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The QED-Physical (QED-P) theory described in four previous papers [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 28, 1 (2015); 29, 402 (2016); 31, 59 (2018); 34, 17 (2021)] is combined with QED into a single theory in this paper, since both are based on the same Dirac Equation four current c(α,I). QED couples this four-vector with an external electromagnetic (EM) field and uses covariant perturbation theory to produce results that are very accurate computationally [M. L. Eides et al., Phys. Rep. 342, 63 (2001)], except for the electron self-energy, which is infinite. The reason for QED’s accuracy is its Dirac equation velocity operator, cα, with highly unusual properties compared to classical velocity vectors. QED could not produce highly accurate answers without the 4 × 4 complex matrix cα as the electron “velocity operator.” QED-P starts with the same Dirac Equation four current used so successfully in QED, and the discrete internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCOs) are derived in QED-P to give the electron internal structure a very specific, but highly, nonclassical geometric description with no ad hoc assumptions. The QED/QED-physical (QED-P) unification theorem is stated and proved in Sec. VII. However, one should ask what new physical measurements are predicted by QED-P that are not determined by the very accurate QED? The answer is none yet, due to the very rapid fluctuation of the ISaTCOs with a period of ∼6.4 × 10−22 s. This induced electron field fluctuation is in addition to any vacuum fluctuation that exists without the electron field present. This paper presents a highly speculative, but testable, experiment, in which the ISaTCO rapid fluctuations may be confirmed indirectly as the physical basis of field quantum entanglement (QE). The electron’s ISaTCO produce a digital internal clock that’s locked out of phase with its entangled positron, and they communicate spin states at the phase speed of 2c2/vCoM. The communication of spin state information is instantaneous for vCoM = 0 but “slows down” to 4c at vCoM = 0.5c, still very fast.

The electronic and muonic hydrogen energy levels are calculated very accurately [M. L. Eides, H. Grotch, and V. Shelyuto, Phys. Rep. 342, 63 (2001)] in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) by coupling the Dirac Equation four vector c(α, I) current covariantly with the external electromagnetic (EM) field four vector in QED’s Interactive Representation. While QED has been extraordinarily successful computationally, it presents no physical description of the electron, or other charged leptons. The QED-Physical (QED-P) theory presented in this paper is equivalent to QED in that it is based only on the four-current c(α, I) that is the reason that QED is so accurate computationally. However, QED-P describes the electron geometrically through the internal time/coordinate operators derived directly from c(α, I) with no assumptions. QED-P’s internal coordinate operators define an electron Center of Charge (CoC) point vibrating rapidly in space and time in its unique vacuum, creating the current that produces the electron’s magnetic moment and spin, and eliminating the need for “intrinsic” properties. QED-P also cuts off the photon propagator in a natural way so that the electron self-energy is finite and ad hoc renormalization procedures are not necessary. The c α-Non Exclusion Principle states that, if QED accepts c(α, I) as the electron current operator because of the very accurate hydrogen energy levels calculated, then one must also accept the QED-P electron internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCO) derived directly from c(α, I) without any other assumptions. QED-P shows the electron to be in both spin states simultaneously, and it is the external EM field that forces the electron’s spin state to be measured up or down. QED-P describes the bizarre, and very different, situation illustrated in Fig. 1 when the electron and muon are located “inside” the spatially extended proton with their CoCs orbiting the proton at the speed of light in S energy states of hydrogen, shedding some insight into the proton radius puzzle. The electron only appears to be a point particle with intrinsic properties when observed/measured from the far field. The Dirac‐Maxwell‐Wilson Equations are derived directly from the electron ISaTCO, and its EM fields “look” like they are from a point particle in far field scattering experiments in the same way the electric field from a sphere with evenly distributed charge “e” looks like a point charge with the same charge in the far field (Gauss Law). A physical basis for Quantum Entanglement is derived that can be measured experimentally.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Statins have long been used in the management of cardiovascular disease for their lipid-lowering properties. However, recent research suggests that statins may also have anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of lipid-containing enzymes and mediators, and therefore may have therapeutic value in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database review. METHODS The 2006 to 2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data were queried to analyze the relationship between statin use and rates of CRS. CRS was indicated by the presence of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for CRS in one of the five diagnosis variables. Statin use was indicated by the presence of a statin medication in any of the 30 medication variables using the Multum Lexicon Drug Database, with newly prescribed medications excluded. Relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid factors were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, which accounted for the complex, stratified, multistage survey design of the NAMCS. RESULTS There were 390,538 unweighted visit records used in the weighted analysis dataset, corresponding to 9,612,613,668 weighted visits. Statin use was associated with a decreased rate of CRS in both a univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, P

Background The association between olfactory dysfunction (OD) and cognitive decline is becoming apparent in the emerging literature. However, the literature demonstrating a similar effect between gustatory dysfunction (GD) and cognition is not well established. Objective To determine whether OD and GD are independently associated with cognitive impairment. Methods The 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was queried for 1376 older adults, corresponding to a weighted population sample of 50 816 529, to assess olfactory and gustatory status and cognition using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. OD and GD were determined using objective measurements with validated protocols. Participants were stratified as normal or abnormal cognition status using accepted cutoff values as indicated for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological test, Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Results OD was associated with both mild cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] 1.809, P = .004) and dementia (OR 3.173, P Conclusions OD and severe GD represent independent predictors of cognitive impairment in a nationally representative sample of older adults.

Objectives To characterize the association between quantitative olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction and depression in older adults. Methods The 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were used to investigate the relationship between smell and taste dysfunction and depression. Adults aged 65 years and older were included in the analysis. For smell status, subjects were divided into hyposmia, anosmia, and OD (hyposmia + anosmia) using the Pocket Smell Test. For taste status, subjects were evaluated using quinine, 1M NaCl, and 0.32M NaCl solutions. Indicator variables were made for subjects with both smell and taste dysfunction to determine whether a combination of symptoms could predict depression. Depression status was evaluated by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire using accepted cutoff values. Relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid factors were included in multivariate logistic regression models, which accounted for the complex survey design of NHANES. Results A total of 931 subjects aged 65 years or older were included in the weighted analysis. Anosmia significantly predicted depressive symptoms in multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.484, P = .032) but not univariate. In univariate analysis, hyposmia + anosmia (OR = 2.193, P = .006) and hyposmia (OR = 2.512, P Conclusions Smell dysfunction is an independent predictor of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of older adults in the United States after adjusting for relevant demographic factors and comorbidities.

The fact that the Dirac equation predicts Zitterbewegung (ZBW) for a free electron is well known from Schrodinger [E. Schrodinger, Sitzungsber Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.) 24, 418 (1930)] from the very early days of Dirac's relativistic quantum theory. Schrodingerdescribed ZBW qualitatively as a persistent interference between positive and negative energy states, and the objective of this and previous papers by this author [Phys. Essays 28, 1 (2015); Phys. Essays 29, 402 (2016)] is to describe ways to measure the presence or absence ofZBW for a free (or nearly free) electron. If ZBW measurements show that it is not present for a free electron, then the Dirac Equation and Schrodinger's analysis [E. Schrodinger, Sitzungsber Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.) 24, 418 (1930)] are inaccurate. If ZBW ispresent as Schrodinger's analysis [E. Schrodinger, Sitzungsber Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.) 24, 418 (1930)] of the Dirac Equation asserts, then a description of a free electron emerges that is significantly different than the present very small, static point electronwith “intrinsic” properties of spin and magnetic moment accepted by most physicists [Eides et al., Phys. Reports 342, 63 (2001).] today. This paper develops a quantitative theory of the free electron directly from the Dirac Equation and Schrodinger's analyses[E. Schrodinger, Sitzungsber Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.) 24, 418 (1930)] without any other assumptions. The fact that ZBW exists for the electron in the hydrogen atom is confirmed by the Darwin term [J. J. Sakurai, Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley,Reading, MA, 1967)]. It seems unnatural to the author that ZBW would vanish when the electron is removed from the hydrogen atom, and becomes free. The unanswered question is whether ZBW can be confirmed or refuted by measurement for a free electron, and possible ways to measure its presenceor absence are described in this paper. The remainder of the paper describes the free electron, assuming ZBW exists. The Dirac Equation [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 28, 1 (2015); Phys. Essays 29, 402 (2016)] produces a physical description of a free electron's ZBW as rapidly oscillating,quantized Center of Charge (CoC) point rotating about a fictitious Center of Mass (CoM) at a radius of 3/ 2 times the electron's Compton wavelength. The results in the remainder of this paper, as well as Schrodinger's analyses [E. Schrodinger, Sitzungsber Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.)24, 418 (1930).], are only true if ZBW can be confirmed by measurement. In case measurements show no ZBW exists for a free electron, the Dirac Equation is not a correct description of a single free electron, and more serious problems arise. The static point like electron deduced fromscattering experiments [Eides et al., Phys. Rep. 342, 63 (2001)] that give estimates of the free electron's internal structure based on far field measurements can be misleading in estimating the free electron's internal structure. In Classical Electrodynamics, when one observesthe electric field from a point electron and from a sphere with the same charge spread uniformly over its surface from the far field, Gauss' Law shows that the electric fields are identical. When one tries to “observe” or “measure” the free electron's internal structurewith the high-energy photons required, the single particle free electron is completely destroyed by the measurement process. In fact, any attempt to observe or measure a free electron's structure ensures that the electron is no longer a totally free single particle, and one must be carefulto use only elastic observation methods [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 28, 1 (2015); Phys. Essays 29, 402 (2016)] for this very difficult measurement. Observing a free Quark, much less its internal structure, has proven very difficult, if not impossible.

The triple phase boundary (TPB) length is one of the most important quantities obtainable from three dimensional reconstructions of solid oxide fuel cells that utilize porous composite electrodes. However, the choice of TPB calculation method and the voxelation of the microstructures can lead to systematic errors in TPB estimates. Here, two approaches for calculating the TPB density are compared to investigate how different TPB aspects such as curvature, orientation, and phase contact angles affect the results. The first approach applies a correction factor to the TPB length calculated by simply summing voxel (volume element) edge lengths that are shared between voxels of three different phases. The second approach applies a smoothening technique to the TPB curves. The two methods are compared by calculations on different kinds of artificially generated microstructures and on a real SOFC electrode microstructure obtained by focused ion beam tomography. Results are presented showing how specific aspects of different microstructures affect the TPB length calculation error.

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) has adopted a policy to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by the year 2050. For this project, E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., and Southern Research Institute developed 2006, 2007, and 2008 calendar year GHG and criteria pollutant emission inventories for PANYNJ facilities and operations, including the emissions of its tenants (e.g., airlines and shippers) and patrons [e.g., airport passengers and Port Authority TransHudson (PATH) riders]. In addition, the consulting team developed and implemented systems that allow for annual tracking and reporting of GHG emissions. PANYNJ manages and maintains the bridges, tunnels, bus terminals, airports, PATH commuter rail system, and marine terminals that are critical to the metropolitan New York and New Jersey region's trade and transportation capabilities. Major facilities owned, managed, operated, or maintained by PANYNJ include John F. Kennedy International, Newark Liberty International, and LaGuardia Airports; the George Washington Bridge; the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels; Port Newark and the Howland Hook Marine Terminal; the Port Authority Bus Terminal; and the 16-acre World Trade Center site in lower Manhattan. This paper describes the methods used to develop consistent GHG and criterion pollutant emission estimates for a diverse set of source types and how these methods have been updated as new information and new protocols have emerged.

Composite electrodes commonly consist of interconnected pore, electronic-conductor, and ionic-conductor phases that are responsible for the transport of gas phase species, electrons, and oxygen ions, respectively. Attempts to understand how this complicated structure influences electrochemical performance can be facilitated through the acquisition of quantitative microstructural data. In this work, nine different cathode compositions ranging from 30wt% La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) - 70wt% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) to 70wt% LSM - 30wt% YSZ were screen printed symmetrically on both sides of YSZ-electrolytes. 3D reconstructions of the cathodes were achieved using focused ion beam (FIB) tomography techniques, and the connectivity of the phases was quantified to determine the electrochemically active triple-phase boundary (EA-TPB) densities. The composition dependence of the polarization resistance, calculated with an electrochemical model that employed the EA-TPB densities along with measured YSZ tortuosities, was compared with the measured resistances.

A collection of deepwater wave records, especially those from Coastal Information Data Program (CDIP) Data from UCSD Scripps Institute of Oceanography were assessed to create a statistical average wave data set. Then, a long-term annual average and monthly offshore wave probability distributions were created for 1° latitude bins bound by 100 and 1000m depth contours seaward of California coast. The probability distributions were used to simulate and quantify the potential for useful energy extraction from the coastal wave of California using software, Simulating Waves Near-shore (SWAN). The method is used to map the wave energy resource for possible wave energy conversion. The results indicate that the west coast of the in the shallow waters of the south, to as high as 32 kW m -1 in the north.

California's pacific coast stretches roughly over 11.5 latitudinal degrees, extending from about 32.5°N to 44°N. There is nearly 900 nm of California coastline offering superior opportunity for wave energy use. The longitudinal position of the coast shifts eastward at two distinct locations: Punta Gorda just south of Cape Mendecino in the north and Point Conception in the south. The change in longitudinal orientation in southern California also coincides with significant change in California's bathymetry. The tilts in the longitudinal coastal lines at the two points also define California wave zones into three areas: the short coastal line north of Punta Gorda, the long north and middle line between the two points, and the short line of the heavily populated southern coast. The northern and central zones are characterized by high waves of relatively low frequency; the southern coast is characterized by low waves of higher frequency. This paper compares California's WEC potential for these three coastal zones.

Realistic simulations with spatially coherent noise have been run in order to compare the performance of adaptive beamforming (ABF), inverse beamforming (IBF), and conventional beamforming (CBF) for the case of finite-averaging times, where the actual spatial coherence of the acoustic field, or covariance matrix, is not known a priori, but must be estimated. These estimation errors cause large errors in the ABF estimate of the directionality of the acoustic field, partly because ABF is a highly nonlinear algorithm. In addition, it is shown that ABF is fundamentally limited in its suppression capability at very low frequency (VLF), based on the sidelobe level of the conventional beampattern in the direction of the noise interferer [G. L. Mohnkern, "Effects of Errors and Limitations on Interference Suppression," NOSC Technical Document 1478, Naval Ocean Systems Center (1989)]. The simulations include a low-level plane wave signal of interest, a stronger noise plane wave interferer, and spatially random background noise. Both IBF and ABF performed significantly better than CBF, and IBF's performance was slightly better than ABF's performance. The performances of IBF and the ABF algorithm, the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) [A. H. Nuttall and D. W. Hyde, "Unified Approach to Optimum and Suboptimum Processing for Arrays," USL Report Number 992, Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, CT (22 April 1969)] were recently compared independently [J. S. D. Solomon, A. J. Knight, and M. V. Greening, "Sonar Array Signal Processing for Sparse Linear Arrays," Defense Science and Technology Organization (DSTO) Technical Report (June 1999)] using measured data, with the result that IBF outperformed MVDR. This result is significant because MVDR requires orders of magnitude more processing power than IBF or CBF.

Studies on transglutaminases usually focus on the polymerization of protein substrates by intermolecular N ɛ (γ-glutamyl)lysine bridges, without considering the possibility that the monomeric protein units, themselves, could also become crosslinked internally. Both types of crosslinks are produced in the reaction of fibrinogen with red cell transglutaminase. We isolated the transglutaminase-modified, mostly monomeric form (92–96%) of fibrinogen with a N ɛ (γ-glutamyl)lysine content of ≈1.6 moles/mole of fibrinogen. The preparation was fully clottable by thrombin, but the rates of release of fibrinopeptides and clotting times were delayed compared with control. Hybrid Aα⋅γ type of crosslinking, the hallmark of the reaction of the transglutaminase with fibrinogen, occurred by bridging the Aα(408–421) chain segment of the protein to that of γ(392–406). Rotary shadowed electron microscope images showed many monomers to be bent, and the crosslinks seemed to bind the otherwise flexible αC domain closer to the backbone of fibrinogen.

Ambient noise measurements made in Monterey Bay, CA, in 1981 were reduced by estimations of wave-breaking noise and the residual noise was combined with modeled transmission loss (TL) to estimate the spectral source level of surf-generated noise. A Hamilton geoacoustic model of the coastal environment was derived and used in a finite-element parabolic equation propagation-loss model to obtain TL values. Estimates of both the continuous, or local, and discrete components of wave-breaking noise intensity were subtracted from the total measured noise field to determine the contribution due to surf only. Surf breaking on a uniform 12.5-km linear section of beach near Ft. Ord was found to be the dominant source of surf-generated noise. Estimated noise source level densities for heavy surf at Ft. Ord beach varied from 138 dB ref. 1 /spl mu/Pa Hz/sup -1/2/ m at 1 m from the source at 50 Hz to 107 dB at 1 kHz, with a slope of about -5 dB per octave. Although these results must be considered as preliminary, since they are based on a small number of measurements, they may he useful for prediction of ambient noise in other littoral regions.

Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links, connecting various peptide chain segments, are frequently the major products in transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions. We have now investigated the effectiveness of these enzymes for hydrolyzing the gamma:epsilon linkage. Branched compounds were synthesized, in which the backbone on the gamma-side of the cross-bridge was labeled with a fluorophor (5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl or 2-aminobenzoyl) attached through an epsilon-aminocaproyl linker in the N-terminal position, and the other branch of the bridge was constructed with Lys methylamide or diaminopentane blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenyl at the Nalpha position. Hydrolysis of the cross-link could be followed in these internally quenched substrates by an increase in fluorescence. In addition to the thrombin and Ca2+-activated human coagulation Factor XIIIa, cytosolic transglutaminases from human red cells and from guinea pig liver were tested. All three enzymes were found to display good isopeptidase activities, with Km values of 10(-4) to 10(-5) M. Inhibitors of transamidation were effective in blocking the hydrolysis by the enzymes, indicating that expression of isopeptidase activity did not require unusual protein conformations. We suggest that transglutaminases may play a dynamic role in biology not only by promoting the formation but also the breaking of Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptides.

A method for economically based conceptual design of soil venting systems is described. The objective of this method is to provide a means of estimating the cost and schedule of site cleanup for the purposes of technology selection and for focusing detailed system design. Idealized treatments of contaminant volatilization and flow of gas in the soil are employed to obtain estimates of transient off-gas concentration and the vacuum required at the extraction vents for a given set of site and system design conditions. Capital and operating costs of blowers and emissions control devices are estimated using standard techniques, allowing comparison of the required processing cost for cleanup under various design strategies. The utility of this technique is illustrated for an example case of a 95,000-L (25,000-gal) JP-4 jet fuel spill. The results for this test case indicate that emissions control predictably increases cleanup cost, with carbon adsorption being more costly than catalytic oxidation. This treatment predicts that an optimum flow rate and system size exist for each design strategy at a particular site.

Broadband noise due to surf that propagates kilometers out to sea with little transmission loss has been observed for many years, but rarely directly measured and characterized. In October of 1994 a coastal research experiment, DUCK94, was conducted off the coast of Duck, North Carolina. Neptune Sciences, Inc., under Naval Research Laboratory sponsorship, participated in that experiment with the objectives of obtaining ambient noise data at offshore positions for investigations of nearshore acoustic noise generated by waves and surf. Measurements were taken, using modified Navy standard sonobuoys, primarily during high surf events (wave heights of 1.7 to 2.4 Hmo,m). Preliminary analysis of the data indicates a broadband noise maxima between 400 and 600 Hz. In order to characterize ambient noise due to surf for modeling purposes, source level densities for heavy surf are currently being developed using the measured AN data and a finite element parabolic equation transmission loss model.

Ambient noise measurements made by Wilson, Wolf, and Ingenito in Monterey Bay, California in 1980 and 1981 were combined with modeled transmission loss (TL) to estimate the spectral source level of surf‐generated noise. In the frequency range 20–700 Hz the horizontal directionality of these noise data showed much higher levels from shore than seaward and the overall noise levels decreased with range from shore, strongly suggesting that surf noise was a significant contributor. A Hamilton geoacoustic model of the coastal environment has been derived and used in a finite element parabolic equation propagation loss model to obtain the TL values. These indicate that propagation is significantly dependent on the environment and frequency, particularly near the surf zone. Estimates of wind and local wave noise intensity corrected for the local environment were subtracted from the total measured noise field to determine the contribution due to surf only. Heavy surf breaking on a uniform 12.5‐km linear section of...

The underlying theory for the significant (≳10 dB) performance gains described in a companion paper [J. P. Fabre and J. H. Wilson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 3252–3268 (1995)] using measured noise data from Outpost SUNRISE is developed in this paper. Recent theoretical papers [J. H. Wilson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1648–1656 (1983); A. Nuttall and J. H. Wilson, ibid. 90, 2004–2019 (1991)] on inverse beamforming (IBF) [patent on inverse beamforming obtained by J. Wilson, J. Donald, and A. Nuttall, NUWC, New London, CT (Patent No. NC73991)] have dealt only with the solutions to the inverse beamforming integral equation and the performance properties of the IBF solutions are described in this paper. IBF consists of three separate algorithms: a beamforming algorithm called the Fourier integral method (FIM), a data thresholding technique called the eight nearest‐neighbor peak picker (ENNPP), and a three‐dimensional ‘‘M of N’’ tracker. The properties of each algorithm are discussed and it is shown that IBF has a 3‐dB array noise gain (ANG) advantage over conventional beamforming (IBF) under ideal conditions. This 3‐dB ANG advantage is proven theoretically and illustrated with measured noise data from Outpost SUNRISE. The 3‐dB ANG advantage leads to a minimum detectable level (MDL) advantage of over 10 dB for IBF as shown in a companion paper. The spikiest solution to the IBF integral equation is derived using standard Backus–Gilbert inverse theory and this solution is identical to FIM at array design frequency.

Elevating the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ions in human erythrocytes leads to the formation of membrane-associated polymers, composed of skeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. The anion transporter band 3 serves as a membrane anchor for this N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-linked polymer. The reaction is catalyzed by an intrinsic transglutaminase, and it can be observed in broken cells merely by the addition of Ca2+. Certain primary amines, such as dansylcadaverine, inhibit the process by virtue of competition against the epsilon-lysyl or donor functionalities of the protein substrates. Dansylcadaverine itself becomes incorporated into the enzyme-specific gamma-glutaminyl or acceptor residues, blocking these from participating in the formation of protein-to-protein cross-links. This labeling procedure, coupled with an anti-dansyl antibody affinity procedure to isolate dansyl-labeled compounds, was employed to identify Gln-30 as the preferred transglutaminase-reactive acceptor site in the band 3 protein.

California is experiencing a rapid increase in interest for the potential of converting ocean waves in into carbon-free electricity. Numerous applications have been submitted for the permitting of such renewable energy projects; however the profitability, practicability, and survivability have yet to be proven. Wave energy conversion technology has steadily matured since its naissance in the 1970’s, several wave energy power installations currently exist, and numerous plans for commercial power plants are in the works on the shores of multiple continents. This study aims to assess the economic viability of two proposed commercial wave energy power plant projects on the Central California Coast. A hypothetical 25 MW capacity wave energy plant located at a site located 5 nautical miles off of Point Arguello, in Santa Barbara County is compared to a similar site 5 nautical miles off of Morro Bay, in the County of San Luis Obispo. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company and Green Wave Energy Solutions, LLC have proposed full-scale commercial wave power plants at these sites, and are currently undergoing the federal permitting processes. Historical wave resource statistics from 1980 to 2001 are analyzed with performance specifications for the AquaBuOY, Pelamis P1, and WaveDragon wave energy converters (WECs) to calculate the annual electrical output of each device at each site. Sophisticated computer modeling of the bathymetric influence on the wave resource at each site is presented using the program Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) developed by the Delft University of Technology. The wave energy flux, significant wave height, and peak period are computed at each site for typical summer and winter swell cases, using seafloor depth measurements at a 90 meter grid resolution. The economic viability of commercial electricity generation is evaluated for each WEC at each site by the calculation of the net present value of an estimated 25-year project life-cycle, the internal rate of return, and the required cost of electricity for a 10-year project payback period. The lowest required price of electricity is $0.13/kWh and occurs at the Point Arguello site using the AquaBuOY WEC. The highest annual capacity factor is 18% using the Pelamis WEC. The net present value and internal rate of return calculations suggest that the AquaBuOY WEC is profitable at both sites for electricity prices above $0.14/kWh. Shallow water wave propagation SWAN modeling demonstrated favorable wave energy flux states for WEC operation and power generation.

Clots were allowed to form in samples of whole blood taken from the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, in the absence and presence of dansylcadaverine (16), and were analyzed for their contents of N epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine and gamma-glutamyl-dansylcadaverine. Clots obtained without dansylcadaverine yielded significant amounts of N epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine product. Clots formed in the presence of dansylcadaverine yielded only gamma-glutamyl-dansylcadaverine. Formation of these products reflects on the activity of transglutaminase released from the blood cells during coagulation.

The performance of a centrifugal vapor-liquid contactor was evaluated for air stripping of jet fuel components from groundwater.

To address climate change, many U.S. states are taking action to establish policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all economic sectors. With the transportation sector contributing 28 percent of national greenhouse gas emissions in the United States in 2006, strategies to mitigate transportation sector emissions are an important component of state’s climate action plans. This paper summarizes the transportation and land use approaches that states have included in their climate action plans to date. Transportation and land use sector options are generally organized into three main categories: vehicle technology, fuels, and travel activity/land use. This paper adds a fourth category: vehicle operations to acknowledge that important mitigation options include how drivers operate their vehicles. Annual greenhouse gas reduction potential in 2012 and 2020 and cost effectiveness values are provided. The information in this paper provides a starting point for transportation practitioners to use when initiating their own evaluations of greenhouse gas mitigation options at the regional, state, or local level. The state-specific information on which this paper is based can be found at the Center for Climate Strategies website at http://www.climatestrategies.us.

Producing accurate ship tracks from multi-source automated data fusion in near real time is a difficult but very important task of designing an effective system for maritime security. The QuIPS project funded by the Office of the Secretary of Defence (OSD) is to develop an automated data fusion capability for littoral environments, which includes very shallow water from depths of 300 m to the shoreline. The QuIPS specific objective is to accurately track surface ships in the crowded littoral environments by accurately using heterogeneous sources, which include national sensor satellite data, as well as local sensors, such as radar. This paper describes the initial capabilities developed in this project.

The possibility of estimating the directionality of a stationary homogeneous noise field, directly from the element outputs of a line array, is investigated and found to be feasible for large arrays without encountering ill conditioning. This technique, called inverse beamforming for historical reasons, is applicable to line and planar as well as volumetric arrays, and requires no more than two‐dimensional fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) for its realization. Derivations and results are presented both for a Fourier series method and a Fourier integral method.

Iron molybdates (mixed oxides of iron and molybdenum) are used to effect the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. In the present work, Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize supported mixed iron/molybdenum oxide catalysts. These supported catalysts were prepared by impregnation of silica and alumina with solutions of ferric nitrate and ammonium molybdate. The Raman spectroscopic studies were employed to obtain information about the influence of variations in the preparation protocol on the properties of the final catalysts. The spectra were indicative of surface enrichment of one species [(MoO3 or Fe2(MoO4)3)] and also provided evidence for catalyst-support interactions.

THE effects of body weight and cage height on the ultimate bending force and bending stress of the radius and tibia of layers were investigated. An increase in cage height produced an increase in the ultimate bending force of the radius but not of the tibia when using analysis of variance. With analysis of covariance and body weight considered as a covariant, there was no statistical difference observed in the ultimate bending force of the radius. No statistical differences were noted when evaluating the effects of cage height on the ultimate bending stress of the radius or tibia. This indicated that the cross-sectional area of the bone changed proportionally with the cage height and body weight. The study showed that body weight could not be used as a means of predicting bone strength using a linear regression model.

Section 812 of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to perform periodic, comprehensive analyses of the total costs and total benefits of programs implemented pursuant to the CAAA. The first prospective analysis was completed in 1999. The second prospective analysis was initiated during 2005. The first step in the second prospective analysis was the development of base and projection year emission estimates that will be used to generate benefit estimates of CAAA programs. This paper describes the analysis, methods, and results of the recently completed emission projections. There are several unique features of this analysis. One is the use of consistent economic assumptions from the Department of Energy's Annual Energy Outlook 2005 (AEO 2005) projections as the basis for estimating 2010 and 2020 emissions for all sectors. Another is the analysis of the different emissions paths for both with and without CAAA scenarios. Other features of this analysis include being the first EPA analysis that uses the 2002 National Emission Inventory files as the basis for making 48-state emission projections, incorporating control factor files from the Regional Planning Organizations (RPOs) that had completed emission projections at the time the analysis was performed, and modeling the emission benefits of the expected adoption of measures to meet the 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the Clean Air Visibility Rule, and the PM2.5 NAAQS. This analysis shows that the 1990 CAAA have produced significant reductions in criteria pollutant emissions since 1990 and that these emission reductions are expected to continue through 2020. CAAA provisions have reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by approximately 7 million t/yr by 2000, and are estimated to produce associated VOC emission reductions of 16.7 million t by 2020. Total oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)) emission reductions attributable to the CAAA are 5, 12, and 17 million t in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission benefits during the study period are dominated by electricity-generating unit (EGU) SO2 emission reductions. These EGU emission benefits go from 7.5 million t reduced in 2000 to 15 million t reduced in 2020.

Raman spectra of both supported and unsupported Fe/Mo/O catalysts of the type used for the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde were obtained while this reaction was proceeding over the catalyst surface. No changes in band locations or relative peak intensities associated with these mixed metal oxides were detected in the presence of reactant and product species. Moreover, no spectral features which could be attributed to adsorbed species could be detected under reaction conditions. Band intensities in the Raman spectra were related to the extent to which the catalysts were reduced; fully oxidized catalysts were stronger Raman scatterers than partially reduced catalysts. Although differences in color were noted between fresh and used catalysts, the Raman and Mossbauer spectra of these catalysts were identical. Calcination of used catalysts in an oxygen environment at 500 °C was sufficient to restore partially reduced catalysts to their original fully oxidized states.

An innovative noise suppression algorithm, called the coherent onion peeler (COP) (patent detained) is derived by minimizing the error in the coherent subtraction of the data from a single plane wave model. The COP solution "collapses" for all beamforming algorithms to the same solution at the complex hydrophone FFT level. Thus, any beamformer can be applied to the residual FFTs after the COP has been applied. The COP is applied to the strongest interferer first and the residual FFTs represent the acoustic field with this interferer coherently "peeled back" like the outer skin of an onion. This procedure can be repeated any number of times to coherently suppress the noise from all interferers present. A new nonadaptive beamformer is developed that "blends" together the best beam pattern properties of conventional beamforming (CBF) near array design frequency and the generalized fourier integral method (GFIM) at very low frequencies (VLF). In between these frequency extremes, the GFIM-CBF Blend (patent pending) (G-C Blend) is a frequency-dependent weighted average of both individual beamformers. COP and G-C Blend are applied to the broadband noise emitted by the tow ship, which severely degrades the performance of the towed array; COP reduced this broadband noise by over 19 dB in a single pass.

In this paper, a collection of deep water (>100 m) wave records was assessed to create a long-term, statistically reliable data set. These wave data were derived from the Coastal Information Data Program (CDIP) Buoy Data from UCSD Scripps Institute of Oceanography, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Buoy Data from NOAA, and other sources. From this data set, long-term annual averages and monthly wave probability distributions were analyzed for ten one degree latitude bins bounded by the 100 m and 1000 m depth contours seaward of the California coast. The probability distributions were used to quantify the potential for useful electricity extraction from the coastal wave of California. Optimal locations for developing wave energy installations are specified. The California coast north of Point Conception has an ideal wave resource for the generation of electricity from wave energy. South of Point Conception the wave energy arriving from North Pacific storms is efficiently blocked by the significant change in California coast orientation south of Point Conception and the Channel Islands. The near coastal Southern California (SOCAL) region has a significantly reduced wave resource compared to the California coast north of Pont Conception. Factors impacting the status of ocean wave energy technologies and their development are also discussed. Applicability of the wave statistical results is critical to determine the average “wave to wire” efficiency for the many different types of wave energy converter (WEC) technologies that exist in many different states of commercial development.Copyright © 2007 by ASME

The Neptune Sciences, Inc. (NSI), Renewable Energy Group has developed a project management plan to develop "Power from the Sea" technologies in well defined phases. Using a multi-phase process, NSI will first provide renewable power solutions to military bases and then to residential communities, state and local businesses. The NSI Renewable Energy Group has focused their project management expertise in three types of renewable energy: Off-shore Wind Turbines (OSWTs); Current/Tide Energy Converters (C/TECs); and Wave Energy Converters (WECs). Solar energy is an area of planned expansion for the group. This paper includes an outline of the NSI Renewable Energy Group project management approach for WEC projects, a discussion of various wave energy technologies, including their states of development and commercialization potential, non-grid connected applications for WECs are discussed including distributed generation, power desalination plants, hydrogen generation, and beach erosion abatement. The NSI Wave Renewable Energy Group consists of experts in weather and wave modeling, environmental permitting, WEC performance modeling for project specific siting plans, and economic modeling, to determine an accurate forecast of the project cost of energy and internal rate of return. NSI uses the Distributed Integrated Ocean Prediction System (DIOPS) to estimate the wave energy in the customer's area of interest, to determine the ocean wave energy resource potential available for a particular customer. DIOPS allows for deep-water waves to be propagated across ocean basins, using the WAve Model (WAM), over the shelf, using a variety of nearshore wave models including Delft Hydraulics Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN), the Steady-state WAVE model (STWAVE), and the REFraction/DIFfraction model (REF/DIF). DIOPS can also propagate the resultant wave spectra into the surf zone, via the Navy Standard Surf Model (NSSM). Using an extensive database of WEC developers, NSI is able to determine the optimum performing and economically efficient WECs, which can be employed in the customer's operating area. At the same time, NSI has personnel experienced in obtaining the necessary environmental permits for installing the best performing WEC that conforms to the environmental sensitivities of the area. By using existing commercial technologies, and applying them to the customer's need, NSI is able to develop "green energy" solutions, which meet both the customer's power requirements and monetary budgets.

There are growing provisions to expand ocean wave energy as an alternate renewable energy source. There are several challenges that need to be addressed before the technology gains full engineering and market confidence. One of the main technical hurdles is the need to address part-load problems of wave energy converters resulting from bathymetric conditions and variations in wave parameters such as wave frequency and height. As such, the wave phenomenon is inherently variable in time and space. This is compounded by the fact that wave energy conversion devices are less efficient at part-load. This paper discusses sources of part-loads in wave energy conversion including their impact on system efficiency for a California weather scenario, also relating wave energy conversion techniques to part-load efficiencies

Extracellular storage of thyroglobulin (TG) is a prerequisite for maintaining constant levels of thyroid hormones in vertebrates. Storage of TG within the follicle lumen is achieved by compactation and by the formation of covalent cross-links between TG molecules. In bovine thyroids, approximately 75% of the cross-links are other than disulfide bonds (J. Cell Biol. 180, 1071-1081). We have now shown that polymeric TG contains a large number of N(epsilon)(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links and that only traces of these can be found in the soluble form of TG. Because such isopeptide bridges are generated usually by the action of a transglutaminase, it is reasonable to propose that the covalent polymerization of TG in the globules is under the control of this enzyme. Soluble TG was shown to be a substrate for transglutaminase in vitro; moreover, the presence of transglutaminase was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and by immunoblotting in freshly isolated bovine thyroid globules. With immunoelectron microscopy, transglutaminase was detected in the cytoplasm of thyrocytes, but not in compartments of the secretory pathway. Only one messenger RNA for transglutaminase was found by Northern blotting. Sequencing of the cloned gene failed to reveal a secretory signal, which supports the notion that the thyroid transglutaminase is the cytosolic type. Apparently, the enzyme reaches the lumen of the follicle by an as yet unknown pathway to catalyze the covalent cross-linking of thyroid globules in this extracellular compartment.

A portion of the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease has the characteristics of cross-linked protein. Because the principal component of these lesions is the microtubule-associated protein tau, and because a major source of cross-linking activity within neurons is supplied by tissue transglutaminase (TGase), it has been postulated that isopeptide bond formation is a major posttranslational modification leading to the formation of insoluble neurofibrillary tangles. Here we have mapped the sites on two isoforms of human tau protein (τ23 and τ40) capable of participating in human TGase-mediated isopeptide bond formation. Using dansyl-labeled fluorescent probes, it was shown that eight Gln residues can function as amine acceptor residues, with two major sites being Gln351 and Gln424. In addition, 10 Lys residues were identified as amine donors, most of which are clustered adjacent to the microtubule-binding repeats of tau in regions known to be solvent accessible in filamentous tau. The distribution of amine donors correlated closely with that of Arg residues, suggesting a link between neighboring positive charge and the TGase selectivity for donor sites in the protein substrate. Apart from revealing the sites that can be cross-linked during the TGase-catalyzed assembly of tau filaments, the results suggest a topography for the tau monomers so assembled.

Mere addition of Ca2+ to a lens cortical homogenate (bovine) generates a series of products composed of a variety of high molecular weight vimentin species. The Ca2+-induced cross-linking of this cytoskeletal element seems to be mediated by the intrinsic transglutaminase of lens, because the reaction could be blocked at the monomeric state of vimentin by the inclusion of small synthetic substrates of the enzyme dansylcadaverine or dansyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-Gln-Gln-Ile-Val. These compounds are known to compete against the Gln or Lys functionalities of proteins that would participate in forming the Nepsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine protein-to-protein cross-links. The cytosolic transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions could be reproduced with purified bovine lens vimentin and also with recombinant human vimentin preparations. Employing the latter system, we have titrated the transglutaminase-reactive sites of vimentin and, by sequencing the dansyl-tracer-labeled segments of the protein, we have shown that residues Gln453 and Gln460 served as acceptor functionalities and Lys97, Lys104, Lys294, and Lys439 as electron donor functionalities in vimentin. The transglutaminase-dependent reaction of this intermediate filament protein might influence the shape and plasticity of the fiber cells, and the enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking of vimentin, in conjunction with other lens constituents, may contribute to the process of cataract formation.

Our long-term goal is to develop a low frequency ambient noise model capable of predicting extreme (loud/quiet) noise events in Arctic ice-covered waters due to the presence or absence of storms. We wish to determine the internal stress of the ice canopy covering the Arctic ocean due to convergent atmospheric forcing and relate this to energy dissipation rate due to ridge building, the major source of ambient noise in the frequency regime under consideration.

SubSea International, Inc.’s (SubSea) three dimensional SONARGRAPHICS from robotically operated platforms have been an unqualified success in diver field operations all over the world and such services are currently in great demand based on the successful results. An example of SubSea’s 3D SONARGRAPHICS sonar performance in dislodging a stuck dredge head in a reservoir in the andes in Ecuador was presented at the 23rd International Symposium on Acoustic Imaging to illustrate the power of 3D sonar graphics. These color figures are not presented in this short version of the paper due to space limitations. A full report including color figures is available upon request.

Several lines of evidence indicate that immunoglobulin-bound prolactin found in human serum is not a conventional complex between an anti-prolactin antibody and prolactin but a different type of association of prolactin with the Fab portion of IgG heavy chains. The complex of prolactin with IgG was purified from serum by anti-human prolactin affinity chromatography and was shown to contain close to 1 mole of N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks per mole of complex, a characteristic feature in structures crosslinked by transglutaminase. Interestingly, the complex caused a proliferation of cells from a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, while it was inactive in a cell proliferation prolactin bioassay. By contrast, human prolactin stimulated the proliferation of cells in the bioassay but had no effect on the complex-responsive cells from the patients. Competition studies with prolactin and free Fc fragment of IgG demonstrated a necessity for engaging both the prolactin and the immunoglobulin receptors for proliferation. More importantly, competition for the growth response by free prolactin and IgG suggests both possible reasons for the slow growth of this neoplasm as well as avenues for control of the disease.

Operation of active sonar systems at low frequencies has been of high interest to many research efforts this past year. Bottom and sub-bottom reverberation can degrade the performance of active sonar systems at these frequencies. In this paper, the results of data analysis of a 12 element vertical receive array with bistatic, low frequency, impulsive source are given. The bottom and sub-bottom multipath arrivals are detected and analyzed. A frequency domain, reverberation subtraction technique is developed that uses Inverse Beamforming (IBF) and an innovative covariance matrix to FFT approximation technique. The seismic data shows numerous multipath arrivals that include a number of strong subbottom/surface reflected paths interfering with sub-bottom reflected paths. The sub-bottom frequency attenuation of multipaths over the frequency range from 12 Hz to 63Hz is clearly shown in the data. The bottom/sub-bottom reverberation technique is applied to the data and results are given.

The transglutaminase-catalyzed incorporation of the fluorescent amine, dansylcadaverine, into casein derivatives, such as N,N-dimethylcasein, is accompanied by a large increase in intensity of emission (Lorand et al., Anal. Biochem. 44, 221-231, 1971). We have sought to make use of this sensitive detection device for the continuous, on-line monitoring of an amide-splitting reaction in which dansylcadaverine served as the leaving group. The transglutaminase-coupled test system comprised gamma-glutamyldansylcadaverine as the first substrate and gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase as the enzyme responsible for releasing dansylcadaverine from the gamma-amide. At close to saturating levels of transglutaminase, the measured rate of increase of fluorescence, i.e. the steady-state rate of dansylcadaverine incorporation into N,N-dimethylcasein, showed a near-linear relationship with the concentration of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase present in the assay mixture. The general approach developed may be applicable to the assay of other amide cleaving enzymes.

Peptides patterned on the N-terminal sequence of fibronectin were synthesized and tested for amine acceptor qualities in reactions with dansylcadaverine catalyzed either by coagulation factor XIIIa or intracellular transglutaminase (protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13). On the basis of inverse half-saturations of the enzymes, the order of acceptor substrate affinity for factor XIIIa was pEAQQIV much greater than Boc-AQQIV greater than Boc-QQIV, and for transglutaminase, Boc-QQIV greater than Boc-AQQIV greater than pEAQQIV (amino acid residues are shown in one-letter code; pE, pyroglutamic acid; Boc, tert-butyloxycarbonyl). Sequence analysis of dansylcadaverine-substituted pEAQQIV indicated that the first of the two adjacent glutamine residues was the target of enzymatic modification. Boc-QIV showed no substrate activity with either enzyme. Crosslinking of crystallins in Ca2(+)-treated rabbit lens homogenate was readily inhibited by Boc-QQIV, Boc-AQQIV, and pEAQQIV, as was the formation of alpha-chain polymers in human fibrin by pEAQQIV in the presence of human factor XIIIa. SDS/PAGE analysis suggested that the inhibitory peptides selectively blocked the electron donor functionalities in these enzymatic crosslinking reactions.

Ambient noise due to surf has recently been empirically characterized as a source level density (SLD) per meter of beach as a function of wave height and frequency [Wilson et al., IEEE J. Ocean Eng. 22, 425–433 (1997) and J. P. Fabre and J. H. Wilson, IEEE J. Ocean Eng. 22, 434–444 (1997)]. Surf noise depends upon both the source level characteristics of different surf types and the unique propagation conditions from the surf zone seaward. This dependence must be examined in order to develop models capable of providing accurate ambient noise levels in shallow water. An inverse method for determining ambient noise due to surf as a function of beach slope, sediment type, wave type, as well as frequency and wave height is presented. Discussions of incorporating the Navy Surf model into this surf noise prediction method are also provided. A long‐term ambient noise data set will be used to validate the method for various environmental scenarios at one location. Using data from other locations, results can be extrapolated to give preliminary estimates of bathymetric and geologic dependencies. The surf SLD as a function of surf type, etc., can be used for any shoreline. This makes it possible to use this model as an inverse noise model to estimate surf conditions on a beach remotely from noise measurements taken offshore.

Acoustic field estimation in littoral areas is severely limited by uncertainty in sediment property characteristics. Direct methods of obtaining geophysical data are expensive, so inverse methods have recently become popular. Most techniques rely on inverting reverberant signals from controlled active sources received on vertical apertures. This work is focused on using surface ships of opportunity in a range‐staggered way to create a range‐dependent mosaic of sediment properties and bathymetry with ever increasing confidence. Matched‐field/matched‐phase techniques and adaptive simulated annealing are applied in a complex simulated shallow‐water environment with a single vertical array and high signal‐to‐noise ratios. These procedures can also be applied to horizontal arrays. The inversion process is evaluated as a function of frequency bandwidth and array length. The simulations indicate significant potential for passive geoacoustic characterizations out to ranges of tens of water depths in shallow water.

The past predominance for deep‐water acoustic studies has dictated that little consideration be placed on the role of the surf zone as a source of ambient noise. Recent emphasis on propagation in coastal waters has increased the awareness of the importance of breaking surf to the noise field in littoral waters. Two recent studies, in Monterey Bay, CA, and at Duck, NC, have provided for the first time information on the source level density of surf‐generated ambient noise. Inverse techniques were developed to infer the source level density from the total ambient noise field as measured at several offshore hydrophones. Source level spectra from 50–1000 Hz demonstrate a −5‐dB/oct slope with absolute levels varying by 10–15 dB dependent on wave height and distance from the surf zone. Surf noise was found to contribute 80% (95%–99%) of the total offshore ambient noise during light (heavy) surf conditions. The inverse technique is highly dependent on accurate modeling of the transmission loss seaward from the surf zone, being predominantly a function of the geoacoustic properties of the sea bed. Additional comments will address breaker types and factors affecting breaker height and the noise due to waves breaking on the ice edge of the Greenland Sea.