers. However, the roles of Id proteins during breast carcinoma progression remain unclear. The objective was to study the effects of Id proteins in breast cancer. The expression of Id-1, Id-2, Id-3 and Id-4 proteins was examined in 122 dissected female human breast carcinoma tissues and 22 normal female breast specimens by immunohistochemical assay and the relationship between Id staining and clinical pathological characteristics of breast cancer was also analyzed. The over-expressed Id-1 and down-regulated Id-4 proteins were found both correlated with poorer differentiation and more aggressive behavior of the tumor. Id-1 protein could be termed as a negative prognostic marker while Id-4 protein as a positive marker for patients with breast carcinoma. Although the differentially expressed Id-2 and -3 may be correlated with some clinical parameters, they could not be used as independent prognostic factors in human breast cancer.

To investigate the effect of cell proliferation in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 435), which has non-receptor of estrogen (Er), induced by beta-ionone. MDA-MB 435 cells were treated with different beta-ionone concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 micromol/L), with a negative control.Such as curve of cell growth, cellular mitosis, the clone formatting, DNA synthesis, and western blotting for protein of PCNA and MAPK pathway were employed.beta-ionone inhibited the cell proliferation, cellular mitosis, clone formatting and DNA synthesis and reduced expression of PCNA protein in MDA-MB 435 cells. The inhibitory frequency (IF) showed a dose-dependent responses as the concentrations of beta-ionone increased. Seven days after treatment with various concentrations of beta-ionone, as mentioned above, the inhibition rates were 45.65%, 71.24%, 81.53%, and 84.93%, respectively. Its IC50 value was 42.0 micromol/L for MDA-MB 435 cells. The IF from cellular mitosis of MDA-MB 435 cells treated by beta-ionone were - 34.57%-58.857% at 24 h and - 30.05%-75.12% at 48 h, from the clone formatting assay, - 4.44%-63.79% at 24 h and 6.42%-95.55% at 48 h, from DNA synthesis, 17.00%-57.56% at 24h and 62.25%-78.35% at 48 h. The further study was found that beta-ionone inhibited the expression of PCNA which to be related to cell cycle and reduced ERK, MEK-1 proteins expression and promoted the expression of JNK and MKP-1 proteins related to MAPK pathway in MDA-MB 435 cells.beta-ionone could inhibit MDA-MB 435 cells proliferation by regulating MAPKs pathway. It may be one of the effects of beta-ionone in anticancer.

To study the effects of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid on the killing ability of macrophage to B16-MB cells in C57 mice and explore its possible mechanism.The five levels of CLA was designed as 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 micro mol/L. After macrophage was treated with CLA for 24 h, the killing ability of macrophage on B16-MB cells was evaluated by MTT, The expression of C57 mice macrophage cytokine IL-6, TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. The expression of Erk protein was examined by Western Blot assay.The inhibitory effect of macrophage on tumor cell depend on the treatment of the increased c9,t11-CLA level, at the same time, the expression of IL-6, TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA increased, the expression of Erk decreased with the elevating dose of CLA.c9,t11-CLA could increase the killing ability of macrophage in mice to B16-MB cells, and it was associated with induction of IL-6, TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA expression. We speculate that antitumor ability of CLA may be associated with taking part in body immune regulation action, and the effects of CLA on the killing ability of murine macrophage to B16-MB cells was not associated with the MAPKErk pathway.

To study the effects of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA) on invasive ability of human gastric carcinoma cell line (SGC-7901) and to explore its possible mechanism.Reconstituted basement membrane invasion assay was used to evaluate invasive ability of cancer cells. Expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and nm23-H(1) mRNA was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in SGC-7901 cells.At the concentrations of 200 micromol/L, 100 micromol/L and 50 micromol/L, c9,t11-CLA suppressed their reconstituted basement membrane invasion of SGC-7901 by 53.7%, 40.9% and 29.3%, respectively. c9,t11-CLA could induce the expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and nm23-H(1) mRNA in SGC-7901 cells.The invasion of SGC-7901 cells could be inhibited by c9,t11-CLA through reconstituted basement membrane. Anti-invasion action of c9,t11-CLA might be associated with induction of expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and nm23-H(1) mRNA in tumor cells.

An extension of the standard Raman-coupled Jaynes-Cummings model has been made to include atomic external effects due to quantization of atomic motion. The collapse-and-revival phenomena in population inversion and in atomic motion, the velocity-selective population and their relation for a motion-quantized atom are given on the basis of a fundamental constant characterizing the interaction strength between the field modes and the atomic internal and external states. This study reveals how the initial statistics of atomic momentum affect the atomic internal dynamics and how those of the fields affect the atomic external dynamics through the atomic internal states. An exact expression for the time evolution of the density operator has been given for two fields and the center-of-mass motion initially in coherent states and in an arbitrary superposition of atomic momentum eigenstates. The statistics of atomic external and internal quantities such as the radiation force and the atomic momentum are given. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.