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The solvent formation of phenobarbital, an important drug compound with an unusually complex polymorphic behavior, was studied in detail. Monosolvates with acetonitrile, nitromethane, dichloromethane, and 1,4-dioxane were produced and characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermoanalytical methods, FT-IR, Raman, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Thermal desolvation of these compounds yields mainly mixtures of polymorphs III, II, and I. At a low relative humidity (25 °C) the solvates transform to polymorph III, and at higher relative humidity the monohydrate and the metastable polymorphs IV and VI can be present as additional desolvation products. These results highlight the potential complexity of desolvation reactions and illustrate that a tight control of ambient conditions is a prerequisite for the production of phase-pure raw materials of drug compounds. Transformation in aqueous media results in the monohydrate. Below room temperature, the 1,4-dioxane monosolvate undergoes a reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition due to the ordering/disordering of 50% of its solvent molecules. Dipolar-dephasing NMR experiments show that the solvent molecules are relatively mobile. Deuterium NMR spectra reinforce that conclusion for the dioxane solvent molecules. The crystal structure of an elusive 1,4-dioxane hemisolvate was also determined. This study clearly indicates the existence of "transient solvates" of phenobarbital. The formation of unstable phases of this kind must be considered in order to better understand how different solvents affect the crystallization of specific polymorphs.

The crystal polymorphism of the anthelmintic drug, triclabendazole (TCB), is described. Two anhydrates (Forms I and II), three solvates, and an amorphous form have been previously mentioned. This study reports the crystal structures of Forms I (1) and II (2). These structures illustrate the uncommon phenomenon of tautomeric polymorphism. TCB exists as two tautomers A and B. Form I (Z'=2) is composed of two molecules of tautomer A while Form II (Z'=1) contains a 1:1 mixture of A and B. The polymorphs are also characterized by using other solid-state techniques (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), PXRD, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopy). Form I is the higher melting form (m.p.: 177 °C, ΔH(f) =≈105±4 J g(-1)) and is the more stable form at room temperature. Form II is the lower melting polymorph (m.p.:  166 °C, ΔH(f) =≈86±3 J g(-1)) and shows high kinetic stability on storage in comparison to the amorphous form but it transforms readily into Form I in a solution-mediated process. Crystal structure analysis of co-crystals 3-11 further confirms the existence of tautomeric polymorphism in TCB. In 3 and 11, tautomer A is present whereas in 4-10 the TCB molecule exists wholly as tautomer B. The DFT calculations suggest that the optimized tautomers A and B have nearly the same energies. Single point energy calculations reveal that tautomer A (in Form I) exists in two low-energy conformations, whereas in Form II both tautomers A and B exist in an unfavorable high-energy conformation, stabilized by a five-point dimer synthon. The structural and thermodynamic features of 1-11 are discussed in detail. Triclabendazole is an intriguing case in which tautomeric and conformational variations co-exist in the polymorphs., (Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

It was the aim of this study to synthesize and characterize a novel hyaluronic acid-cysteine ethyl ester (HA-Cys) conjugate providing improved mucoadhesive properties and a significantly lowered biodegradation rate. Mediated by carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide, L-cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride was covalently attached to hyaluronic acid (HA, hyaluronan) via the formation of an amide bond. The adhesive properties of HA-Cys conjugates were evaluated in vitro on a freshly excised porcine mucosa via the rotating cylinder method. The cohesive properties of the resulting conjugates were evaluated by oxidation experiments. Biodegradability studies were carried out by viscosity measurements and spectrophotometric assays. Release studies were performed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FD) as model compounds. The obtained conjugate displayed 201.3+/-18.7 micromol immobilized free thiol groups and 85.7+/-22.3 micromol disulfide bonds per gram polymer. Results from the rotating cylinder method showed more than 6.5-fold increase in the adhesion time of HA-Cys versus unmodified HA. In aqueous solutions, the obtained conjugate demonstrated improved cohesive properties. The hydrolysis degree of HA-Cys was lower compared with the corresponding unmodified HA in the framework of viscosity experiments. In addition, the cross-linking process via disulfide bonds additionally reduced the rate of degradation of the new derivative. Cumulative release studies out of matrix tablets comprising HA-Cys and the model compound FD demonstrated a sustained drug release for more than 12h due to in situ formation of inter- and intramolecular disulfide bonds in the thiomer matrix. According to the results of the present study, this novel thiolated polymer seems to represent a promising multifunctional excipient for the development of various drug delivery systems.

The (13)C CPMAS spectrum is presented for the polymorph of oxybuprocaine hydrochloride which is stable at room temperature, i.e. Mod. II degrees . It shows crystallographic splittings arising from the fact that there are two molecules, with substantially different conformations, in the asymmetric unit. An INADEQUATE two-dimensional experiment was used to link signals for the same independent molecule. The chemical shifts are discussed in relation to the crystal structure. Of the four ethyl groups attached to NH(+) nitrogens, one gives rise to unusually low chemical shifts, very different from those of the other three ethyl groups. This is attributed empirically to gamma-gauche conformational effects, as is confirmed by shielding computations. These considerations allow (13)C signals to be assigned to specific carbons in the two crystallographically inequivalent molecules in the crystal structure. Indeed, information about the conformations is inherent in the NMR spectrum, which thus provides data of crystallographic significance. A (13)C/(1)H HETCOR experiment enabled resolution to be obtained in the (1)H dimension and allowed (1)H and (13)C signals for the same independent molecule to be linked.

X-ray structure determinations of two different single crystals of octamethylferrocenium tetrafluoroborate (OMFc(+)BF(4)(-)) revealed conformational polymorphism with ligand twist angles of 180 degrees and 108 degrees , respectively. Their concomitant occurrence could be explained by the small lattice energy difference of 3.2 kJ mol(-1). Temperature-dependent Moessbauer spectroscopy of (57)Fe-labeled OMFc(+)BF(4)(-) over the range 90 < T < 370 K did not show the anomalous sudden increase in the motion of the metal atom as observed in neutral OMFc. Broadened absorption curves characteristic of relaxation spectra were obtained with an isomer shift of 0.466(6) mm s(-1) at 90 K. The temperature dependence of the isomer shift corresponded to an effective vibrating mass of 79 +/- 10 Da and, in conjunction with the temperature dependence of the recoil-free fraction, to a Moessbauer lattice temperature of 89 K. The spin relaxation rate could be better described by an Orbach rather than a Raman process. At 400 K, a reversible solid-solid transition to a plastic crystalline mesophase was noted.

4-Aminothiophenol exists as 4-ammonio-1-benzenethiolate in the solid and liquid state. The crystal structure is characterised by a tetrahedral beta-As type network which is the driving force for the proton transfer.

The crystal structure of the title compound, alternatively called 1,2,3-triiodo-5-(triphenylmethyl)benzene, C(25)H(17)I(3), is analysed in terms of I.I and I.pi interactions and the herring-bone T motif between phenyl groups. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, denoted A and B. Inversion-related A molecules are connected via an I.pi interaction (3.641 A, to a C-C bond mid-point) to form an I.pi dimer, and these dimers are connected through symmetry-independent B molecules via I.I [3.5571 (15) A] and I.pi (3.561 A, to a C-C bond mid-point) interactions.

Comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis were performed on 114 analogues of 1,2-diarylimidazole to optimize their cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective antiinflammatory activities. These studies produced models with high correlation coefficients and good predictive abilities. Docking studies were also carried out wherein these analogues were docked into the active sites of both COX-1 and COX-2 to analyze the receptor ligand interactions that confer selectivity for COX-2. The most active molecule in the series (53) adopts an orientation similar to that of SC-558 (4-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-1-pyrozolyl]-1-benzenesulfonamide) inside the COX-2 active site while the least active molecule (101) optimizes in a different orientation. In the active site, there are some strong hydrogen-bonding interactions observed between residues His90, Arg513, and Phe518 and the ligands. Additionally, a correlation of the quantitative structure-activity relationship data and the docking results is found to validate each other and suggests the importance of the binding step in overall drug action.

The centrosymmetric crystal structure of the title complex, C(12)H(12)N(2)S(2).C(6)H(7)NS, is built up of dimers of the constituent molecules and stabilized by a herring-bone geometry between the phenyl rings. The structure reveals an N-H...N-H...N-H...S co-operative hydrogen-bonded chain, and C-H...S and N-H...pi hydrogen bonds. The S-H group forms an uncommon S-H...pi interaction.

The title molecule forms a honeycomb network of molecular and nitro-trimer synthons with guest species included in the hexagonal voids.

The title complex has been studied using low-temperature X-ray (150 K) and neutron (100 K) diffraction. Molecules of the triazine host form a two-dimensional hexagonal network mediated by trigonally symmetric Cl(3) synthons having Cl.Cl interactions of 3.441 (3) A, a C-Cl.Cl angle of 165 degrees and a Cl.Cl-C angle of 105 degrees, close to the ideal values of 180 and 90 degrees, respectively. The guest molecules are of an appropriate size to fit the hexagonal networks and interact with the host via C-H.pi (phenyl) and C-Br.pi (phenyl) interactions which stabilize the overall structure. Both C-donor bond vectors are directed more closely towards the mid-point (X) of an individual aromatic bond, rather than the ring centroid, with H.X 2.817 (9) A and C-H.X 174.0 (9) degrees, and Br.X 3.353 (4) A and C-Br.X 158.1 (2) degrees.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(28)H(26), in the monoclinic space group C2/c has a columnar packing arrangement with a 7.20 A axis, a feature common to several tetraphenylmethanes.