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In this study, we fabricated TN-LCD using DuoPIGatron ion beam with obliquely irradiated polyimide film and TN-LCD using conventional rubbing method, and compared the electro-optic characteristics. In the TN-LCD using the rubbing method, a pretilt angle of 0.05° was obtained, and it was confirmed that an excellent pretilt angle of 1.13° also occurred in the TN-LCD irradiated with an ion beam. In addition, voltage-transmittance characteristic, which is a characteristic for realizing gray scale, was measured using the TN-LCD manufactured as described above. And, the response time characteristic was measured as a basic feature to compose a screen without motion blur. As a result, both the TN-LCD using the rubbing method and the TN-LCD manufactured by ion beam irradiation showed good voltage-transmittance characteristics in the driving voltage range of 1.5–3.5 V. In particular, as a result of measuring the response time characteristics, the light-on time was measured at 5.11 ms and the light-off time was measured at 10.98 ms. This is a very good result at the level of TN-LCD without chiral dopant, which can be evaluated as comparable with the result of the production level.

In this study, we report the results of an experiment for aligning liquid crystals (LCs) by irradiating ultraviolet rays that are not polarized to an alignment layer, and a simulation result on the alignment principle. In the case of irradiating un-polarized ultraviolet rays to the substrate coated with the alignment film, there have been many experimental reports on the alignment mechanism of the LC due to the anisotropy generated in the substrate, but the theoretical approach is somewhat lacking. As a result of the experiment, the best orientation was observed at around 45°. As a result of the simulation, it was found that the maximum difference between the p-polarization and the s-polarization was within the range of similar angles there was. The theoretical approach to the alignment mechanism of LC was possible. And we have experimentally confirmed that the mechanism of liquid crystal alignment by conventional Groove theory is possible by irradiation of unpolarized UV light. The AFM analysis confirmed that the surface anisotropy that causes this orientation principle actually occurs in the unpolarized UV light. It is expected that this non-contact orientation method can realize higher production yield than the conventional contact type rubbing method, and the result of this study could contribute to the improvement of the yield.

We demonstrated uniform LC alignment on IB-irradiated aluminium tin oxide (AlSnO) by controlling the annealing temperature. Physico-chemical analyses were carried out to determine the surfa...

The characteristics of ion beam (IB) irradiated polyethylene glycol (PEG) films were analyzed to determine their potential use as a liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer. The transmittance of...

We investigated the surface modification induced by the ion-beam (IB) irradiation of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) film and its liquid crystal (LC) alignment characteristics. The X-ray photoe...

Liquid crystal (LC) alignment characteristics were investigated using a solution-derived lanthanum-doped zinc oxide (La:ZnO) film that was exposed to various intensities of ion-beam (IB) irradiation. At an IB intensity of 1700 eV, uniform and homogeneous LC alignment was achieved, as revealed by cross-polarized optical microscopy and pre-tilt angle measurement. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to verify that the IB irradiation induced physical and chemical surface reformation of the La:ZnO film that relate to LC alignment. FE-SEM and AFM revealed that the IB irradiation reformed the existing surface structure into a new structure with an altered surface roughness. The XPS results showed that the van der Waals force with anchoring energy increased as the IB intensity increased, and this profoundly affected the state of LC alignment. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) hysteresis curve was measured as ...

The characteristics of a solution-derived indium-doped zinc oxide (In:ZnO) film exposed to ion-beam (IB) irradiation as a liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer were investigated. Solution processing was conducted to deposit a thin layer on a substrate and irradiation at various IB irradiation energies was used as an LC alignment method, all of which achieved uniform and homogeneous LC alignment. Atomic force microscopy using three-dimensional imaging and numerical analyses showed that the IB irradiation reduced the surface roughness. Through the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was revealed that the modification of the chemical composition due to the IB irradiation affected the state of the LC alignment. Increased polarizability of the surface and oxygen vacancies induced strong van der Waals forces between the In:ZnO film surface and the LC molecules, thereby subsequently achieving uniform and homogeneous LC alignment. The electro-optical (EO) characteristics of a twisted-nematic cell made with IB-irradiated In:ZnO film at an IB irradiation energy of 2200 eV, with which outstanding EO performance was observed. Therefore, using the solution-derived In:ZnO film with the IB irradiation as an alignment shows remarkable potential for use in LC device.

The liquid crystal (LC) alignment characteristics of the solution-derived lanthanum-doped zinc oxide (La:ZnO) film with ion-beam (IB) irradiation were investigated as a function of curing temperature. The best LC alignment state with uniform and homogeneous alignment was achieved at a curing temperature of 300 °C. To observe the effect of the IB irradiation on the La:ZnO film, physical and chemical surface analyses were conducted. Atomic-force microscopy revealed that surface roughness was increased, and the leptokurtic surface was changed to a platykurtic surface after the IB irradiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the breakage of the metal–oxide bonds, which induced an increase of oxygen vacancies. This caused van der Waals force, which strongly anchored LC molecules to the La:ZnO film. These results indicated that uniform and homogeneous LC alignment with the solution-derived La:ZnO films was induced by physical and chemical surface modification due to the IB irradiation. Moreover, residual DC was characterized by a capacitance-voltage hysteresis curve and nearly zero hysteresis was achieved. Therefore, IB irradiation is a useful method to achieve uniform and homogenous LC alignment, and using it with the solution-derived La:ZnO film exhibited potential for high-quality LC applications.

Uniform and defect-free homogeneous alignment of liquid crystal (LC) molecules on solution-derived bismuth-doped tin oxide (TBO) films has been achieved using ion-beam (IB) irradiation. We ...

We achieved vertically aligned (VA) liquid crystals (LCs) on aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films deposited via e-beam evaporation using a rubbing treatment. Uniform and vertical LC alignment was a...

Liquid crystal (LC) alignment on inorganic films has been found to be affected by surface modification via ion-beam irradiation. In this study, ZnO films treated by rubbing with a velvet cloth were shown to be capable of aligning LC molecules in the direction of the rubbing. Uniform and homogeneous LC alignment was achieved on the rubbed ZnO films. By analysing the optical axes before and after the rubbing treatment, we confirmed an increase in the anisotropy of the ZnO films; this optical anisotropy contributed to the uniform orientation of LC molecules. Further, the electro-optical characteristics of the twisted nematic cells based on ZnO films were superior to those based on conventional polyimide layers. Our results indicate that the rubbing approach could be applied in the fabrication of high-performance LC displays.

We report uniform and homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) alignment using ion beam (IB)-irradiated poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) (SMA) films as an alignment layer when the IB incidence angle is controlled. The molecular polarity on the SMA surface increased with IB irradiation, especially at an incidence angle of 30°, resulting in strong van der Waals forces between the LC molecules and the surface. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to determine the LC alignment mechanism. Chemical structure analysis indicated that the orientation of LC molecules was due to van der Waals forces and selective breaking of C–C bonds by IB irradiation. The potential application of SMA substrates as alignment layers for display devices was further supported by their higher thermal stability (220 °C) compared with that of conventional rubbed SMA (160 °C) and rubbed polyimide (160 °C). Therefore, LC cells with IB-irradiated SMA are potential candidates for alternative alignment layers in LC applications.

We investigated the characteristics of a solution-processed indium-doped zinc oxide (In:ZnO) film formed via ion-beam (IB) irradiation as a liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer. The In:ZnO f...

We investigated the induced uniform alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) on a polyurethane (PU) ion-beam (IB) irradiated at a certain incidence angle. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) and the crystal rotation method were used to evaluate the LC alignment state. On PU films IB-irradiated with incidence angles of 60° or less, the LC cells exhibit a clear and uniform alignment. At an incidence angle of 75°, light scattering was observed via POM, indicating the randomly aligned state of the LC cells. Moreover, the calculated pretilt angles for LC cells on IB-irradiated PU at incidence angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° were 0.05°, 0.05°, 0.20°, and 0.18°, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to confirm the effect of varying the IB irradiation incidence angle. The PU surface irradiated by IB was modified differently as the incidence angle changed. IB irradiation at low incidence angles broke C–C, C–O/C–N, and N–C(O)–O bonds and caused C=O bond f...

We investigated homogeneous liquid crystal alignment on hafnium strontium oxide films deposited by a solution process, where the liquid crystal alignment was induced by ion-beam irradiation. Uniform liquid crystal alignment was achieved on the HfSrO films grown at 300 °C. We confirmed the effect of surface morphology and chemical composition of HfSrO films using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, we observed the electro-optical characteristics of the twisted-nematic liquid crystal cells based on hafnium strontium oxide films to verify the possibility of their application in liquid crystal displays.

We present the fabrication of an anisotropic structure on a polyurethane (PU) film for aligning liquid crystal (LC) molecules with ion beam (IB) irradiation at an incident angle. The obtained aniso...

We demonstrated a homogeneous liquid-crystal (LC) alignment state on yttrium aluminum oxide (YAlO) films, where the alignment was induced by ion-beam (IB) irradiation. Topographical analysis was performed by atomic force microscopy as a function of annealing temperature. Higher annealing temperatures yielded a smoother surface, accompanied by reduced light scattering. Transparency in the visible region increased on the surface fabricated at higher annealing temperatures. LC alignment mechanism was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Moreover, IB-irradiated YAlO films annealed at temperatures greater than 200 °C exhibited good thermal stability and low capacitance–voltage hysteresis. The IB-irradiated YAlO films are suitable as alternative alignment layers in advanced LC display applications.

We present the liquid crystal (LC) alignment properties of solution-derived lanthanum tin oxide (LaSnO) films cured at various temperatures and exposed to ion-beam (IB) irradiation. Using a solution process, LaSnO films were deposited on the indium-tin-oxide glass substrates and IB irradiation was used as an alignment method. Homogeneous and uniform LC alignment was achieved and observed by cross-polarised optical microscopy. Pre-tilt angle results with low standard deviation supported the notion of uniform LC alignment. The LaSnO film cured at 300°C showed nearly zero capacitance–voltage hysteresis. The change of the surface morphology of the LaSnO film due to IB irradiation was observed by atomic force microscopy. The effects of IB irradiation on the LC alignment layer were further demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The strong IB irradiation broke the metal–oxide bonds present, which in turn induced an increased number of oxygen vacancies on the whole surface. Uniform LC alignment...

This paper introduces liquid crystal (LC) alignment and its electro-optical properties in the LC cells with silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. The AgNW network was used as an electrode of LC cell as a substitute for an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) film. LC alignment characteristics in the LC cell using AgNW networks, which have two different sheet resistances of 60 Ω/㎡ and 80 Ω/㎡, were observed. The LC alignment characteristics including pretilt angle, LC alignment state, and thermal stability are similar irrespective of sheet resistance of AgNW network. However, twisted-nematic (TN)-LC cell normally operated when using AgNW network with sheet resistance of 80 Ω/㎡. Electrooptical properties of TN-LC cell exhibited competitive performance compared to those of TN-LC cell based on conventional ITO electrode, which allow new approaches to replace conventional ITO electrode in display technology.

We demonstrated the performance of solution-derived hafnium doped tin oxide films annealed at various temperatures via ion-beam irradiation. The Hf:SnO2 films were employed as liquid crystal alignment layers, which were deposited from solution to replace sputtering methods. Homogeneous and uniform liquid crystal alignment was achieved at all annealing temperatures, yielding a high-performance liquid crystal system. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the surface characteristics of the hafnium doped tin oxide films at various annealing temperatures, and various surface phenomena were observed. High-performance electro-optical properties were observed for the twisted nematic LC cells of hafnium doped tin oxide films annealed at various temperatures. The lowest threshold voltage (2.042 V) and fastest response time (8.494 ms) were achieved at an annealing temperature of 200 °C. Our results revealed the potential of solution-derived hafnium doped tin oxide films as liquid crystal alignment layers.

We successfully demonstrated the high performance of liquid crystal (LC) devices without capacitance hysteresis using ion-beam (IB)-irradiated GaSnO in solution. This method is widely used for obtaining inorganic films, although it yields poor crystallinity, owing to its cost effectiveness and high flexibility in combining materials. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses determined that IB irradiation on the films had an effect, which enabled the elucidation of the mechanism for LC alignment. Strong IB irradiation on GaSnO induced the formation of spherical particles on the films and rearrangement of the chemical bonds (linkage of Ga–Sn–O and gradually oxidized films), which could preserve the anisotropic characteristics to unidirectionally align LC molecules on the surface. Because rough surfaces effectively increase the electric field, the strongly restructured GaSnO surface led to a decrease in threshold voltages. Moreover, strong IB irradiation effectively released volume charges when the states of LC molecules were switched “on” and “off”, which is attributed to a reduction in oxygen bonding derived from hydroxyl groups responsible for capturing neutral electrons. Therefore, an IB-irradiated GaSnO film is appropriate as an alternative alignment layer for advanced, energy efficient, hysteresis-free LC display devices. We successfully demonstrated the high performance of liquid crystal (LC) devices without capacitance hysteresis using ion-beam (IB)-irradiated GaSnO in solution. This method is widely used for obtaining inorganic films, although it yields poor crystallinity, owing to its cost effectiveness and high flexibility in combining materials. (a) Schematic of the IB irradiation of the solution-derived GaSnO film. (b) Alignment state of the LCs as a function of IB intensity. (c) Transmittance graph using the crystal rotation method to calculate the pretilt angle. (d) Transmittance as a function of voltage of the twisted nematic (TN) cells fabricated from IB-irradiated GaSnO at different intensities compared to the rubbed PI method (e) Capacitance of the TN cells fabricated from IB-irradiated GaSnO at 2200 eV, which exhibited hysteresis-free characteristic of TN cells. Because rough surfaces effectively increase the electric field, the strongly restructured GaSnO surface led to a decrease in threshold voltages. Moreover, strong IB irradiation effectively released volume charges when the states of LC molecules were switched “on” and “off”, which is attributed to a reduction in oxygen bonding derived from hydroxyl groups responsible for capturing neutral electrons. Therefore, an IB-irradiated GaSnO film is appropriate as an alternative alignment layer for advanced, energy efficient, hysteresis-free LC display devices.

We demonstrated uniform LC alignment using IB-irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as an alignment layer. We confirmed the topographical changes on PMMA caused by IB irradiation. Moreover, the wettability and chemical modification of the PMMA surface were investigated as functions of incidence angle. The results show that PMMA irradiated with IB at an incidence angle of 30° had a higher molecular polarity than PMMA irradiated with IB at other incidence angles, resulting in strong van der Waals interactions between the surface and LC molecules. The LC cells containing PMMA irradiated with IB at an incidence angle of 30° exhibited good thermal stability (180°) compared with LC cells containing conventional rubbing PI (150°). In addition, LC molecules on PMMA irradiated with IB at an incidence angle of 30° were observed to switch faster than those on conventional rubbing PI. Therefore, PMMA irradiated with IB under the optimal conditions may allow for PMMA to be applied in advanced LC devices as an alternative alignment layer.

We present the characteristics of annealing temperature-dependent, zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) films deposited by a solution process for application in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). ZTO surfaces supported homogeneously-aligned liquid crystal (LC) molecules based on an ion beam irradiation system. Uniform LC alignment and a precise pretilt angle were obtained at an annealing temperature greater than 300 °C. The oxidation of ZTO films was confirmed using field-emission-scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electro-optical characteristics of electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) cells based on the ZTO films were superior to those based on polyimide. Especially, IB-irradiated ZTO films exhibited superior performance with respect to response time. This result indicates that this approach will allow for the fabrication of advanced LCDs with high performance.

We investigated reservoir properties of coalbed methane and typical development of drilling, completion, and stimulation methods. We optimized selection technique for development methods by consifering characteristics of coalbed methane resercoir in the San Juan, Black Warrior and Powder River basins of United States. Finally, well-optimized development methods for coalbed methane in the Barito Basin, Indonesia are suggested. This study may be useful to select economical and efficient drilling, completion, and stimulation methods in coalbed methane development especially in Indonesia.

We investigated the effects of the different light emitting diodes (LEDs; red, green, blue, and mixed purple) on oxidative stress by measuring the expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, plasma H2O2, lipid peroxidation (LPO), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) levels, and melatonin during thermal stress (low-water temperature, 22 → 14°C; high-water temperature, 22 → 30°C) on goldfish, Carassius auratus. The expression and activity of the antioxidant enzymes and levels of H2O2, LPO, AspAT/AlaAT, and melatonin were significantly higher after the fish were exposed to low-/high-water temperature environments. Furthermore, in green and blue lights, the expression of antioxidant enzymes and mRNA of heat shock protein 70, and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and plasma H2O2, LPO, and melatonin levels were significantly lower than those under other light spectra. The results indicated that low-/high-water temperature conditions induced oxidative stress in goldfish and green and blue LEDs inhibit oxidative stress.

The effect of liquid crystal (LC) alignment on a homeotropic polyimide (PI) surface induced by ion beam (IB) irradiation and rubbing process was studied. LC alignment was not affected by IB irradiation with an exposure time of 10 s, and an IB irradiation with an exposure time of 60 s more effectively oriented the LCs on the PI layer than the rubbing process. It was assumed that the LC alignment depended on the C-O bonds created from the C=O bonds on the PI surface broken by IB irradiation after an exposure time of 60 s, which resulted in a strong surface energy that transformed the homeotropic LC alignment to homogeneous states.

【The influence of carrageenan addition on the gelatinization of salt-based surimi gels was investigated by measuring compressive properties and Hunter color scale values. Hydrocolloid kappa ( ${\kappa}$ )-carrageenan at 0%, 0.2%, and 1.0% and NaCl (2% w/w), KCl (1.5% w/w), and a mixture of NaCl (2% w/w) and KCl (1.5% w/w), were added to Alaska pollock surimi. Gel compressive properties were assessed by measuring the breaking force and gel strength. The gelling property of ${\kappa}$ -carrageenan-induced surimi gel was significantly increased by the incorporation of KCl rather than NaCl. The addition of ${\kappa}$ -carrageenan increased the breaking force and gel strength of surimi gels. Gels with 1% ${\kappa}$ -carrageenan and KCl had the highest breaking force and gel strength. The addition of ${\kappa}$ -carrageenan caused an increase in the whiteness values of the surimi gels.】

In this article, we study the electro-optical (EO) properties of the homogeneous aligned nematic liquid crystal (N-LC) doped with cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). The EO characteristics of Co3O4 doped N-LC are higher performance, indicating lower threshold voltage (1.33 V), faster rising time (1.479 ms), and faster falling time (9.343 ms) than pure liquid crystal (LC) cells. We have demonstrated these results by investigating the relationship between dielectric constants and LC device properties. Furthermore, we proved NPs doped N-LC cells drive low power operation without capacitance hysteresis. Our experimental results were verified by software simulation based on general physical properties.

In this paper, solution-derived gallium oxide (GaO) films are fabricated for the homogeneous alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) after an ion-beam (IB) irradiation process. GaO thin films are prepared under a variety of temperatures and different IB irradiation intensities, and the physicochemical performances of the fabricated GaO thin films are analysed using a UV-vis spectrometer, an atomic force microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A higher transmittance of 85.40% from GaO thin film is obtained compared with that of polyimide (PI) film (83.52%), which indicates the feasibility for a GaO thin layer to substitute for a conventional PI layer as an alignment layer. LCs are found to align on the GaO thin film after pre-baking at 100°C and homogeneous and uniform low-IB intensity irradiation. We also determined the electro-optical (EO) characteristics of the twisted nematic (TN) cells fabricated with GaO thin layers and found them to be similar to those of cells fabricated with PI layers. Overall, GaO films achieved via the IB irradiation method are promising LC alignment layers due to the method’s low-temperature solution-derived process.

We have designed high performance prism light-guide plate (LGP) in 17 inch TFT-LCD. In test result to embody high brightness BLU in case of LGP of base and upper surface with 17 inch, thickness 8mm adding prism construct. Using optical simulation, we forecast the brightness and uniformity in LGP with prism structure. And we adopted novel injection mold method and Nickel stamper to make actual evolution sample. Novel injection mold process has steady heating time zone in heat cycle time of injection mold process. For this novel heat cycle control, we achieved above 90[%] height prism structure as our design. It is superior brightness improvement than previous that of printing form about some 20[%] and in this course to embody actual material it succeeded prism LGP production by 17 inch injection form process.

This paper introduces zirconia (ZrO2) use in liquid crystal (LC) alignment for uniform and effective LC orientation. We used a conventional rubbing process to induce LC alignment. As a result, uniform LC alignments were achieved in all samples with ZrO2 nanoparticles from 0.01 wt% to 0.3 wt%. Pretilt angles of LCs on ZrO2 nanoparticles doped LC alignment layers slightly increased as the percentage of ZrO2 nanoparticles rose. However, contact angles were almost the same. When twist-nematic (TN) LC cells used LC alignment layers with ZrO2 nanoparticle content of 0.1 wt%, best performance was shown. Finally, it is shown that ZrO2 nanoparticles doped LC alignment layers have more thermal budget than pristine ones in thermal stability test.

The authors introduce variable liquid crystal (LC) properties via ion beam (IB) irradiation on the ZrO2 layers. A uniform LC alignment characteristic was achieved on the ZrO2 thin film, and the pretilt angle was about 1.2°. We have shown that the pretilt angle can be controlled by changing ion beam parameters, such as the ion beam energy, the angle of incidence, and the irradiation time. The low pretilt angle for the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on the ZrO2 thin film treated by ion beam irradiation could be adopted in planer alignment LCD liquid crystal display (LCD) applications as in-plane switching and fringe-field switching modes. The thermal stability of the ZrO2 thin film was sustained until 210°C. We also have shown that a liquid crystal cell aligned homogeneously by the ion beam irradiation exhibits the voltage-transmittance curve similar to that of a rubbed polyimide cell.

In applying LCD to TV application, one of the most significant factors to be improved is image sticking on the moving picture. LCD is different from CRT in the sense that it's continuous passive device, which holds images in entire frame period, while impulse type device generate image in very short time. To reduce image sticking problem related to hold type display mode, we made an experiment to drive TN-LCD like CRT. We made articulate images by turn on-off backlight, and we realized the ratio of Back Light on-off time by counting between on time and off time for video signal input during 1 frame (16.7[ms]). Conventional CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent lamp) cannot follow fast on-off speed, so we evaluated new fluorescent substances of light source to improve residual light characteristic of CCFL. We realized articulate image generation similar to CRT by CCFL blinking drive and TN-LCD overdriving. As a result, reduced image sticking phenomenon was validated by naked eye and response time measurement.