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Objective: To investigate programming effects of maternal testosterone on offspring birth anthropometrics. Design: Population-based prospective cohort study. Setting: University Hospital. Population: 1,486 mother-child dyads from Odense Child Cohort. Methods: Maternal blood samples were collected at gestational week 27-30 and free testosterone (FT) levels were calculated using the Vermeulen equation from total testosterone (TT) analyzed by mass spectrometry and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Associations between FT or TT levels and birth anthropometrics were analyzed with multiple linear regression models according to offspring sex with adjustment for maternal age, parity, smoking and educational level. Analyses were repeated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as exposure for offspring birth anthropometrics. Main outcome measures: Offspring birth weight (BW), birth length, abdominal- and head circumferences. Results: Maternal mean (SD) age was 30.2 (4.5) years and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was 23.5 (5.3) kg/m2. In boys (n=787), higher FT was associated with lower BW (adjusted doubling constant=-65.53, p=0.010), shorter birth length (adjusted doubling constant=-0.43, p

Objective: Midwives in Greenland observe that people give birth faster, with fewer complications tentatively due to early maternal expulsive efforts in second stage. Our aim was to quantify these observations and potential geographical differences. Design: Bicentre observational prospective cohort study. Method: Between October and December 2020, 50 participants in labour in Aabenraa (Denmark) and Nuuk (Greenland) participated. Transperineal head-perineum distance was measured with a handheld ultrasound scanner. Negative binomial regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratio. Fetomaternal outcome was recorded and compared Results: The median duration of maternal expulsive efforts was 23 minutes in Denmark compared to 10 minutes in Greenland (p=0.046). This was adjusted for parity, epidural use and gestational age. In Denmark 22 % and in Greenland 81 % started maternal expulsive efforts before the fetal head was at the pelvic floor (p-value< 0.001). Conclusion: Although the duration of maternal expulsive efforts and head-perineum distance was significantly different in the univariate analysis, in the multivariate analysis this was not affected by ethnicity. There was no significant difference in bleeding, perineal tears, or Apgar scores. There is a tendency of a shorter duration of maternal expulsive efforts in the active phase of the second stage of labour distance in Greenland compared to practice in Denmark. However, it seems that epidural and parity could be the main confounders to explain the difference between the two groups, but this needs further investigation.

Further debate about the effect of incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) versus standard wound dressing on surgical-site infection (SSI) in obese women after caesarean section (CS) has resurfaced. This is because of a study published in JAMA1 that was stopped early on the grounds of "futility". This was counterintuitive to us having published a systematic review,2 a randomised controlled trial (RCT)3 and a health economic evaluation on the same subject,4 the latter two of which were published in BJOG.

Objective: Hypertension before and during early pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in retrospective analyses. We investigated the prospective blood pressure patterns in a population-based cohort of pregnant women, who were stratified according to their metabolic status in early 3rd trimester. Research Design and Methods: We recorded blood pressure longitudinally during pregnancy in 1,230 women from the Odense Child Cohort, Denmark. Fasting glucose and insulin were measured at gestational weeks 28-30. Metabolic status was evaluated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 threshold for GDM (GDM-WHO: fasting plasma glucose ≥5.1 mmol/l), insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Relationships between metabolic status in 3rd trimester and blood pressure trajectories throughout pregnancy were evaluated with adjusted linear mixed models. Results: GDM-WHO prevalence was high, 40% (498/1,230). Significant associations between GDM-WHO and blood pressure were seen only in overweight women, with 2.48 (1.08; 3.88) mmHg higher systolic and 1.58 (0.57; 2.58) mmHg higher diastolic trajectories in women with GDM-WHO compared with differences of -0.38 (-1.51; 0.75) and 0.03 (-0.83; 0.89) mmHg in lean women with GDM-WHO. The associations were independent of progression to gestational hypertension. Blood pressure trajectories in pregnancy were elevated across insulin and HOMA-IR quartiles. Conclusions: GDM-WHO was associated with moderate elevations of blood pressure troughout pregnancy. The relationships were independent of progression to overt gestational hypertension, but largely modified by overweight status. Disclosure A. Birukov: None. R. Dechend: None. M. S. Andersen: None. D. Glintborg: None. M. B. Schulze: None. T. K. Jensen: None. L. B. Andersen: None. K. Kräker: None. E. Polemiti: None. B. L. Jensen: None. J. S. Joergensen: None. Funding German Ministry of Education and Research; State of Brandenburg (82DZD00302)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cosmetic result of using incisional negative-pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) compared with standard postsurgical dressings in obese women undergoing cesarean delivery (CD). METHODS: Postcesarean scars were objectively evaluated 6 and 12 months postsurgery by a plastic surgeon using the Manchester Scar Scale and the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale. Subjective scar evaluation and health-related quality of life were assessed using the Patient Scar Assessment Scale and the EQ-5D-5L instrument, respectively. Main outcome measures were the cosmetic and functional outcome of treating a standardized surgical wound with iNPWT compared with standard dressings, changes in scar rating over time, and testing different scar scales for cosmetic evaluation. RESULTS: The study found no difference in long-term cosmetic outcomes between iNPWT and standard dressings. The study demonstrated a statistically significant positive change in scar rating from surgery to 12 months postsurgery. A strong association was found between the scar scales with a high correlation between the objective scar scales (R approximately 0.80) and a moderate correlation between the subjective scale and each objective scale (R approximately 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic iNPWT has been found to reduce the risk of surgical site infection following CD. Conversely, this study was not able to detect a difference in the long-term cosmetic result after CD when compared with standard dressings.

Objective To evaluate the reduction of surgical site infections by prophylactic incisional negative pressure wound therapy compared with standard postoperative dressings in obese women giving birth by caesarean section. Design Multicentre randomised controlled trial. Setting Five hospitals in Denmark. Population Obese women (prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) undergoing elective or emergency caesarean section. Method The participants were randomly assigned to incisional negative pressure wound therapy or a standard dressing after caesarean section and analysed by intention‐to‐treat. Blinding was not possible due to the nature of the intervention. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was surgical site infection requiring antibiotic treatment within the first 30 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes included wound exudate, dehiscence and health‐related quality of life. Results Incisional negative pressure wound therapy was applied to 432 women and 444 women had a standard dressing. Demographics were similar between groups. Surgical site infection occurred in 20 (4.6%) women treated with incisional negative pressure wound therapy and in 41 (9.2%) women treated with a standard dressing (relative risk 0.50, 95% CI 0.30–0.84; number needed to treat 22; P = 0.007). The effect remained statistically significant when adjusted for BMI and other potential risk factors. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy significantly reduced wound exudate whereas no difference was found for dehiscence and quality of life between the two groups. Conclusion Prophylactic use of incisional negative pressure wound therapy reduced the risk of surgical site infection in obese women giving birth by caesarean section. Tweetable abstract RCT: prophylactic incisional NPWT versus standard dressings postcaesarean in 876 women significantly reduces the risk of SSI., Tweetable abstract RCT: prophylactic incisional NPWT versus standard dressings postcaesarean in 876 women significantly reduces the risk of SSI.

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) in preventing surgical site infection in obese women after caesarean section. Design: A cost-effectiveness analysis conducted alongside a clinical trial. Setting: Five obstetric departments in Denmark. Population: Women with a pregestational body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m 2 . Method: We used data from a randomised controlled trial of 876 obese women who underwent elective or emergency caesarean section and were subsequently treated with iNPWT (n = 432) or a standard dressing (n = 444). Costs were estimated using data from four Danish National Databases and analysed from a healthcare perspective with a time horizon of 3 months after birth. Main outcome measures: Cost-effectiveness based on incremental cost per surgical site infection avoided and per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Results: The total healthcare costs per woman were €5793.60 for iNPWT and €5840.89 for standard dressings. Incisional NPWT was the dominant strategy because it was both less expensive and more effective; however, no statistically significant difference was found for costs or QALYs. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of €30,000, the probability of the intervention being cost-effective was 92.8%. A subgroup analysis stratifying by BMI shows that the cost saving of the intervention was mainly driven by the benefit to women with a pre-pregnancy BMI ≥35 kg/m 2 . Conclusion: Incisional NPWT appears to be cost saving compared with standard dressings but this finding is not statistically significant. The cost savings were primarily found in women with a pre-pregnancy BMI ≥35 kg/m 2 . Tweetable abstract: Prophylactic incisional NPWT reduces the risk of SSI after caesarean section and is probably dominant compared with standard dressings #healtheconomics.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hypovitaminosis D, defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) METHODS: Women enrolled in Odense Child Cohort, a Danish observational prospective population-based cohort, who gave birth to singletons and donated a blood sample for s-25(OH)D measurements were included (n = 2082).RESULTS: The prevalence of cord vitamin D deficiency was 16.7% and 41.0% for insufficiency. White skin, winter season at birth, maternal supplementation dose of 60 nmol/L.CONCLUSION: Cord hypovitaminosis D was present in 57.7%. Multipara was identified as a novel risk factor of non-adherence to vitamin D supplementation recommendations; and a maternal supplementation dose

There is now incontrovertible evidence that HPV is the cause of almost all cases of genital warts, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Moreover the current review of the recent literature on HPV in relation to pregnancy found strong indications that HPV plays an important role in adverse outcomes of pregnancy. HPV may contribute to infertility and may increase the risk of miscarriage. Recent studies indicate a significant rate of vertical transmission of HPV between mother and child but whether the mode of delivery makes a difference to the risk of transmission remains unknown. HPV infection appears to be correlated with both spontaneous preterm birth and preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes.

Objective To examine the experience of women with a pre-pregnant BMI >30 kg/m2, in their encounters with healthcare professionals during pregnancy. Design Qualitative study using a phenomenological methodology approach. Setting Face-to-face interviews with pregnant women in their own home who were referred from their general practitioner to specialist antenatal follow-up at their local hospital. Sample Sixteen women with pre-pregnant BMI >30 kg/m2. Methods Qualitative in-depth interviews. Participant's experiences of their encounters with health care professionals were recorded verbatim, transcribed and analysed using a phenomenological approach. Results Two main themes were identified, an accusatorial response from healthcare professionals and a lack of advice and helpful information on how being obese and pregnant might affect the women's health and that of their child. Conclusions Pregnant women with obesity may experience prejudice from healthcare professionals. These women felt they were treated with a lack of respect, an accusatorial response, and the feeling that information which could have been helpful was not forthcoming. Communication between obese pregnant woman and healthcare professionals appears to be lacking. Improved training in communication skills, less judgemental behaviour and better dissemination of information from healthcare professionals working with pregnant women with obesity are needed.

AIM: No information was available on how fast intravenous cefuroxime administered to pregnant women before a Caesarean section was cleared in newborn infants. This study investigated the drug's half-life and the exposure of healthy newborn infants after their mothers received the drug.METHODS: Healthy mothers received a single dose of cefuroxime 15-60 minutes before skin incision. One blood sample was drawn from the umbilical cord, and two blood samples were drawn from the infant after delivery. Total plasma cefuroxime (μg/mL) was measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography.RESULTS: Cefuroxime was given to 22 mothers, including two who had twins. The concentration of cefuroxime varied significantly among infants (p < 0.001), while the rate of decline did not (p = 0.24). The median cefuroxime half-life was 3.5 hours (range 2.9-5.5), which was approximately three times longer than in normal adults and seemed to clear within 24 hours. The median area under the concentration-time curve was 65.0 hour μg/mL (range 31.7-162.4).CONCLUSION: We found that the cefuroxime half-life after a Caesarean section varied among infants and was longer than in normal adults but cleared within 24 hours. Exposure to cefuroxime in newborn infants may influence the gut microbiota and should be investigated further.

Millions of doses of HPV vaccine have been administered globally. Inadvertent administration of HPV vaccine during pregnancy occurs given that the main recipients of the vaccine are fertile young women, who might be unaware of their pregnancy at the time of their vaccination. To investigate the subject of HPV vaccine and pregnancy , the databases of PubMed and Embase were searched to find the relevant literature published in English within the last 10 y. Most of the evidence pertaining to fetal adverse events following HPV vaccination relates to spontaneous miscarriage. None of the relevant studies found any significantly increased rate of spontaneous abortion in the overall analyses. There was no indication of other HPV vaccine-associated adverse events in pregnancy or immediately post-conception.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous abortion is the most commonly observed adverse pregnancy outcome. The angiogenic factors soluble Fms-like kinase 1 and placental growth factor are critical for normal pregnancy and may be associated to spontaneous abortion.OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between maternal serum concentrations of soluble Fms-like kinase 1 and placental growth factor, and subsequent spontaneous abortion.STUDY DESIGN: In the prospective observational Odense Child Cohort, 1676 pregnant women donated serum in early pregnancy, gestational week RESULTS: In the adjusted Cox regression analysis, increasing continuous concentrations of both soluble Fms-like kinase 1 and placental growth factor were significantly associated with a decreased hazard ratio for spontaneous abortion: soluble Fms-like kinase 1, 0.996 (95% confidence interval, 0.995-0.997), and placental growth factor, 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.93). When analyzed by receiver operating characteristic cut-offs, women with soluble Fms-like kinase 1 CONCLUSION: A strong, novel prospective association was identified between lower concentrations of soluble Fms-like kinase 1 and placental growth factor measured in early pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. A soluble Fms-like kinase 1 cut-off

Background. Approximately 1–2% of women suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) postnatally. This review aims to elucidate how women at risk can be identified. Methods. A systematic search of the published literature was carried out using the MEDLINE database (November 2003 to 29 October 2010) with both MeSH terms and free text. Thirty-one studies were considered appropriate for qualitative synthesis. Articles were included on the basis of (a) publication pertaining to PTSD following childbirth, (b) study carried out in Western Europe and (c) publication written in English. The results were primarily based on observational studies. The literature was thoroughly read and results were compiled. Furthermore, a novel quality rating system was employed to minimize the impact of bias. Results. Subjective distress in labor and obstetrical emergencies were the most important risk factors. Infant complications, low support during labor and delivery, psychological difficulties in pregnancy, previous traumatic experiences, and obstetrical emergencies were identified as risk factors. Conclusions. We have identified factors both strongly associated and non-associated with PTSD following childbirth. While the literature is limited by methodological shortcomings, a hypothesis regarding the development of PTSD is outlined, and recommendations with respect to screening and future research are provided.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in high-income countries. The etiology of preterm birth is multifactorial but there is overwhelming evidence to implicate infection as a major cause. Abnormal genital tract flora in early pregnancy is predictive of preterm birth so it is logical to consider the use of antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth.AREAS COVERED: Infection and antibiotics in the etiology, prediction and prevention of preterm birth.EXPERT OPINION: Antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth have addressed different risk groups, diagnostic methods, degrees of abnormal flora, antibiotic dose regimens, routes of administration, host susceptibilities, host response, gestational age at time of treatment, outcome parameters and definitions of success and outcomes. To address this confusion, a number of systematic reviews/meta-analyses have been conducted but none has simultaneously addressed the optimal choice of agent, patient and timing of intervention. We conclude that inappropriate antibiotics used in inappropriate women at inappropriately late gestations do not reduce preterm birth. Conversely, a focused systematic review/meta-analysis, which targeted the use of clindamycin before 22 weeks gestation, in women with objective evidence of abnormal genital tract flora, demonstrated that clindamycin produced a significant decrease in late miscarriage and preterm birth.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Vitamin D status (which is involved in glucose homeostasis) is related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM is characterized by increased resistance to and impaired secretion of insulin and results in higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including operative delivery, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia. Women with GDM and their babies are at increased risk for developing type II diabetes.RECENT FINDINGS: International definitions of vitamin D deficiency and normality are inconsistent. Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant women particularly those with poor diets and who have dark skins living in temperate climes with lack of exposure to sunlight.SUMMARY: Few interventional studies indicate that supplementation optimizes maternal vitamin D status or improves maternal glucose metabolism. Observational studies about maternal vitamin D status and risk of GDM are conflicting. This could be because of measurement of vitamin D or differences in population characteristics such as ethnicity, geographic location, gestational age at sampling and diagnostic criteria for GDM. Good-quality randomized controlled trials are required to determine whether vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of GDM or improves glucose tolerance in diabetic women.

Objectives To examine the impact of maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) and smoking on neonatal abdominal circumference (AC) and weight at birth. To define reference curves for birth AC and weight in offspring of healthy, nonsmoking, normal weight women. Design Population-based study. Setting Data from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. Population All live singletons without congenital malformations in Denmark 2004–10. Methods Data on 366 886 singletons at 35+0 to 41+6 weeks+days of gestation were extracted and analysed using multivariate linear regressions. Main outcome measures Birth AC and weight in relation to pregestational maternal BMI, maternal smoking and medical conditions (any). Results Birth AC and weight increased with increasing pregestational BMI, and decreased with smoking (P

To examine the experience of women with a pre-pregnant BMI30 kg/m², in their encounters with healthcare professionals during pregnancy.Qualitative study using a phenomenological methodology approach.Face-to-face interviews with pregnant women in their own home who were referred from their general practitioner to specialist antenatal follow-up at their local hospital.Sixteen women with pre-pregnant BMI30 kg/m².Qualitative in-depth interviews. Participant's experiences of their encounters with health care professionals were recorded verbatim, transcribed and analysed using a phenomenological approach.Two main themes were identified, an accusatorial response from healthcare professionals and a lack of advice and helpful information on how being obese and pregnant might affect the women's health and that of their child.Pregnant women with obesity may experience prejudice from healthcare professionals. These women felt they were treated with a lack of respect, an accusatorial response, and the feeling that information which could have been helpful was not forthcoming. Communication between obese pregnant woman and healthcare professionals appears to be lacking. Improved training in communication skills, less judgemental behaviour and better dissemination of information from healthcare professionals working with pregnant women with obesity are needed.