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Youth exposure to mental illness in family or friends is a known risk factor of internalizing disorders. The current study examines the relationship between mental illness exposure and adolescents' mental health and well-being in a cross-sectional school-based population using all self-report measures. Multilevel modelling was used to estimate adjusted effect of mental illness exposure on mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, well-being, and quality of life. The results indicated that there are statistically significant associations between mental illness exposure (through parents only, friends only, both, or none) and adolescent mental health. Compared to adolescents who had no exposure, depression and anxiety were significantly higher for those who had exposure through parents only, friends only, or both. They also had significantly lower well-being and quality of life. This study provides insight into how exposure to mental illness through friends or parents relates to adolescents' mental health. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2023;53(5):228–235.]

In this updated article, APA Style experts give advice about conquering APA Style based on the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020; cf. Hughes et al., 2017). Learning and teaching APA Style can be difficult because of the many rules (Hughes et al., 2017), and the seventh edition added additional rules and changed existing rules that writers are expected to follow. This article is meant to be a resource for those teaching and learning APA Style. The first part of the article covers these new rules. The second part details common writing issues that APA Style tutors often see. The third part gives writing tips and tricks to help in a research methods course. The next part contains APA Style rules that many writers do not know, and the final part has style rules often missing from empirical research submissions to academic journals.

To examine trajectories of treatment response in suicidal youth who participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and individual and group supportive therapy.Using latent class analysis across both treatment conditions, secondary analyses were conducted of data from a multisite randomized controlled trial comprising 173 youths ages 12-18 with repetitive self-harm (SH) (including ≥1 lifetime suicide attempts) and elevated suicidal ideation (SI). The sample was 95% female, 56.4% White, and 27.49% Latina. Participants received 6 months of DBT or individual and group supportive therapy and 6 months of follow-up. Primary outcomes were SH and SI.Of the sample, 63% and 74% were members of latent classes that showed improvement in SI and SH, respectively; 13% were total nonresponders, with no improvement in SI or SH. SH nonresponse emerged at the midpoint of treatment (3 months), with nonresponders showing a sharp increase in SH over the remainder of treatment and follow-up. Youth receiving DBT were significantly more likely to be an SH responder vs nonresponder than youths in individual and group supportive therapy (ꭓThis is the first study to identify trajectories of both SI and SH response to treatment in a sample of adolescents at risk of suicide. Results may inform personalized treatment approaches.Collaborative Adolescent Research on Emotions and Suicide (CARES); https://www.gov/; NCT01528020.

Youth who experience bullying are at risk for psychopathology, indicating the necessity of identifying factors that may protect against the deleterious effects of being bullied. The present study expands upon prior research by examining resilience as a mediator of the effects of experiencing bullying on depression and anxiety within a sample of 2155 adolescents. Results indicated that youth who experienced bullying were more likely to have higher symptoms of depression and anxiety and lower resilience, while higher levels of resilience were associated with fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety. Resilience partially mediated the associations of experiencing bullying with depression and anxiety symptoms, suggesting that resilience may serve as a protective factor for adolescents who experience bullying. These findings have implications for programming that seeks to address bullying, peer victimization, and promotion of adolescent mental health.

Background Pharmacokinetic data for bedaquiline in children are limited. We described the pharmacokinetics and safety of bedaquiline in South African children and adolescents receiving treatment for multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) in routine care. Methods In this observational cohort study, children aged 6–17 years receiving bedaquiline at recommended doses as part of MDR/RR-TB treatment underwent semi-intensive pharmacokinetic sampling. Bedaquiline and the M2 metabolite plasma concentrations were quantified, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling performed. Pediatric data were described using a pre-established model of bedaquiline pharmacokinetics in adults. The exposure reference was 187 µg ⋅ h/mL, the median weekly area under the curve (AUC) of adults at week 24 of treatment with bedaquiline. Safety was assessed through monthly clinical, blood and electrocardiogram monitoring, and treatment outcomes described. Results Fifteen children (3 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-positive) with median age 13.3 years (range 6.5–16.3) were included. A bedaquiline pharmacokinetic model was adapted to be allometrically scaled in clearance and volume, centered in the median child population weight. Bedaquiline bioavailability was 57% of that in adults. Overall bedaquiline exposures were below target, and AUC reference attainment was achieved in only 3 (20%) children. Ten children experienced 27 adverse events at least possibly related to bedaquiline; no adverse events led to bedaquiline withdrawal. Two adverse events (arthritis and arthralgia) were considered severe, and 2 children had mild QT interval corrected for heart rate using Fridericia’s formula (QT) prolongation. Conclusions The evaluated doses of bedaquiline in children ≥ 6 years of age were safe but achieved slightly lower plasma concentrations compared to adults receiving the recommended dose, possibly due to delayed food intake relative to bedaquiline administration.

The Safe Alternatives for Teens and Youth (SAFETY) treatment was developed to decrease the risk of repeat suicidal and self-harm behavior in youth presenting with elevated suicide risk. This paper uses case illustrations to demonstrate the SAFETY treatment, building upon the companion paper describing our “incubator” treatment development model and process ( Asarnow et al., 2021 ). As illustrated in the second case illustration, the incubator model approach was particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic switch to telehealth. SAFETY specifically targets suicide and self-harm risk reduction using an individually tailored principle-guided approach, grounded in a case conceptualization that identifies cognitive-behavioral processes and reactions that contribute to increased suicide attempt risk and explains the youth’s suicidal/self-harm behavior within the context of his or her broader social systems. The SAFETY treatment has been tested in two treatment development trials, and results support the efficacy of SAFETY for preventing suicide attempts in adolescents presenting with recent self-harm.

Youths who make suicide attempts or engage in repetitive self-harm are at risk for future suicide attempts and death by suicide or self-harm. This treatment development report focuses on the Safe Alternatives for Teens and Youth (SAFETY) treatment. SAFETY is a 12-week outpatient child and family-centered cognitive-behavioral treatment, informed by dialectical-behavior therapy, and designed to promote safety following a suicide attempt or repeated episodes of self-harm. Previous reports have described results of small open and randomized treatment development trials. Here, we describe our “incubator” treatment development model. Combining scientific rigor with attention to the community context in which treatment is delivered, the incubator model emphasizes laboratory-based treatment development trials and quantitative and qualitative data generated through partnerships with community treatment sites and youth and parent consumers of care. Aims of this approach are to: (1) integrate information from our partners throughout the treatment development process; (2) create a more feasible and easily transportable “youth” and “family” centered treatment; and (3) accelerate the pace with which laboratory-based treatment advances can be incorporated into improvements in community care. We describe our incubator treatment development model and how data generated through our treatment development process and interactions between the laboratory and community teams contributed to the development of the SAFETY treatment.

This article is an updated version of Hughes et al.’s (2016) article, which encouraged authors to think about and update the demographic questions they use in their research surveys. Hughes et al. (2016) wrote the original article because they could not find a comprehensive resource that gave researchers examples of well-written and representative demographic questions based on the research literature. Since that original article, new and revised terminology related to demographics has emerged and scholarship on equity, diversity, and inclusion has flourished, so the need to present a set of updated demographic questions arose. Based on the recommendation from the APA Journal Article Reporting Standards, Appelbaum et al. (2018) recommended that researchers report the following major demographic characteristics for their samples, which are presented in this article (i.e., age, gender identity and sex assigned at birth, ethnicity and race, and socioeconomic status and social class). They also suggested that researchers assess other demographic characteristics that are important to their specific research, so the most common additional options from the psychological literature (i.e., children, citizenship and immigration status, disability, education, employment, income, language, location, relationship status, religion, and sexual orientation) are included as well. For each of these demographic domains, both questions and more inclusive answer choices are presented. This work is important because it can help researchers to gather and present more accurate information about survey participants’ identities and demonstrates that researchers value inclusion and diversity when conducting their research (Hughes et al., 2016).

Sperm storage by females after mating for species-dependent periods is used widely among animals with internal fertilization to allow asynchrony between mating and ovulation. Many mammals store sperm in the lower oviduct where specific glycans on epithelial cells retain sperm to form a reservoir. Binding to oviduct cells suppresses sperm intracellular Ca2+and increases sperm longevity. We investigated the mechanisms by which a specific oviduct glycan, 3-O-sulfated Lewis X trisaccharide (suLeX), prolongs the lifespan of porcine sperm. Using targeted metabolomics, we report that binding to suLeXdiminishes the abundance of the precursor to ubiquinone and suppresses formation of fumarate, a specific citric acid cycle component, diminishing the activity of the electron transport chain and reducing the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). The enhanced sperm lifespan in the oviduct may be due to suppressed ROS production as many reports have demonstrated toxic effects of high ROS concentrations on sperm.

Albumin, a vital protein in cell culture systems, is derived from whole blood or blood products. The culture of human gametes and developing embryos for assisted reproductive technology (ART) uses albumin of human origin. Human serum albumin (HSA) is derived from expired blood obtained from blood banks. This blood has been stored in polyvinyl chloride bags made clear and flexible with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). However, DEHP can leach from the bags into stored blood and cofractionate with HSA during albumin isolation. DEHP and its metabolite, mono-ethylhexyl phthalate, are known endocrine disruptors that are reported to have negative effects when directly supplemented in media for in vitro fertilization using gametes from a variety of animals. Therefore, the contamination of ART media with DEHP and mono-ethylhexyl phthalate through HSA supplementation may affect the outcomes of ART procedures. Although the embryology laboratory is strictly monitored to prevent a wide variety of contaminations, phthalate contamination of HSA has not been broadly examined. This review outlines the function of HSA in ART procedures and the production of HSA from whole blood. Finally, the review highlights the effects of acute phthalate exposures on gametes during in vitro procedures. Phthalates found in human serum albumin are present in media used for ART at levels that impair developmental endpoints in model species.

Background Emerging work has suggested worsening mental health in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is minimal data on individuals with a prior history of depression. Methods Data regarding depression, anxiety and quality of life in adult participants with a history of a depressive disorder (n = 308) were collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mixed effects regression models were fit for these outcomes over the period May – August 2020, controlling for pre-pandemic depressive groups (none, mild, moderate-to-severe), demographic characteristics, and early COVID-19 related experiences (such as disruptions in routines, mental health treatment, and social supports). Results In pre-to-early pandemic comparisons, the 3 pre-pandemic depressive categories varied significantly in anxiety (Fdf=2,197 = 7.93, p < 0.0005) and psychological QOL (Fdf=2,196 = 8.57, p = 0.0003). The mildly depressed group (Fdf=1,201 = 6.01, p = 0.02) and moderate-to-severely depressed group (Fdf=1,201 = 38.51, p < 0.0001) had a significant reduction in anxiety. There were no changes among the groups in any outcome from May to August 2020. However, early impact on mental health care access and disruption in routines predicted worse outcomes during this time. Limitations Follow-up data were self-reported. Furthermore, the duration was a relatively short span into the pandemic. Conclusions Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and quality of life were generally stable from 2019 throughout August 2020 in adults with a history of depression. Disruption in mental health care access and routines in May 2020 predicted worse symptom outcomes through August 2020.

Purpose The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether obesity is associated with suicide attempt in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Methods From the 2004–2005 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 data (n = 34,653 adults), survey responses were extracted on suicide attempt (ever, recent [≤ 2 years]), demographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity), mental disorders (internalizing, personality, substance abuse), and psychosocial factors (e.g., abuse, trauma, sexual identity). Current body mass index (BMI) categorized participants as obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) or non-obese (2). Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] of suicide attempt by obesity status was calculated by logistic regression, while adjusting for mental health, demographic, and psychosocial confounders. Results Ever and recent suicide attempt prevalence was 3.4% and 3.1%, respectively, and the obesity prevalence 28%. Compared to non-obese adults, obese adults were 1.43 [1.20–1.69] times and 1.40 [0.90–2.18] times more likely to have ever, and recently, attempted suicide, respectively. Among the obese, middle-age (36–55 years) adults were 0.64 [0.31–0.92] times less likely to have ever-attempted suicide than older (> 55 years) adults. Only 15% of the obesity’s association with lifetime suicide attempt was mediated by mental illnesses. Conclusion Current-obesity is associated with lifetime suicide attempt among U.S. adults, even after adjustment for mental health, demographic, and psychosocial confounders. Further research on the temporality and causality of this association is needed.

In March 2020, the majority of schools in the United States transitioned to distance learning in order to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Little data is available on the impact of this abrupt transi...

Pediatric Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire is a brief 15-item self-report measure of quality of life and life satisfaction originally developed for clinical populations (6 to 17 years old). The current paper examines the initial factor structure proposed by the developers and underlying psychometric properties of the measure in a non-clinical population of teens. A cross-sectional adolescent sample (N = 3222) completed self-report measures as part of mental health promotion program. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with construct validity analyses. The original factor structure was replicated with strong internal consistency (Cronbach α = .912). Strong construct validity (e.g. resilience, well-being, depression, and anxiety) was found. Minimal differences were found based on gender, race, and ethnicity. PQ-LES-Q has strong, replicable psychometric properties, which makes it a generally reliable and valid assessment tool to evaluate the quality of life and life satisfaction in adolescents.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased isolation of caregivers making the development of an in-home assessment tool timely. This study examined the usability of the Caregiver Assessment using Serious ...

In New Spain in the sixteenth century, the colony was imagined as a sacred body, as the mystical body of Christ(corpus mysticum), in which millions of presumed Catholic Indigenous subjects figured as the body’s wounded feet. Beyond the simple secularization of a theological concept and its appropriation toward political ends, the colonialcorpus mysticumbecame living, enfleshed, and incarnate, both sustaining the colonial project and rebelling against it. The Mexicancorpus mysticumwas grounded in the vernacular theologies and affects of themortandad, the violent death world of the colonial cataclysm. The ‘mysterious materiality’ of the New Worldcorpus mysticumpoints to signs of Mexican Indigenous communities’ theopolitical refusal to be subsumed into the Spanish colonial flesh-body.

Studies of Y Chromosome evolution have focused primarily on gene decay, a consequence of suppression of crossing-over with the X Chromosome. Here, we provide evidence that suppression of X–Y crossing-over unleashed a second dynamic: selfish X–Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes in mammals as different as cattle, mice, and men. Using super-resolution sequencing, we explore the Y Chromosome of Bos taurus (bull) and find it to be dominated by massive, lineage-specific amplification of testis-expressed gene families, making it the most gene-dense Y Chromosome sequenced to date. As in mice, an X-linked homolog of a bull Y-amplified gene has become testis-specific and amplified. This evolutionary convergence implies that lineage-specific X–Y coevolution through gene amplification, and the selfish forces underlying this phenomenon, were dominatingly powerful among diverse mammalian lineages. Together with Y gene decay, X–Y arms races molded mammalian sex chromosomes and influenced the course of mammalian evolution.

Abstract. Dementia caregiving is associated with depression, stress, and sleep disturbance. A daily use caregiver sleep survey (DUCSS) was developed to evaluate caregiver sleep. The tool was distributed to 24 informal caregivers and validated using the Rasch model, which indicated that the 17-item survey produced sleep quality measures of sufficient reliability for both group-level and individual-level comparisons (reliability = .87). The sample size was sufficient to provide precise measures of the item’s position along the scale (item difficulty) (reliability = .85), so outcomes associated with sleep quality levels could be evaluated. We observed that the structure of the instrument is unidimensional, meaning the wording does not contain systematic biases peripheral to sleep quality. DUCSS is a useful tool for caregiver assessment and monitoring.

Purpose Suicide is a leading cause of death among U.S. youth aged 12–18 years. Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM), a promising, universal, school-based mental health promotion/suicide primary prevention intervention for adolescents, has been evaluated in Europe but not in the U.S. The present study used an uncontrolled, pretest/post-test design to document the potential for YAM to reduce suicidal ideation, attempt, and suicide. A demonstration that help seeking behaviors, mental health literacy, and mental health stigmatizing attitudes improve after the intervention would suggest that the program is promising in the U.S., as well as in Europe, and that further investigation is merited. Methods YAM was delivered to 1,878 students in 11 schools as part of regular school curricula. A subset of these students (n = 436) completed surveys before and 3 months postdelivery. Surveys included five questions about help seeking behaviors, a measure of intent to seek help (General Help Seeking Questionnaire), two mental health literacy scales, and two mental illness stigma scales (Reported and Intended Behavior Scale and Personal Stigma and Social Distance Scale). Both McNemar's test and repeated measures linear models were used to determine whether the survey outcomes changed after YAM delivery. Results Among the 436 adolescents (286 and 150 in Montana and Texas, respectively), significant increases were found pre- to post-intervention in three of five help seeking behaviors, along with improved mental health literacy and decreased mental health-related stigma. Intent to seek help was unchanged. Conclusions Several help seeking behavioral factors, mental health knowledge, and stigma improved post-YAM intervention. All three domains are likely protective against suicide. A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of YAM in preventing suicidal behaviors is warranted.

Neither time nor resources exist to design conservation plans for every species, particularly for little-studied, noncharismatic, but ecologically important taxa that make up most of biodiversity. To explore the feasibility of basing conservation action on community-level biogeography, we sampled a montane insect community. We addressed three issues: (1) the appropriate scale for sampling insect communities; (2) the association of habitat specialization—perhaps a measure of extinction vulnerability—with other ecological or physical traits; and (3) the correlation of diversity across major insect groups. Using malaise traps in Gunnison County, Colorado, we captured 8847 Diptera (identified to family and morphospecies), 1822 Hymenoptera (identified to morphospecies), and 2107 other insects (identified to order). We sampled in three habitat types—meadow, aspen, and conifer—defined on the basis of the dominant vegetation at the scale of hundreds of meters. Dipteran communities were clearly differentiated by habitat type rather than geographic proximity. This result also holds true for hymenopteran communities. Body size and feeding habits were associated with habitat specialization at the family level. In particular, habitat generalists at the family level—taxa perhaps more likely to survive anthropogenic habitat alteration—tended to be trophic generalists. Dipteran species richness was marginally correlated with hymenopteran species richness and was significantly correlated with the total number of insect orders sampled by site. Because these correlations result from differences in richness among habitat types, insect taxa may be reasonable surrogates for one another when sampling is done across habitat types. In sum, community-wide studies appear to offer a practical way to gather information about the diversity and distribution of little-known taxa. Resumen:No existe ni el tiempo ni los recursos para disenar planes de conservacion para cada especie, particularmente para los taxones poco estudiados, no carismaticas, pero ecologicamente importantes que componen la mayoria de la biodiversidad. Para explorar la factibilidad de basar acciones de conservacion en biogegrafia a nivel comunitario, muestreamos una comunidad de insectos de montana. Evaluamos tres aspectos: (1) la escala adecuada para el muestreo de comunidades de insectos; (2) la asociacion de especializacion de habitat—quiza una medida de vulnerabilidad de extincion—con otras caracteristicas ecologicas o fisicas; y (3) la correlacion de la diversidad a lo largo de los grupos principales de insectos. Mediante el uso de trampas en el condado Gunnison, en Colorado, capturamos 8847 dipteros (identificados a nivel de familia y morfoespecies), 1822 himenopteros (identificadas hasta morfoespecies) y 2107 otros insectos (identificados a nivel de orden). Muestreamos tres tipos de habitats—vega, alamos temblones y coniferas—definidos en base a la vegetacion dominante a escala de cientos de metros. Las comunidades de dipteros estuvieron claramente diferenciadas por tipos de habitat y no por la proximidad geografica. Este resultado tambien se mantiene para las comunidades de himenopteros. El tamano del cuerpo y los habitos alimenticios estuvieron asociados con la especializacion del habitat a nivel de familia. En particular, los generalistas de habitat a nivel de familia—los taxones que posiblemente tengan mayor probabilidad de sobrevivir alteraciones antropogenicas del habitat—tendieron a ser generalistas troficos. La riqueza de las especies de dipteros estuvo marginalmente correlacionada con la riqueza de especies de himenopteros y estuvo significativamente correlacionada con el numero total de ordenes de insectos muestreadas por sitio. Debido a que estas correlaciones resultaron de diferencias en la riqueza de especies entre tipos de habitats, los taxones de insectos podrian ser substitutos mutuos razonables cuando se muestrea entre diferentes tipos de habitats. En resumen, los estudios a lo largo de comunidades parecen ofrecer una forma practica de recolectar informacion sobre la diversidad y distribucion de los taxones poco estudiados.

Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among young people worldwide and the third leading cause of death among those in the US. This review outlines the epidemiology of suicide and suicidal behavior in young people. It discusses intersectionality as an emerging framework to guide research on prevention of suicide in young people and highlights several clinical and community settings that are prime targets for implementation of effective treatment programs and interventions aimed at rapidly reducing the suicide rate in young people. It provides an overview of current approaches to screening and assessment of suicide risk in young people and the commonly used screening tools and assessment measures. It discusses universal, selective, and indicated evidence based suicide focused interventions and highlights components of psychosocial interventions with the strongest evidence for reducing risk. Finally, the review discusses suicide prevention strategies in community settings and considers future research directions and questions challenging the field.

BACKGROUND Resilience is defined as the ability to rely on internal characteristics and external strengths to adapt to adverse events. Although universal resilience-enhancing programs are effective for adolescents, there is a need for interventions that are more easily accessible and can be customized for individual teens. Phone apps are easy to use, can be tailored to individuals, and have demonstrated positive effects for mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a resilience app for adolescents. This app aimed to enhance resilience through modules focused on depression prevention, stress management, and healthy lifestyle approaches containing videos, measures, and practice suggestions. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term app use on changes in resilience. METHODS In study 1, individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with adolescents, parents, teachers, and clinicians to discuss possible incentives for using a mental health app, the benefits of app use, and concerns associated with app use. Feedback from study 1 led to ideas for the prototype. In study 2, individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with adolescents, parents, teachers, and clinicians to gather feedback about the resilience app prototype. Feedback from study 2 led to changes in the prototype, although not all suggestions could be implemented. In study 3, 40 adolescents used the app for 30 days to determine feasibility and acceptability. Additionally, resilience and secondary mental health outcomes were measured before and after app use. Dependent samples 2-tailed t tests were conducted to determine whether there were changes in resilience and secondary mental health outcomes among the adolescents before and after app use. RESULTS Multiple themes were identified through study 1 individual interviews and focus groups, including app content, features, engagement, benefits, concerns, and improvement. Specifically, the adolescents provided helpful suggestions for making the prototype more appealing and functional for teen users. Study 2 adolescents and adults reported that the prototype was feasible and acceptable through the Computer System Usability Questionnaire (mean 6.30, SD 1.03) and Mobile App Rating Scale (mean 4.08, SD 0.61). In study 2, there were no significant differences in resilience and mental health outcomes after using the app for 30 days. There was variation between the participants in the extent to which they used the app, which may have led to variation in the results. The users appeared to prefer the depression module and survey sections, which provided mental health feedback. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative and quantitative data provide evidence that youth are interested in a resilience mental health app and that the current prototype is feasible. Although there were no significant mental health changes in study 3 users, practical implications and future directions are discussed for mental health app research.

BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders in youth are frequently underdiagnosed and untreated, partly due to a lack of screening in primary care. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale is a brief self-report measure designed to screen for anxiety in primary care settings. However, little is known about the psychometrics of this scale with adolescents. METHODS Participants included 579 youth age 11 to 17 years who received screening for depression in a primary care setting through a web-based application, VitalSign6, over a 4-year period. Psychometric analyses were completed based on classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). RESULTS Using CTT and IRT methods, the GAD-7 has a unidimensional structure with good psychometric properties. In addition, the IRT analysis demonstrates that items 1 and 2 are strongly associated with the total score, and thus are good choices as a 2-item screening tool. Convergent validity was demonstrated, with high correlations between the GAD-7 and other measures of anxiety, and discriminant validity was also demonstrated, with low correlations to measures of other psychological states. CONCLUSIONS This psychometric evaluation of the GAD-7 provides support for the utility of this measure with adolescents. The GAD-2 is a good estimate of GAD-7 total score.

Anxiety disorders in youth are frequently underdiagnosed and untreated, partly due to a lack of screening in primary care. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale is a brief self-report measure designed to screen for anxiety in primary care settings. However, little is known about the psychometrics of this scale with adolescents.Participants included 579 youth age 11 to 17 years who received screening for depression in a primary care setting through a web-based application, VitalSignUsing CTT and IRT methods, the GAD-7 has a unidimensional structure with good psychometric properties. In addition, the IRT analysis demonstrates that items 1 and 2 are strongly associated with the total score, and thus are good choices as a 2-item screening tool. Convergent validity was demonstrated, with high correlations between the GAD-7 and other measures of anxiety, and discriminant validity was also demonstrated, with low correlations to measures of other psychological states.This psychometric evaluation of the GAD-7 provides support for the utility of this measure with adolescents. The GAD-2 is a good estimate of GAD-7 total score.

The California missions, whose original church spaces and visual programs were produced by Iberian, Mexican, and Native artisans between 1769 and 1823, occupy an ambiguous chronological, geographical, and political space. They occupy lands that have pertained to conflicting territorialities: from Native nations, to New Spain, to Mexico, to the modern multicultural California. The physical and visual landscapes of the missions have been sites of complex and often incongruous religious experiences; historical trauma and romantic vision; Indigenous genocide, exploitation, resistance, and survivance; state building and global enterprise. This Dialogues section brings together critical voices, including especially the voices of California Indian scholars, to interrogate received models for thinking about the art historical legacies of the California missions. Together, the contributing authors move beyond and across borders and promote new decolonial strategies that strive to be responsive to the experience of California Indian communities and nations. This conversation emerges from cross-disciplinary relationships established at a two-day conference, “‘American’ Art and the Legacy of Conquest: Art at California’s Missions in the Global 18th–20th Centuries,” sponsored by the Terra Foundation for American Art and held at the University of California, Los Angeles, in November 2019.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among US adolescents, and rates of suicide among youth have been increasing for the past decade. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the universal, school-based Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM) program, a promising mental health promotion and suicide primary prevention intervention, in US youth. Using an uncontrolled design, the feasibility and acceptability of delivering and studying YAM were assessed in Montana and Texas schools. Thirteen of 16 (81.3%) schools agreed to support YAM delivery, and five Montana and 6 Texas schools were included in analyses. Facilitators delivered YAM in 78 classes (1,878 students) as regular high school curriculum. Of the total number of students who received YAM, 519 (27.6%) provided parental consent and assent. 436 (84.0%) consented students participated in pre- and post-surveys. Students, parents, and school staff found YAM highly acceptable based on satisfaction surveys. In summary, this study found YAM feasible to implement in US schools. Results also suggest students, parents, and school staff supported school-based programs and were highly satisfied with the YAM program. A randomized controlled trial is warranted to test the efficacy of YAM in promoting mental health and preventing suicidal thoughts and behaviors in US adolescents.

BackgroundDespite the school setting presenting an ideal place to address youth depression and suicide prevention, there continues to be a need for innovative and effective school-based mental health interventions. MethodsThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center’s Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care developed a collaborative school-based prevention effort, the Risk and Resilience Network (RRN), to develop and test approaches to aid in enhancing resiliency factors, prevention of depression and suicide, and improve early identification and care linkage for youth with depression and/or suicidality. The aims of RRN were: 1) to build collaborative partnerships with schools and youth-focused community organizations to study risk and resilience in youth, and 2) in collaboration with school partners and youth-focused community organizations, to engage school stakeholders and families in developing and testing innovative strategies for addressing depression and suicide prevention in schools. To engage schools in the RRN, a cornerstone, evidenced-based program was selected (Youth Aware of Mental Health, YAM, program) to offer to schools as part of an implementation project. This report uses the RE-AIM framework to describe the rationale, design, implementation process, and YAM program evaluation results from the initial years of a school-based network focused on depression and suicide prevention.ResultsDescriptive data are presented, using the RE-AIM framework, on the first three academic years of the RRN and YAM program partnerships (2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019), which included 24 RRN partnerships. Eleven (73.3%) out of the 15 school systems who agreed to RRN partnerships agreed to implement the YAM program, resulting in 14,061 students who participated in YAM.ConclusionsThe RRN is a collaborative school-based prevention effort to develop and test approaches to aid in enhancing resiliency factors, preventing of depression and suicide, and improving early identification and care linkage for youth with depression and/or suicidality. Trial Registration: Not applicable