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Henry Kissinger’s death foregrounds a puzzle in the history of geopolitics. How did a word made infamous by Nazi Germany become so ubiquitous and popular in the English-speaking world? Was Kissinger, a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany, responsible for its rehabilitation into respectability in English? Historians, geographers and political scientists have traced how Western geopolitical thought developed in the twentieth century through transatlantic imperial rivalry and knowledge field formations. But there is no quantitative discourse analysis of the many ways in which the word is used in the English language. Responding to this absence, this paper uses both quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis to study how the word was employed in the New York Times from 1900 to 2023. Analysis of this corpus, and select examples from it, reveals the limits of three common presumptions about geopolitics: that it entered English as a synonym for Nazi foreign policy philosophy, that its use carried a stigma, and that Henry Kissinger led a revival of the word from the 1970s. Rather, the corpus record reveals a term with many semantic lives, a stigma that did not endure, and a synonym for great power competition and resource rivalry whose popularity is due to many factors besides Kissinger’s influence. Cluster of meaning around rivals and resources, books and culture, and US power define the term’s use in American geopolitical culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the diaries of young Jewish refugees who documented their emigration from Germany and Austria in the 1930s and who wrote for family members, imagining future readers of their accounts. These diaries offer unique access to children's voices during the Holocaust, showing how some child refugees became family chroniclers, self-consciously documenting a story of Jewish resistance and survival, as well as a tragedy of loss. Their diaries became treasured material objects and autobiographical texts that perform a writing subject, a child as author and narrator, asserting agency in a situation in which they were multiply marginalised as children and as Jewish refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War II, tens of thousands of Polish Jewish refugees spent several years in Soviet Central Asia. Yet, little of the intriguing character of the Silk Road remains in their memories. Rather, these convey the years of exile as a desperate attempt to survive in conditions where refugees' lives depended on the confusingly numerous and varied power actors in the region. Drawing on first-person narratives, the article describes how navigating between these actors affected the postwar identities of Polish Jews. Their refugee history ran the gamut from criminalization (by the Germans and Soviets) to discrimination (by the Polish state in exile). It turns out that the experience of Polish antisemitism and civic exclusion that caught up with them in this remote region was one of the strongest affects in their memory. By analyzing eastern destinations (Central Asia) as a space of refugee accommodation, we can appreciate the significance of this geography for the postwar disidentification of Jewish survivors with Poland. It was not only the attitude of fellow Poles in the German-occupied country during the war, but also their treatment of the citizenship of Polish Jewish refugees in Central Asia as significantly inferior that cast a lasting shadow over the emotions of surviving Jews toward their country of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Jesuit Kaddish: Jesuits, Jews, and Holocaust Remembrance" by James Bernauer explores the complex relationship between the Jesuits and Jews throughout history. The book highlights the tension between Christian devotion to Jesus, who was Jewish, and the historical rejection of Jews and Judaism. Bernauer documents the marginalization, hostility, and distancing of Jews by the Jesuits, while also acknowledging the efforts of some Jesuits who protected Jewish refugees during World War II. The book raises important questions about the roots of Jesuit antagonism towards Judaism and the potential for a transformed relationship in the future. [Extracted from the article]

"The Liberal Case for Israel" is an article that presents a centrist liberal perspective on Israel, focusing on its early history, economic development, and political challenges. It highlights the left-wing socialist ideals of Israel's founders and the shift from an agrarian to a high-tech economy, driven in part by immigration from the former Soviet Union. The article also addresses the repeated refusal of the Palestinian leadership to accept generous offers for a two-state solution, which has influenced Israel's political landscape. It refutes claims that Israel is a colonial or imperialist state, emphasizing its historical Jewish presence in Palestine and arguing that it is not comparable to colonialist-settler states. The text also counters accusations of genocide, pointing out Israel's efforts to protect civilians and provide medical care and jobs to Gazans. It asserts that Israel is a liberal democracy, highlighting the representation of Arabs in Israeli institutions and criticizing the lack of democracy in Gaza and the West Bank. [Extracted from the article]

In 2001, HBO and the BBC released Conspiracy, a critically acclaimed dramatization of the Wannsee Conference, where Nazi officials discussed coordinating the Final Solution in January 1942. Written by Loring Mandel, Conspiracy is noted for its strict adherence to the historical record as well as its chamber play atmosphere. However, HBO originally planned Conspiracy as the first half of a two-part feature. Its unproduced second half, Complicity, would have depicted Allied indifference to the Holocaust, the plight of Jewish refugees, and the rise of Adolf Eichmann. This article discusses the origins, pre-production history, and cancellation of Complicity. Grounded in archival documents – screenplay drafts, meeting minutes, research files, as well as oral history interviews, this presentation will trace Complicity's beginnings as a story about Jewish efforts to inform the UK and US governments about the Holocaust and its transition to a dramatization of the April 1943 Bermuda Conference, which is most notable for its failure to meaningfully address the 1940s refugee crisis. Complicity is a fascinating example of 'shadow quality TV'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of transportation in forced displacement and genocidal projects throughout history, with a focus on the Holocaust. It highlights the use of railways, vehicles, and maritime infrastructure in the movement of civilian populations during times of conflict. The article also raises questions about accountability for the agencies and individuals involved in conflict transport and explores the potential for further research on the topic. It emphasizes the need for a multi-perspectival and global understanding of conflict transport, beyond the classical geography of the Holocaust. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyses a collection of eyewitness accounts by survivors of Nazi persecution gathered in the mid-1950s by the Wiener Library in London, narratives that were elicited about lived experiences of railway transport and trauma, as well as the implication of railway personnel and structures in resistance activities. The accounts provide an opportunity to interrogate early postwar narratives that reveal emerging constructions of refugee identity, agency, and survival through key memories deemed particularly "valuable" to the Library, an institution created by Jewish refugees who fled Nazi persecution. Through a case study approach framed by Ketelaar's distinction between archivalisation and archivisation, this paper argues that narratives of trauma, displacement and resistance associated with deportation by train were of special interest to Library staff already in the 1950s. This is striking due to a lack of scholarly focus on these themes until decades later. The recent publication of the collection as a digital resource has the potential to further expand and recontextualise "tacit narratives" of transport embedded in the collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Second World War, Germany employed 13.5 million men, women and children as forced and slave labourers throughout Europe, including on Austrian territory. Compulsory labour in Austria did not end with the Allied occupation. Despite the aspiration to adopt the values of a liberal democracy, the Austrian federal government enacted a statute on compulsory labour (the Arbeitspflichtgesetz) in 1946. This legislation required everyone residing in the country on a permanent or temporary basis to perform mainly manual work. At the time, one in every five individuals in Austria was displaced from her or his country of origin. They included foreigners who refused to be repatriated and over 200,000 Jews who sought to rebuild their lives far from Europe. Strict quotas in the countries where they wished to settle thwarted their plans. Jewish and non-Jewish refugees found themselves trapped in Austria for months and years, subject to the authority of the occupying military forces and UNRRA. To what extent did the compulsory labour requirement apply to them? An examination of this issue provides an insight into the very gradual transition of Austria from authoritarianism to democracy and the shaping of refugee policies by both the Austrian government and relief organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines theories that Nazi Germany had a plan to extend the Final Solution to the Near East, to Shanghai, and beyond Europe's borders more generally. It argues for a strictly pan-European interpretation of the Final Solution policy as it unfolded in history, while acknowledging the implications of the Nazi Weltanschauung for Jews around the world who might have fallen under Nazi occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of a Jewish invasion in Romania appeared during the debates on the first constitution (1866) and was revitalized after 1918, as the recently occupied territory of Bessarabia hosted many Jewish groups fleeing revolutionary Russia, the civil war, and pogroms. In this context, the immigrants were depicted by nationalist propaganda as invaders wishing to exploit Romania's wealth and hospitality, and this image was combined with the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. Thanks to the archival sources of the High Commission for Refugees and of relief organizations such as the Joint Distribution Committee, this paper aims to present in detail the controversial encounter between national security policies and humanitarian concerns for the fate of the refugees. At the same time, it will discuss how the refugee question influenced the Romanian political context, fostering sentiments of antisemitism and xenophobic anxiety. As will be argued, the idea of an invasion was very influential before and after World War I, and conditioned not only the definition of the policies regarding citizenship and minorities, but also the whole political discourse and the shaping of Romanian identity. At the same time, the emergence of refugees and the juxtaposition of humanitarian versus national security was not a purely Romanian affair, and in many aspects anticipated the topics of today's debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of forced repatriation, this study investigates the conditions under which Syrian refugees face the spectacle of detention and deportation in Türkiye. As the largest group of Temporary Protection holders within a single country (currently 3.7 million), this case provides a unique lens to examine how asylum policies' increased emphasis on the temporariness of protection and the eventual return leads to the production of illegality , and consequently of the deportable refugee. Based on qualitative data collected between September and December 2019 in Istanbul, Türkiye, this paper argues that the escalating fear of deportability is built on three pillars: (1) exploitation in the informal labour market, (2) quotidian police surveillance and factory raids, and (3) discrimination in public life. The study contributes to the discussion of temporality and deportability in refugee studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the rescue and survival of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, specifically focusing on the exodus of Jewish refugees from Lithuania to East Asia in 1940-1941. It challenges the prevailing narrative that emphasizes the role of Japanese diplomat Sugihara Chiune in issuing transit visas to the refugees, arguing that this narrative is oversimplified and largely incorrect. The article calls for a comprehensive examination of all narratives and sources to provide a more accurate account of the affair. It also provides background information on the refugee problem in Lithuania and the perspectives of the visa issuers. Additionally, the article discusses the complex narrative surrounding the departure of Jewish refugees from Lithuania, highlighting the involvement of various actors and factors. It concludes by calling for a more accurate and critical examination of the events. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the media and the public network agendas concerning Syrian refugees in Türkiye, as an exemplar of a polarized media system within the context of a competitive authoritarian regime to gain insight into the cognitive effects of media in such a context internationally. Large-scale media and nationally representative mind-mapping survey data analysis show that the media's network agenda is only significantly transferred to the pro-government individuals, while no significant effect was found on pro-opposition individuals from any media outlet regardless of their political stances. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the often overlooked history of the Jewish community in North Wales and the recent efforts to study and preserve their heritage. Academic works, exhibitions, guided walks, and mapping projects have been undertaken to raise awareness and understanding of Welsh-Jewish history. Bangor University is working to digitize Welsh Jewish heritage and create a comprehensive database of archival resources. Three new books have been published that provide valuable insights into the Welsh Jewish experience, including the experiences of Jewish refugees during World War II. These publications contribute to the growing study of Jewish history in Wales and lay the groundwork for future research. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a special issue of the journal International Research in Children's Literature that focuses on representations of children and war. The selected articles cover a range of topics, including revisionist histories, marginalized texts, and children's voices. The articles explore various perspectives and experiences of children during war, such as the relationships between Poland and Ukraine, child-animal relationships in times of conflict, Yugoslav socialist literature for children, narratives of female child soldiers in Africa, espionage in children's literature during World War I, Jewish refugee child diarists, and the recontextualization of fairy tales to process the Holocaust. The authors argue for the importance of these stories and the need to listen to and record children's experiences and narratives in history. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses Guy Miron's work on the experiences of German Jews during the Third Reich, specifically focusing on their experiences of space and time under Nazi persecution. The work is interdisciplinary, drawing on the works of various scholars from different fields. The article highlights the impact of Nazi policies on public and communal spaces, as well as the importance of the home and the concept of time for German Jews. Miron emphasizes the agency and resilience of individuals, families, and communities in responding to Nazi persecution. The article praises Miron's meticulous research and theoretical understanding, making it a valuable contribution to the understanding of German-Jewish life during this period. [Extracted from the article]

"World War II Camps in Jamaica: Evacuees, Refugees, Internees, Prisoners of War" by Suzanne Francis-Brown explores the history of the camps in Jamaica during World War II. The book highlights the diverse experiences of the residents, including evacuees from Gibraltar, European refugees, enemy aliens, prisoners of war, and Jamaicans detained under local regulations. It examines the social and political landscape of Jamaica before the war and the challenges posed by the introduction of a white working-class population. The book also delves into the management of the camps, the interactions between residents and the local community, and the commemoration of the camps in Jamaica today. Overall, it provides valuable insights into colonial policy, colonial encounters, and the wartime history of the Caribbean and the British Empire. [Extracted from the article]

Anne-Christine Klotz's monograph explores the Jewish reaction from East-Central and Eastern Europe to National Socialism between 1930 and 1941. The book focuses on four Yiddish newspapers based in Warsaw and their journalists, examining how they responded to political developments in Germany and the persecution of Jews. The author highlights the ambivalent feelings of Warsaw's Jewish journalists and Polish Jews towards Germany and German Jews, and discusses the role of the Jewish press in disseminating information and ideas within the Jewish community in Poland. The book also explores the reporting activities of Polish Jewish journalists in Berlin, the information contained in press releases, Yiddish travelogues from Nazi Germany, and the activism of Polish Jewry against Nazi Germany. The last chapter covers the years 1938 to 1941, with a focus on three historical events and Jewish reactions to them. The book is meticulously researched and draws on a variety of sources, providing valuable insight into the thoughts and feelings of Jewish journalists during this period. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, I used a critical analysis approach to identify and examine the perpetratorand victim-centered perspectives within the Holocaust narrative of the 2019 South Carolina Social Studies College- and Career-Ready Standards. Given the recent revision of the standards, I compared the 2019 standards to the 2011 South Carolina Social Studies Academic Standards to identify shifts in the prescribed Holocaust narrative. Because the 2019 standards are inquiry-based, I explored the role of perpetrator-centered narratives in relation to inquiry goals. Past studies of the Holocaust in state standards and materials focused on accurate content inclusion. However, using Rubin’s (2020) Jewish critical race framework, this study moves the research in a new direction by examining the text of the Holocaust content in standards for culturally inclusive narratives. The findings of this study indicate that the Holocaust narrative in the 2019 standards was predominantly perpetrator-centered, thereby the marginalization of Jewish voices was embedded in the standards. The findings also demonstrate that developing inquiry-based standards does not guarantee the expulsion of oppressive narratives from standards documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the role of Pope Pius XII and the Vatican during World War Two, specifically focusing on the controversy surrounding Pius XII's actions towards Jewish refugees. It discusses the complex role of the Catholic Church during the war, including diplomatic efforts and negotiations with Germany and Italy. The article concludes by noting the challenges faced by Pius XII and highlights evidence that suggests he covertly arranged actions to protect and assist Jews. Despite controversy, many Jewish survivors praise Pius XII for his support. Overall, the controversy surrounding his actions is unwarranted given the evidence disproving it. [Extracted from the article]

The role of members of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in helping Jewish refugees flee Nazi persecution in the 1930s has garnered wide interest. It has been claimed that SIS officers, in their cover role as Passport Control Officers (PCOs), helped 'save' thousands of Jews from the Third Reich by issuing immigration visas. The focus, however, has been on individual SIS officers, rather than the collective effort of the many passport control staff involved in issuing visas. There has also been a tendency to devolve the matter into a process of producing crude balance sheets of numbers of Jews 'saved'. This article seeks to understand how SIS came to exploit passport control work as cover for its activities and to assess the impact of the refugee crisis on SIS operations. It also aims to make sense of some of the statistics regarding visas issued by individuals such as Captain Frank Foley and Captain Thomas Kendrick, identifying some wild over-estimates. The article suggests that the humanitarian work carried out by SIS/PCO personnel should not be rendered as a competition as to who 'saved' the most refugees. It is important to research the subject forensically without a partisan attitude towards the personalities involved in order to uncover the truth and understand what happened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a detailed account of the British – American Bermuda Conference on Refugees, held in April 1943, and re-evaluates its effect on Jewish refugee organizations and the international migration regime. It argues, firstly, that the delegates' inaction had a profound effect on Jewish organizations and their humanitarian efforts, and secondly, that the decision to revive the dormant Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees – a measure intended to cover for the failure to agree on any decisive rescue operation for European Jewry – provided the foundations for the international migration regime of the post-war era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diaries of Erika Löbl and Thea Gersten, both accounts of Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany, bear witness to the persecution of Jews during the Holocaust and show how young refugees made new lives abroad while separated from family and friends. The diary was a friend, a tool of resistance and agency, a way to reflect on the past and future, and a tangible piece of home. Close reading of these texts helps us understand how young Jewish refugees narrated their experiences of persecution and survival through the double passage of emigration and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on exploring the history of Mediterranean aid networks for Jewish refugees, particularly highlighting the role of Italian-Jewish organizations like Delasem and Aliyah Bet. Topics include the cultural and social ties that underpinned intra-Mediterranean solidarity, the pivotal role of religious and political identities in humanitarian efforts, and the transnational collaborations that facilitated refugee assistance between Italy, Palestine, and global Jewish communities.

"Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew" by Avi Shlaim is a hybrid genre book that combines political-social history, family history, and personal memoir. Shlaim, an Arab-Jew, explores the experiences of his family and other Arab-Jews who were uprooted from their homes in the Arab world due to rising violence and anti-Semitism after the establishment of Israel in 1948. He argues that Zionism, while seeking to establish a Jewish majority in Palestine, also displaced long-standing Jewish communities across the Arab world, making them second-class citizens in Israel. The book also delves into the relationship between refugees and the state, particularly in the case of Israel, and raises questions about the blurred line between migrants and refugees. Shlaim's research also uncovers evidence of Israeli-Zionist involvement in bomb attacks on Baghdad's Jewish community, adding a dark twist to the narrative of Israel as a savior of Middle Eastern Jews. Overall, "Three Worlds" provides valuable insights into the history of Arab-Jews and the complexities of displacement and identity politics in the Middle East. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the academic debate surrounding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, focusing on the aftermath of recent attacks and the war in Gaza. The author emphasizes the importance of nuanced analysis and understanding power dynamics. The concept of settler colonialism is discussed, suggesting that recognizing its applicability to Israel may aid in finding a long-term solution. The controversial slogan "From the River to the Sea" is examined, and a reevaluation of the current status quo is called for. The article also highlights the significance of democratization and providing hope for both Palestinians and Israelis. The failure of Zionism in protecting Jews from antisemitism is discussed, and the author proposes moving beyond Zionism towards an ideology of Israelism for peaceful coexistence. A bibliography of additional sources is provided for further research. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Sociohistórica: Cuadernos del CISH is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Exodus and Its Aftermath: Jewish Refugees in the Wartime Soviet Interior" by Albert Kaganovitch is a comprehensive study of the refugee crisis in the Soviet Union during World War II. The book examines the experiences of Jewish refugees, who made up about a quarter of the overall refugee population. Kaganovitch provides statistical analysis of the number of refugees and explores the challenges they faced, including antisemitism. The study also discusses the Soviet government's response to the crisis and the impact of German antisemitic propaganda. While the book has some limitations in terms of citations and statistical interpretation, it offers valuable insights into the experiences of Jewish refugees during this period. [Extracted from the article]

"The Compromise of Return: Viennese Jews After the Holocaust" by Elizabeth Anthony is a book that examines the experiences of Jews who returned to Vienna after the Holocaust. The author explores their motivations for returning and the difficulties they encountered in rebuilding their lives. The book also discusses the concept of "home" and the sense of belonging that the returnees felt towards Vienna. It addresses the complex identities of Viennese Jews and the antisemitism they faced in different political movements. However, the study does not extensively cover the return of social democrats and raises questions about the idea of a "political home" for Jewish returnees. The text also discusses the formation of identity in post-Nazi Austria, focusing on the experiences of Jewish survivors. It highlights the silencing of Jewish survivors in Austrian society and the discrimination they faced in areas such as victim welfare and property restitution. The text explores the theory of the victim myth, which suggests that Austrians presented themselves as victims of National Socialism, marginalizing the true victims. The author argues that this theory oversimplifies the complex identities and experiences of postwar Austrians. Despite some factual errors, the text provides a coherent and well-structured picture of the challenges faced by Jewish returnees in Austria. [Extracted from the article]

In this personal memoir of the impact of war and displacement, I tell the story of my father, a Polish-Jewish student from Lwow, then in Poland, who became a refugee after the German invasion of Soviet occupied Poland in 1941. It is the story of loss, survival and reinvention of nationality and family. It is a story familiar to those many refugees through the ages who coped with displacement and loss and made a new and successful life in a foreign country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Mexico's highly restrictive policy toward Jewish refugees during the 1930s and the Second World War, nearly two thousand Jewish refugees fleeing from Nazism managed to enter the country. While previous historiography has primarily focused on government policies toward Jewish refugees, it has paid little attention to the experiences of those who actually arrived in Mexico. This article fills this gap by analyzing the forced migration and transit process of thirty Jewish refugee families who arrived in Mexico between 1937 and 1949. Mexico emerged as a crucial option for refugees throughout their flight when they utilized and established transnational links that would ultimately lay the groundwork for their rescue. By expanding the field of Holocaust studies to encompass the experiences of refugees in Latin America, this study provides important insights into the global dynamics of the Holocaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Whistleblowers: Four Who Fought to Expose the Holocaust to America" is a graphic novel by Rafael Medoff and Dean Motter that tells the stories of individuals who risked their lives to inform the world about the horrors of Nazi terror and genocide during the 1930s and 1940s. The book focuses on the efforts of Alan Cranston, Jewish refugees aboard the St. Louis, Josiah E. Dubois, and Jan Karski. It presents their courageous actions and raises questions about American responses to the Holocaust, immigration, and the treatment of refugees. The graphic novel is a readable and accessible resource that sheds light on the bravery of these ordinary individuals who took extraordinary actions to challenge injustice. [Extracted from the article]

Anne Schenderlein's book, "Germany on Their Minds: German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988," explores the experiences of German Jewish refugees who left Germany in 1938 and their relationship with their former home country until 1988. Schenderlein focuses on the agency of ordinary people and examines the West Coast as a unique angle of analysis. She discusses topics such as Americanization, the Enemy Alien Classification of 1941, and the refugees' involvement in the war effort. Schenderlein also highlights the refugees' interactions with German POWs, their work in identifying Nazis, and their efforts in advocating for restitution. The book emphasizes the diverse perspectives and experiences of German Jewish refugees and challenges traditional classifications of exile. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the experiences of North Korean refugees in South Korea and raises questions about their integration and treatment. It discusses how these refugees face discrimination and challenges in their new country, including difficulties in finding employment and being accepted by society. The article also highlights the stories of two North Korean women refugees who continue to face limitations on their freedom of mobility and struggle to reunite with their loved ones. It emphasizes the need to consider the diverse experiences and challenges faced by refugees and calls for a more inclusive and understanding approach towards them. [Extracted from the article]

The article highlights the importance of studying the episcopate of Marcelino Olaechea in Pamplona during the period from 1935 to 1946. The existence of the Olaechea Fund in the Archive of the Cathedral of Valencia is mentioned as a valuable source for understanding his work. Olaechea provided assistance to political prisoners, intervened in cases related to Franco, helped religious orders, and people fleeing from the Nazis during World War II. He also focused on the reconciliation of the Navarrese people and participated in the re-Christianization of Spain, in addition to advocating for the restoration of the monarchy. [Extracted from the article]

Martin Buber (1878–1965) and Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973) were influential theologians and intellectuals known for their heterodox theologies and for their visions of a society based on dialogue. Both experienced migration. Buber emigrated during his teens from Vienna to Galicia, then, after his marriage, from Vienna to Germany, and finally from Germany to Palestine in 1938. Rosenstock-Huessy, a Christian theologian of Jewish origin, fled Germany in the wake of the Nazi rise to power in 1933. Independently and in different contexts, these thinkers employed their theologies in the 1930s and 1940s, advocating for immigration against the prevailing ideas of nativism and developing an (embryonic) theory and praxis of dialogic integration. Both sought to replace the popular totalistic and intolerant melting-pot ideology. This essay explores Buber's and Rosenstock-Huessy's approaches to immigration and its reception, the influence of their immigration experiences, and the relation to their approaches to other aspects of their thought. It explores the nativist theological approaches they opposed and the anti-nativism that might have inspired them. Finally, this essay examines the novelty of their approaches; while their theological advocacy of immigration was unique only in their times, their dialogical approach to integration stands out, even with regard to the contemporary multicultural approach, due to its theological edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the crucial role of Buxton College, located in England, and its headmaster, Arthur Mason, in providing refuge to German Jewish boys during the 1930s, enabling them to escape Nazi persecution and continue their education. It mentions Mason's compassionate actions, the educational environment at Buxton College, and highlights the subsequent achievements of one refugee, Werner David, who went on to have a successful career in science and industry.

This article dissects the refugee recognition regime in Jordan. It argues that refugee recognition, despite being conducted by UNHCR, is a heavily politicized process shaped by intersecting racial and national hierarchies, restrictive government regulations, and UNHCR policies. Despite Jordan hosting the 'second highest share of refugees per capita in the world', relatively few protection seekers gain refugee status, and when they do, it is almost always as part of the resettlement process. Many remain asylum seekers for years or decades, while others cannot even register their claim for international protection with UNHCR. This article contributes to refugee studies by demonstrating how UNHCR policies are changing RSD in non-signatory states, the importance of asylum/refugee registration, how state and humanitarian policies lead to some protection seekers being missed in academic analyses, and highlighting the ever-growing gap between the legal and 'everyday' uses of the term 'refugee'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a microhistory—a family history, a form of autoethnography—to think through the role of migration archives, and family histories of migration, within the settler colony. By exploring my grandparents' naturalisation applications, who came to this country as Jewish Holocaust survivors and stateless refugees, I consider what we can learn from bureaucratic archives, and how we can approach the problem of how to use these archives to write histories. Centring ambivalence, uncertainty and openness, this article ponders the devastating ruins of knowledge that we are left with in the long aftermath of the Holocaust, and the ways that those of us from migrant families are implicated in ongoing genocide in Australia. Trying to ethically think alongside the work of Aboriginal scholars, and using frameworks offered by other Jewish scholars, I take seriously the question of how we can work through questions of statelessness, naturalisation, citizenship and belonging in the settler colony, as we write our histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the refugee crisis of the 1930s and the internment camp system that France created, focusing on the experiences of Jewish refugees. France, the first European country to emancipate Jews, pursued policies that focused on German-speaking Central Europeans and disproportionately affected Jews. This examination has a dual focus; it considers political narratives and government policies alongside the experiences of Jewish refugees. Working with letters from refugees and government documents, it reveals information that complicates the idea of France as a land of asylum. It highlights the limits of France's commitment to human rights and how the internment camp system, later used to carry out the Holocaust in France, became a tool of the state. While a history of a specific place and time, this study sheds light on contemporary debates about human rights, refugee politics, and the right to asylum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines British refuge to Ottoman Armenians in the aftermath of the 1894-1897 Hamidian massacres, an episode absent from the historiography of Britain and refuge, and largely from historical refugee studies. Analysed against the backdrop of the restrictionist Aliens Bills (1894-1905), refuge offered by Britain to tens of thousands of Ottoman Armenians seems a contradiction in terms. This article seeks to go beyond this contradiction and reflects on why and how the British Conservative Prime Minister, originator of the 1894 Aliens Bill when still in the Opposition, actively helped channelling Ottoman Armenians outside of the Ottoman Empire. Rather than encouraging movement to Britain, Salisbury urged to propose a British tradition of welcome more in keeping with current sensibilities in terms of domestic immigration. In so doing, Salisbury first sought to revive a tradition of British refuge as imperial. As it largely failed, he explored alternative, liminal loci (Bulgaria) outside of the formal Empire where British humanitarians, with the official support of the Foreign Office, might provide aid to Ottoman Armenian refugees - in the margins of international law. This case study thus offers new ways of envisaging British refuge in the late nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, 2016 and 2018–2019, Pakistan threatened to expel Afghan refugees and in 2015, 2016 and 2019, Kenya threatened to demolish the Dadaab camp and expel Somali refugees. Following the threats, the governments extracted more than $300 million aid, combined. Why did these states succeed in extracting aid despite their relatively weak status and not bordering the target of their blackmail? This article first situates refugee expulsion within the literature on refugee policies, migration diplomacy and refugee rentier states. Second, in two cases – Somalis in Kenya and Afghans in Pakistan – I show how states used the threat of expulsion to construct and leverage the deportability of their refugee communities as a foreign policy tool. States used the legal uncertainty around deportability to channel threats and violence toward refugees, but the primary audience of the threats were not refugees, but the international community. Officials in Kenya and Pakistan used threats paired with six-month or one-year delays as negotiation tactics to extract aid. Surprisingly, states that were generous hosts to refugees become strategically important because of their role in providing regional stability, which turned otherwise weak states into important allies that could threaten expulsion and extract aid from superpowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "near unanimous focus in the literature on successful cases of securitization" is demonstrated by Ruzicka [2019. Failed securitization: why it matters. Polity, 51 (2), 365–377] to be as problematic as it is untenable. The call to interrogate "failed securitisation" is one this article responds to, focussing on the securitisation of asylum seekers and refugees in the United Kingdom, and the puzzle of why this securitisation has, in many respects, failed in Scotland. With the normatively troubling securitisation of migration deepening throughout Europe and beyond, this divergence in Scotland requires much greater attention. Exploring both discursive and non-discursive security mechanisms, empirically, the article reveals that whilst some securitisation policies have been enacted in Scotland, the UK Government-driven securitisation of asylum seekers and refugees has not succeeded there entirely and many elements have failed. By attending to devolution, overlapping jurisdiction and multi-level governance, the article sharpens the theorisation of "failed" securitisation, with implications for broader understandings of "success" in securitisation studies, in two principal ways. First, by demonstrating that effective contestation of securitisation, resting on formal authority and policymaking power, can play a key role in securitisation failure, and second, by revealing that binary notions of "failed" and "successful" securitisations are insufficient: securitisations can both fail and succeed simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]