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Svrha izrade rada bila je prikazati spolno prenosive bolesti adolescenata, javnozdravstveni značaj promicanja spolnog i reproduktivnog zdravlja te prevenciju i zaštitu spolnog zdravlja. U radu se također spominje životni stil adolescenata koji je često osebujan, ali i nepredvidiv. Životne navike adolescenata značajan su čimbenik za njihovo zdravlje, pa je važno utjecati odmah na usvajanje zdravih životnih stilova kako bi adolescenti sačuvali svoje tjelesno, mentalno, socijalno i društveno zdravlje, pri čemu se u radu posebno naglašava uloga sestrinstva u podizanju zdravstvene pismenosti i zaštiti spolnog i reproduktivnog zdravlja adolescenata. The aim of this paper was to present sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents, the importance of promoting sexual and reproductive health for public health, and prevention and protection of sexual health. The paper also addresses the lifestyle of adolescents, which is often peculiar but also unpredictable. Adolescents' lifestyles are a significant factor in their health, making it important to immediately work toward healthy lifestyles so that adolescents can maintain their physical, mental, social, and spiritual health, and the paper particularly highlights the role of nursing in promoting health literacy and thus protecting adolescents' sexual and reproductive health.

Rad se bavi razvojem zdravstva i zdravstvene zaštite u Zagrebu u 19. stoljeću, s naglaskom na posljednje godine, pri čemu se za analizu koriste i članci iz Liječničkog vjesnika. Razmatra se razvoj bolničkog i javnozdravstvenog sustava, ali i modernizacija drugih područja – ljekarništva i stomatologije. Rad sadrži i osnovne zdravstveno-prosvjetiteljske misli i njihove autore. Na kraju se na nekoliko izdvojenih primjera donosi kratka analiza uspješnosti liječenja., The article describes health and health care development in Zagreb in the 19th century, with special attention to the last period of the century, using articles from Liječnički vjesnik for analysis. The development of the hospital and public health system is being considered, as well as the modernisation of other areas - pharmacy and dentistry. In addition, the paper presents basic health enlightenment thoughts as well as their authors. In the end, a brief analysis of treatment success is made on several separate examples.

The article discusses the fundamental differences between an orientation towards individual health and the concept of health on which public health systems are built. It is shown that health in its original sense, as the “virtue of the body” (Aristotle), has to be understood as the ability to realize purposes in the actions of individuals. In public healthcare on the other hand, “health” has always been conceived as a public good and as an expression of certain public interests, a conception which does not have to be consistent with the interests of the individual in any way. “Public health” is normally designed in a utilitarian way and can be highly susceptible to ideology. In extreme cases the individual becomes subject to a “health obligation” which is to be rejected on legal, philosophical and ethical grounds. In place of a “scientific” medicine that reduces people to a statistical magnitude, a self-understanding of medicine should be restored which defines “health” from the point of view of the task of enabling real interpersonality in the space of the empirical existence of individuals self-determined as free., Članak se bavi temeljnim razlikama između orijentiranosti k zdravlju pojedinca i konceptu zdravlja na kojem se sustavi javnog zdravstva temelje. Prikazuje se da se zdravlje u svom izvornom značenju, kao „vrlina tijela” (Aristotel), mora poimati kao sposobnost da se ostvaresvrhe u postupcima pojedinaca. S druge strane, u javnom se zdravstvu zdravlje oduvijekshvaćalo kao javno dobro i izraz određenih javnih interesa, što je ideja koja se ni malo ne mora preklapati s interesima pojedinaca. „Javno zdravstvo” inače je uređeno utilitaristički i može biti iznimno podložno ideologiji. U ekstremnim slučajevima pojedinac postane podložan„zdravstvenoj obavezi” koju treba odbiti pravno, filozofski i etički. Umjesto „znanstvene”medicine koja svodi ljude na statističke podatke, trebalo bi obnoviti samopoimanje medicinekoje definira „zdravlje“ s gledišta omogućavanja prave interpersonalnosti u prostoru empirijskog postojanja pojedinaca koji su sami sebe odredili slobodnima.

Kardiovaskularne bolesti predstavljaju značajan problem za javno zdravstvo, budući da su vodeći uzrok smrtnosti i invalidnosti širom svijeta. U Republici Hrvatskoj u 2019. godini kardiovaskularne bolesti uzrokovale su smrt 22.020 osoba. Procjenjuje se da u Europi živi preko 60 milijuna ljudi koji boluju od ovih bolesti. Promjene u načinu života, poput prestanka pušenja, zdrave prehrane i redovite tjelesne aktivnosti mogu smanjiti rizik od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Osim toga, obiteljska povijest određenih zdravstvenih stanja, poput visokog krvnog tlaka, visokog kolesterola i dijabetesa tipa 2, također mogu povećati rizik od razvoja ovih bolesti. Medicinske sestre i svi zdravstveni radnici imaju važnu ulogu u promicanju kardiovaskularnog zdravlja i prevenciji kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Njihova uloga uključuje prepoznavanje potreba pacijenata, planiranje, provođenje i evaluaciju zdravstvene njege, te unaprjeđenje zdravstvene pismenosti. Cardiovascular diseases are a significant public health issue, as they are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In Croatia, cardiovascular diseases caused the death of 22,020 people in 2019. It is estimated that over 60 million people in Europe are living with these diseases. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, healthy eating, and regular physical activity can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. In addition, a family history of certain health conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes can also increase the risk of developing these diseases. Nurses and healthcare workers have an important role in promoting cardiovascular health and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Their role includes identifying patient needs, planning, implementing, and evaluating healthcare.

Danas je alkohol sveprisutan i snažno se promovira u cijelom društvu. Mnogi ljudi još uvijek misle da je pijenje alkohola normalan dio odrastanja. No, konzumacija alkohola među mladima opasna je ne samo za onoga tko pije, već i za društvo u cijelosti. Alkoholizam je jedan od najvećih svjetskih javnozdravstvenih izazova. Cilj ovog rada je objasniti alkoholizam kao ozbiljan javnozdravstveni problem koji utječe na zdravlje pojedinca i društva u cijelosti, te pobliže prikazati etiologiju alkoholizma i zašto su mladi u najvećem riziku za razvoj alkoholizma kasnije u životu. Today, alcohol is ubiquitous and strongly promoted throughout society. Many people still think that drinking alcohol is a normal part of growing up. However, alcohol consumption among young people is dangerous not only for the drinker, but also for society as a whole. Alcoholism is one of the world's greatest public health challenges. The aim of this paper is to explain alcoholism as a serious public health problem that affects the health of individuals and society as a whole, and to present in more detail the etiology of alcoholism and why young people are at the greatest risk of developing alcoholism later in life.

Background: Understanding potentially modifiable factors that influence the risk of frailty is a key concern for the management of this urgent contemporary public health challenge. This study evaluates the association between the use of various medications or alcohol and the incidence of frailty among older adults. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study on older adults (≥ 65 years) using data from the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE survey, 28 countries). Medication use was measured as taking several different groups of medications. Alcohol use was assessed with SHARE questions corresponding to AUDIT-C. The outcome measure was the incidence of frailty after two years, defined by frailty index (FI) and frailty phenotype (FP). A multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association with adjustment for several potential confounding factors. Results: Of the 14,665 FI-population participants, 1800 (12.3%) developed frailty within two years. Of the 8133 FP-population participants, 2798 (34.4%) developed pre-frailty and 247 (3.0%) developed frailty within two years of baseline. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, non-hazardous alcohol use (adjusted OR 95% CI for the FI-population: 0.68 0.60–0.77) and hazardous alcohol use (0.80 0.68–0.93) are associated with lower incidence of frailty compared to no alcohol use. The odds of frailty are increased when taking medications the largest effect size was observed in older adults taking medication for chronic bronchitis (adjusted OR 95% CI for the FI-population: 2.45 1.87–3.22), joint pain and other pain medication (2.26 2.00–2.54), medication for coronary and other heart disease (1.72 1.52–1.96), medication for diabetes (1.69 1.46–1.96), and medication for anxiety, depression and sleep problems (1.56 1.33–1.84). Additionally, the risk of frailty was increased with stroke, Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Conclusions: Taking certain groups of medication was associated with increased incidence of frailty and pre-frailty, which might be due to either medication use or the underlying disease. Alcohol use was associated with a lower risk of pre-frailty and frailty compared to no alcohol use, which might be due to reverse causality or residual confounding. There was no significant interaction effect between medication groups and alcohol use on frailty incidence.

Problem nedovoljne tjelesne aktivnosti i s tim povezan problem smanjenja mjera stanja fitnesa globalni je problem kojemu su dodatno pridonijeli pandemija bolesti COVID-19 i mjere socijalnog distanciranja. Tjelesna pismenost i povećanje razine tjelesne pismenosti mogli bi pomoći povećanju tjelesne aktivnosti i razine stanja fitnesa. Ovome bi osobito mogla pridonijeti činjenica da se tjelesna pismenost može razvijati i metodama učenja na daljinu. Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost originalno razvijenog programa edukacije na daljinu u pogledu poboljšanja domene znanja i razumijevanja tjelesne pismenosti i kvantitativnog povećanja tjelesne aktivnosti adolescenata. Dodatni ciljevi bili su: utvrditi pouzdanost i valjanost mjernog instrumenta za procjenu tjelesne pismenosti adolescenata, utvrditi povezanost tjelesne pismenosti s tjelesnom aktivnosti i utvrditi povezanost tjelesne pismenosti sa stanjem fitnesa. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 544 (365 Ž, 179 M) adolescenta Osječko-baranjske županije u dobi od 14 do 18 godina, uključenih u redoviti srednjoškolski sustav Republike Hrvatske, a koji su bili podijeljeni u intervencijsku i kontrolnu skupinu. Intervencijska skupina dobivala je u razdoblju od 12 tjedana animirane videomaterijale kojima se željelo utjecati na poboljšanje tjelesne pismenosti. Varijable uključene u istraživanje bile su: tjelesna aktivnost, morfološke antropometrijske varijable, stanje fitnesa i domena znanje i razumijevanje tjelesne pismenosti. Ispitanici su testirani u svim varijablama na početku i na kraju studije. Pouzdanost je analizirana izračunavanjem Kappa koeficijenta za test-retest protokole, valjanost upitnika utvrđena je analizom razlika karakterističnih skupina ispitanika (dob, spol, sportski status), a učinci intervencije utvrđeni su primjenom višefaktorske analize varijance za ponovljena mjerenja (vrijeme × skupina). Pouzdanost upitnika za procjenu tjelesne pismenosti bila je odgovarajuća i u skladu s dosadašnjim istraživanjima. Razlike po spolu u tjelesnoj pismenosti nisu utvrđene, ali se zapravo potvrđuje valjanost primijenjenih upitnika. S druge strane, uočavaju se razlike po dobi te su stariji adolescenti imali bolju tjelesnu pismenost od mlađih adolescenata. Konačno, sportaši imaju bolju tjelesnu pismenost od nesportaša, čime je potvrđena valjanost upitnika za procjenu tjelesne pismenosti. Intervencija je imala značajne učinke u pogledu poboljšanja srčano-žilne izdržljivosti i održavanja indeksa tjelesne mase. Dodatno, u istraživanju je zabilježen porast indeksa tjelesne mase s porastom tjelesne mase kod kontrolne skupine te se može reći da je kontrolna skupina pratila uobičajene biološke trendove promjena u 8 adolescenciji, dok je intervencija omogućila pozitivne učinke u tom smislu (održavanje odnosa prirasta tjelesne mase i tjelesne visine, što je rezultiralo održavanjem indeksa tjelesne mase). Nisu uočeni učinci u pogledu poboljšanja (i) tjelesne pismenosti i (ii) tjelesne aktivnosti ispitanika, što je objašnjeno (i) visokom razinom tjelesne pismenosti na početku studije i (ii) činjenicom da je završno testiranje provedeno krajem školskih praznika, a što je bilo uvjetovano pandemijom bolesti COVID-19. Istraživanje je dalo jasnu sliku da je u predmetnom kurikulumu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u Hrvatskoj u određenoj mjeri zanemaren dio koji se odnosi na razvoj teorijskih znanja o važnosti i zdravstvenim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti, odnosno dio usmjeren na razvoj tjelesne pismenosti. Stoga bi u budućnosti kreatori politika, kao i svi ostali dionici sustava odgoja i obrazovanja, trebali razmisliti o uvođenju koncepta tjelesne pismenosti u predmetni kurikulum Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture te od najranije životne dobi djeteta početi s njezinim razvojem. The problem of physical inactivity and the related issue of a decrease of physical fitness measures is a global problem additionally aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing measures. Physical literacy and an increase of physical literacy (PL) levels could contribute to an increase of physical activity and fitness status. This could be further facilitated by the fact that PL can also be developed through distance learning methods. The main aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of a created authentic distance education program in terms of improving the domain of knowledge and understanding of PL and the quantitative increase in physical activity levels among adolescents. Additional objectives are: to determine the reliability and validity of the measuring instrument for assessing physical literacy among adolescents, to determine the relationship between physical literacy and physical activity and to determine the relationship between physical literacy and fitness status. The study included 544 (365 female, 179 male) adolescents from Osijek-Baranja County, aged 14 to 18, included in the regular high school system of the Republic of Croatia. They were divided into an intervention and a control group. Over the period of 12 weeks, the intervention group received animated videos aimed at improving PL. The variables included in the study were: physical activity, morphological anthropometric variables, fitness status, knowledge and understanding of PL. Participants were tested in all the named variables at the beginning and at the end of the study. Reliability was analysed by calculating the Kappa coefficient for test-retest protocols. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by analysing differences in characteristic groups of participants (age, gender, sports status), while intervention effects were determined using the multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measurements (time x groups). The reliability of the questionnaire for PL was appropriate and in line with previous research. The differences in PL based on gender were not determined, but the validity of the applied questionnaires was verified. On the other side, the age differences are evident, i.e. older adolescents have a better PL than younger adolescents. Finally, athletes have a better PL than respondents not involved in sports, which also confirmed the validity of the questionnaire for the assessment of physical literacy. An intervention had significant effects on improving the cardiovascular endurance, and maintaining the physical mass index. Additionally, the study proved an increase in body mass index with an increase of physical mass in the control group and thus it can be concluded that the control group followed the common biological trends of 10 changes in adolescence while the intervention enabled positive effects (maintaining the ratio of body mass gain and height increase thus resulting in maintaining the physical mass index). The effects in relation to the improvement of (i) PL and (ii) physical activity of respondents was recognised and the named is explained by (i) a high level of PL at the beginning of study and (ii) by the fact that the final testing was, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, conducted at the end of the school holidays. The study indicates that the physical education curriculum in Croatia to a certain extent neglects the development of theoretical knowledge on the importance and health benefits of physical activity, i.e. the segment aimed at developing PL. Therefore, in future policy makers, as well as other stakeholders in the educational system, should consider the introduction of the physical literacy concept in the physical education curriculum and thus start developing it from the earliest age.

The main aim of this doctoral thesis is (i) to determine the changes in physical activity levels (PAL) because of the pandemic and measures of social distancing and (ii) to determine the factors that are associated with PAL and changes in PAL among adolescents due to social distancing measures. Precisely, Study 1 aimed to determine the associations between gender and fitness status; Study 2 aimed to determine the association of living environment; Study 3 aimed to determine the association of familial factors; and Study 4 aimed to determine the associations between substance use and misuse and sports participation with PAL and PAL changes among adolescents due to social distancing measures. Studies were carried out on adolescents from Croatia (Study 1 and Study 2) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Study 3 and Study 4), all attending high school. All studies followed a similar testing procedure that consisted of two testing points: baseline, conducted before lockdown (during February and early March 2020), and follow-up, conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown (during April 2020). Study 1 included 388 adolescents aged 16.4±1.9 years from southern Croatia. During the baseline testing, participants were assessed on PAL (assessed with PAQ-A), gender (female/male), anthropometrics(body height, mass, body mass index), and physical fitness tests (long jump, bent-arm hold test, sit and reach test, 400 meters running, beep test, and the maximal number of abdominal sit-ups in 60 seconds). Follow-up testing included only PAL assessment. Results of Study 1 evidenced a significant PAL decline for the total sample (t-test = 3.46, p

Sažetak. Kolektivno odlučivanje podložno je nemogućnosti agregiranja preferencija pojedinaca u društvenu funkciju blagostanja, nemogućnosti agregiranja ordinalnih preferencija u društvenu funkciju odlučivanja te nemogućnosti agregiranja preferencija prema međusobno neusporedivim kriterijima. Ovi problemi, za koje postoje formalni teoremi dokaza, mogu imati značajne posljedice za društvo na primjeru odlučivanja u javnom zdravstvu. Metodološka nemogućnost agregiranja preferencija dodatno je uvećana etičkim problemima, što se može vidjeti iz trenutnih primjera alokacije oskudnih cjepiva. Međutim, bez nekog oblika društvenog agregiranja preferencija ili nekog oblika odlučivanja, javni sektor, pa tako i javno zdravstvo ne može obavljati svoju djelatnost. U radu se ukazuje na neke od problema koji se javljaju zbog trenutnog načina alokacije., Collective decision-making is subject to the impossibility of aggregating the preferences of individuals into a social welfare function, the impossibility of aggregating ordinal preferences into a social decision-making function, and the impossibility of aggregating preferences according to mutually incomparable criteria. These problems, for which there are formal theorems of evidence, could have significant consequences for society as for example in case of public health decision-making. Ethical issues, as can be seen from current examples of scarce vaccine allocation, exacerbate the methodological impossibility of aggregating preferences. However, without some form of social aggregation of preferences, or social decision making rules, the public sector, and thus public health systems, cannot perform their activity. This paper will try to summarize some of the problems that arise due to the current way of allocating scarce goods in health care.

Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti prehrambene navike studenata stručnog studija sestrinstva i ispitati njihovo znanje o prehrani te utjecaju prehrane i životnih navika na pojavu pretilosti kod djece i odraslih. Ispitanici su bili studenti sve tri godine studija sestrinstva Medicinskog fakulteta u Puli. Kao instrument istraživanja koristio se anonimni upitnik izrađen u Google forms. Upitnik se sastojao od četrdeset i pet pitanja, od kojih su prvih pet vezana uz socio-demografske podatke, a preostalih četrdeset ispitivali su znanje i stavove studenata o uzrocima i posljedicama pretilosti kod djece te studentske prehrambene navike i tjelesnu aktivnost. Podatci dobiveni anketom obrađeni su metodama deskriptivne statistike Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovao 101 ispitanik, od kojih je 80 (79%) žena i 21 (21%) muškaraca. 86% ispitanika je u dobi od 20 do 25 godina. Ispitanici su prosječne BMI 26,1%. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju nam da ispitanici imaju adekvatno stečeno znanje o pretilosti. Većina studenata (87%) točno je odgovorila da BMI>30 predstavlja rizični stupanj pretilosti. Pretilost smatra javno zdravstvenim problemom 95% ispitanika, dok da je pretilost bolest i smanjuje kvalitetu života smatra 99% ispitanika. Redovito doručkuje 53% ispitanika, voće i povrće svakodnevno konzumira 53% ispitanika, ribu više puta tjedno jede 13% ispitanika, grickalice i slatkiše svakodnevno konzumira 23% ispitanika. Najveći broj studenata (62%) konzumira alkoholna pića nekoliko puta mjesečno, dok redovito puši duhanske proizvode 27% ispitanika. Tjelesnom aktivnosti se bavi 68% studenata. Većina (65%) smatra da prehrana u vrtićima i školama nije prilagođena uzrastu, da prosvjetni radnici i roditelji nisu dovoljno educirani na temu pretilosti (59% i 81%), te da im je potrebna dodatna edukacija u cilju prevencije (76%-97%). 95% studenta smatra da je zdravstveni odgoj neophodan u svim vrtićima i školama. Zaključak je - ispitanici su upoznati s problemom i javnozdravstvenim značajem pretilosti kod djece i općenito u društvu, imaju dostatno stečeno znanje o pretilosti u dječjoj i odrasloj dobi, ali prehrambene i životne navike studenta nisu na zadovoljavajućoj razini. Ne postoje velika odstupanju u navikama studenta povezanih sa dobi i spolom. Odgoj i obrazovanje za zdravlje i podizanje zdravstvene pismenosti od vrtićke dobi na dalje preduvjet je uspješne prevencije bolesti i promocije zdravlja. Objective was to determine the eating habits of students on the study of nursing and to examine their knowledge of nutrition and the impact of diet and lifestyle habits on the occurrence of obesity in children and adults. Subjects were students of all three years of nursing studies at the Medical Faculty in Pula. An anonymous questionnaire created in Google forms was used as a research tool. The questionnaire consisted of forty-five questions, the first five of which were related to sociodemographic data, and the remaining forty examined students 'knowledge and attitudes about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity and students' eating habits and physical activity. The data obtained by the survey were processed by the methods of descriptive statistics Results: 101 respondents participated in the study, of which 80 (79%) were women and 21 (21%) were men. 86% of respondents are between 20 and 25 years old. Respondents had an average BMI of 26.1%. The results of this research show us that the respondents have adequately acquired knowledge about obesity. The majority of students (87%) answered correctly that a BMI> 30 represents a high-risk degree of obesity. Obesity is considered a public health problem by 95% of respondents, while 99% of respondents believe that obesity is a disease and reduces the quality of life. 53% of respondents eat breakfast regularly, 53% of fruits and vegetables are consumed daily, 13% of respondents eat fish several times a week, 23% eat snacks and sweets every day. The largest number of students (62%) consume alcoholic beverages several times a month, while 27% of respondents regularly smoke tobacco products. 68% of students are engaged in physical activity. The majority (65%) believe that nutrition in kindergartens and schools is not age-appropriate, that educators and parents are not sufficiently educated on obesity (59% and 81%), and that they need additional education to prevent (76% - 97 %). 95% of students believe that health education is necessary in all kindergartens and schools. Conclusion: is that participansts are familiar with the problem and public health significance of obesity in children and in society in general, have sufficient knowledge about obesity in children and adults, but eating and living habits of students are not at a satisfactory level. There are no major discrepancies in student habits related to age and gender. Health education and raising health literacy from kindergarten onwards is a prerequisite for successful disease prevention and health promotion.

To understand the development of public health in Croatia, there are newer insights into the life and work of John the Baptist Lalangue. John the Baptist Lalangue is most valued for implementation of the imperial law on public health and promotion of midwifery in Croatia during the second half of the 18th century. Lalangue is the author of the first printed medical textbook in Croatian, published in 1776, entitled Medicina ruralis iliti Vrachtva ladanyszka, za potrebochu musev, y sziromakov Horvatczkoga orszaga y okolu nyega, blisnesseh mest, Trattnern, Varaždin. In the same period, Lalangue published the first Croatian midwifery textbook entitled Brevis institute de reobstetritia iliti kratek navuk od mestrie pupkorezne za potrebochu muskeh y sziromaskeh ladanovskaya horvatskoga orszaga y okolo nyega blisnesseh sztrankih, Trattnern, Zagreb. In 1779, Lalangue published his balneological debut in Croatian, the book Tractatus de aquis medicati Regnorum Croatiae et Slavoniae Iliti Izpiszavanye vrachtvenih vod Horvatzkoga y Slavonskoga orszaga y od nachina nye vsivati za potrebochu lyudih, Trattnern, Zagreb. Lalangue’s works were used in systematic training and education of midwives and they, as well as Lalangue, have an inevitable place in the history of Croatian midwifery. During his life and work, John the Baptist Lalangue made immeasurable contribution to the development of Croatian public health., Za razumijevanje razvoja javnoga zdravstva u Hrvatskoj bitne su novije spoznaje o životu i radu Ivana Krstitelja Lalanguea. Ivan Krstitelj Lalangue je najzaslužniji za provođenje carskoga zakona o javnom zdravstvu iz 1770. godine i promicanja primaljstva u Hrvatskoj tijekom druge polovice 18. stoljeća. Lalangue je autor prvog tiskanog originalnog medicinskog udžbenika na hrvatskom jeziku (“Medicina ruralis iliti Vrachtva ladanyszka, za potrebochu musev, y sziromakov Horvatczkoga orszaga i okolu nyega, blisnesseh meszt”, Trattnern, Varaždin, 1776.). Lalangue je autor i prvog hrvatskog primaljskog udžbenika (“Brevis institutio de reobstetritia iliti kratek navuk od mestrie pupkorezne za potrebochu muskeh y sziromaskeh ladanskeh sen horvatskoga orszaga y okolo nyega blisnesseh sztrankih”, Trattnern, Zagreb, 1777.). Isto tako, Lalangue je autor i hrvatskog balneološkog prvijenca (“Tractatus de aquis medicati regnumum Croatiae et Slavoniae, iliti Izpiszavanye vrachtvenih vod Horvatzkoga i Slavonskoga orszaga i od nachina na sveznati za potrebbochu lyudih”, Trattnern, Zagreb, 1779.). Lalangueovi su radovi korišteni u sustavnom obrazovanju hrvatskih primalja te su imali nezaobilazno mjesto u povijesti hrvatskoga primaljstva. Njegova su djela i cjelokupni život unaprijedili javnozdravstvene uvjete na područje Hrvatske pa isti temeljem novijih spoznaja dobiva sve veće značenje.

Istraživanja pokazuju da niska razina zdravstvene pismenosti ima negativne posljedice za zdravlje pojedinca i zajednice. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi prosječnu razinu zdravstvene pismenosti u Republici Hrvatskoj na nacionalno reprezentativnom uzorku te identificirati obilježja koja se mogu dovesti u vezu s posebno niskom razinom pismenosti. Rezultati pokazuju da se razina zdravstvene pismenosti u Hrvatskoj, u prosjeku, nalazi na samoj granici između problematične i adekvatne. Unutar populacije, međutim, postoje značajne razlike u razini zdravstvene pismenosti povezane s klasnim, ekonomskim i socijalnim obilježjima pojedinaca. Niža zdravstvena pismenost odražava se u nevoljkosti pojedinca da se odazove na preventivne preglede, da zadrži težinu ispod razine pretilosti ili da redovito vježba. Naši rezultati sugeriraju da se podizanje razine zdravstvene pismenosti u Hrvatskoj ne bi smjelo oslanjati primarno na medijske kampanje jer je informacije o zdravlju iz medija građanima teško razumjeti i upotrijebiti u svrhu zaštitite od bolesti., Research shows that low levels of health literacy have negative consequences for the health of the individual and the community. The aim of the research is to establish the average level of health literacy in Croatia on a nationally representative sample and to identify characteristics that can be linked to particularly low levels of health literacy. The results show that the level of health literacy in Croatia, on average, is at the very border between problematic and adequate. Within the population, however, there are significant differences in the level of health literacy associated with the class, economic and social characteristics of individuals. Lower health literacy reflects in an individual's reluctance to respond to preventive screenings, keep weight below obesity levels, or exercise regularly. Our results suggest that raising the level of health literacy in Croatia should not rely primarily on media campaigns, because health information from the media is difficult for citizens to understand and use for the purpose of protection against diseases.

Background: The presence of a foreign body in the airways is a life-threatening condition and thus a medical emergency that requires timely diagnosis and treatment. If not recognized, it can lead to a number of serious complications. It is of the utmost importance to raise public awareness and educate parents and other caregivers on all aspects of this topic. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study aimed to investigate parental awareness of the dangers of foreign body aspiration. To determine the current level of knowledge of the parents, a 14- question questionnaire was designed and filled out by parents of children under 5 years of age referred for their regular check- ups. Results: The results show that majority of parents know that inhaling a foreign body is a potentially life-threatening condition and recognize which objects have a potential to cause foreign body aspiration. 36.9% of respondents said they knew what the symptoms of foreign body aspiration were, however only 15.6% offered a complete answer. 59.6% of the respondents could not specify the right course of action in case FBA occurred. 2 % responded accurately. No statistically significant correlation was found between the number of children in the family nor the age and the sex of the parents and the level of knowledge about the aspiration of foreign bodies. Conclusion: This study indicates that parents are insufficiently informed on recognizing foreign body aspiration symtoms as well as providing first aid. Media-assisted campaigns and the internet are potential sources of easily accessible educational material., Prisutnost stranog tijela u dišnim putevima predstavlja hitno i po život opasno stanje te samim time zahtijeva pravovremenu dijagnozu i liječenje. Strano tijelo, ukoliko ostane neprepoznato, može dovesti do brojnih ozbiljnih komplikacija. Od iznimne je važnosti podizanje svijesti javnosti te edukacija roditelja i drugih skrbnika. Cilj ovog opservacijskog presječnog istraživanja bio je ispitati svijest roditelja o opasnostima aspiracije stranog tijela. Kako bi se utvrdila njihova trenutna razina znanja, izrađen je upitnik od 14 pitanja koji su ispunili roditelji djece mlađe od 5 godina upućene na redovite preglede. Rezultati pokazuju da većina roditelja zna da je inhalacija stranog tijela potencijalno po život opasno stanje i prepoznaju koji su predmeti najčešćim uzrokom aspiracije. 36,9% ispitanika navodi da zna koji su simptomi aspiracije stranog tijela, no odgovor njih 15,6% evaluiran je kao točan. 59,6% ispitanika ne zna kako postupiti u slučaju aspiracije stranog tijela, dok je samo 2 % adekvatno odgovorilo. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna korelacija između broja djece u obitelji niti dobi i spola roditelja te razine znanja o aspiraciji stranih tijela. Ovo istraživanje pokazuje da su roditelji nedovoljno informirani o prepoznavanju simptoma aspiracije stranog tijela kao i pružanju prve pomoći. Kampanje potpomognute medijima i internet potencijalni su izvori lako dostupnog obrazovnog materijala.