41 results on '"James E. Pettigrew"'
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2. Supplementation of different fat sources affects growth performance and carcass composition of finishing pigs
- Author
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Yanhong Liu, Dong Yong Kil, Victor G. Perez-Mendoza, Minho Song, and James E. Pettigrew
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Carcass composition ,Dietary fats ,Energy values ,Finishing pigs ,Growth performance ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background There are various fat sources with different energy values and fatty acid compositions that may affect growth performance and carcass composition of grow-finishing pigs. A higher net energy was recently reported in choice white grease compared with soybean oil. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine whether practical responses confirm that difference between choice white grease and soybean oil, and to extend the observations to other fat sources. Results In Exp. 1, pigs fed fats had lower (P
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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3. Dietary spray-dried plasma improves intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition
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Yanhong Liu, Jeehwan Choe, Sheena Kim, Byeonghyeon Kim, Joy M. Campbell, Javier Polo, Joe D. Crenshaw, James E. Pettigrew, and Minho Song
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Intestinal morphology ,Mated female mice ,Spray-dried plasma ,Stress ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background Stress causes inflammation that impairs intestinal barrier function. Dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) has recognized anti-inflammatory effects and improvement of gut barrier function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary SDP on intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition. Results Villus height, width, and area of small intestines were low on gestation day (GD) 3 or 4 under stress conditions, and higher later (Time, P
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Oxidative damage in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is mainly induced by water temperature variation rather than Aurantiochytrium sp. meal dietary supplementation
- Author
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Renata Oselame, Nobrega, Alcir Luiz, Dafre, Camila Fernandes, Corrêa, Bruna, Mattioni, Rosana Oliveira, Batista, James E, Pettigrew, and Débora Machado, Fracalossi
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Docosahexaenoic Acids ,Physiology ,Temperature ,Cichlids ,General Medicine ,Aquatic Science ,Animal Feed ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,Diet ,Oxidative Stress ,Dietary Supplements ,Animals ,Stramenopiles - Abstract
We investigated whether dietary supplementation with Aurantiochytrium sp. meal, a DHA-rich source (docosahexaenoic acid, 22: 6 n-3), fed during long-term exposure to cold-suboptimal temperature (22 °C, P1), followed by short-term exposure to higher temperatures (28 °C, P2, and 33 °C, P3), would promote oxidative damage in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two supplementation levels were tested: 1.0 g 100 g
- Published
- 2022
5. Relationship between different sources of non-protein nitrogen and supplementation times on performance and metabolism of grazing Nellore cattle during the dry season
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Verônica A. C. Mota, Laura F. Prados, Keuven S. Nascimento, Rodolfo. M. Fernandes, Luiz F. Costa e Silva, Vaughn B. Holder, James E. Pettigrew, Flávio D. Resende, and Gustavo R. Siqueira
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Food Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology - Published
- 2022
6. Dietary supplementation of Viligen™ to Nile tilapia improves growth and gut morphology
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Vitória Daitx de Oliveira, Jhonis Ernzen Pessini, Lúvia Souza de Sá, James E. Pettigrew, José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño, and Débora Machado Fracalossi
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Gut histology ,Nile tilapia ,Immune system ,biology ,Gut morphology ,Feed additive ,Dietary supplementation ,Food science ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2021
7. Different levels of organic trace minerals in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles alter gut characteristics and body composition, but not growth
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Douglas Ismael Cadorin, Tamiris Henrique Ferreira, James E. Pettigrew, Bruno da Silva Pierri, Débora Machado Fracalossi, Allan David Silva, Keith Filer, and José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
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Nile tilapia ,Trace Minerals ,Composition (visual arts) ,Food science ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2020
8. Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in alveolar macrophages of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
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Peng Ji, Minho Song, Tung M. Che, James E. Pettigrew, D Bravo, Yanhong Liu, and Kwangwook Kim
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0301 basic medicine ,Alveolar macrophages ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Agricultural Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,Rare Diseases ,Animal Production ,Immunity ,Gene expression ,Complementary and Integrative Health ,medicine ,Genetics ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Aetiology ,Gene ,Nutrition ,lcsh:SF1-1100 ,Innate immune system ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,biology ,Research ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plant extracts ,Weaned pigs ,Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ,biology.organism_classification ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Steroid hormone ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Apoptosis ,PRRSV ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Animal Science and Zoology ,lcsh:Animal culture ,Infection ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that 3 plant extracts enhanced the immune responses and growth efficiency of weaned pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is one of the most economically important disease in swine industry. However, each plant extract differently effected on growth efficiency and immune responses. Therefore, the objective of this study was conducted to characterize the effects and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of 3 plant extracts on gene expression of alveolar macrophages in weaned pigs experimentally infected with PRRSV. Results PRRSV infection altered (P P P P P P Conclusions The results suggest that 3 plant extracts differently regulated the expression of genes in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, especially altering genes involved in immunity.
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- 2020
9. Effect of supplementation strategies and the use of exogenous xylanase enzyme on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, animal performance, and carcass characteristics of Nellore bulls grazing during dry season
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Renan L. Miorin, Luis H.C. Batista, Felipe A. Nascimento, Luiz F. Costa e Silva, Anne Koontz, James E. Pettigrew, Flávio D. Resende, and Gustavo R. Siqueira
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Animal Science and Zoology - Published
- 2022
10. Aurantiochytriumsp. meal as DHA source in Nile tilapia diet, part I: Growth performance and body composition
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Keith Filler, Fernando D. Brignol, Vitor Augusto Giatti Fernandes, Débora Machado Fracalossi, and James E. Pettigrew
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Meal ,biology ,Fatty acid ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Cod liver oil ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Feed conversion ratio ,Palmitic acid ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nile tilapia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,040102 fisheries ,medicine ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,medicine.symptom ,Weight gain ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
This study evaluated the inclusion of Aurantiochytrium sp. (ALL‐G‐RICH™), a source of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3, DHA), in the diet of Nile tilapia and its effect on growth performance indexes and body composition. Fish (initial mean weight 8.35 ± 0.80 g) were fed different dietary inclusion levels of ALL‐G‐RICH™: 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 g/kg and a control diet using cod liver oil (CLO), to provide DHA content comparable to the inclusion of 0.10 g/kg ALL‐G‐RICH™. Although there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion, protein retention rate, and proximal body composition, the inclusion of ALL‐G‐RICH™ in the Nile tilapia diet influenced positively the fatty acid profile in the body, resulting in a high DHA concentration. CLO‐fed fish accumulated significantly more DHA compared to those fed 0.10 g/kg ALL‐G‐RICH™ (p
- Published
- 2018
11. Aurantiochytrium sp. Meal Improved Body Fatty Acid Profile and Morphophysiology in Nile Tilapia Reared at Low Temperature
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James E. Pettigrew, Rosana Oliveira Batista, Débora Machado Fracalossi, Renata Oselame Nobrega, and Delano Dias Schleder
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QH301-705.5 ,Microorganism ,QH426-470 ,Aquatic Science ,histology ,Nile tilapia ,Genetics ,Food science ,Biology (General) ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Meal ,Ecology ,biology ,temperature ,Fatty acid ,Cod liver oil ,docosahexaenoic acid ,biology.organism_classification ,Fish oil ,Aurantiochytrium sp ,chemistry ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,physiology ,Hepatopancreas ,Oreochromis niloticus - Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. is a heterotrophic microorganism that produces docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), thus being considered as a possible replacement for fish oil in aquafeeds. We investigated the effect of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal (AM) dietary levels (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g kg−1) on Nile tilapia body and hepatopancreas fatty acid (FA) profile, body FA retention, somatic indices, and morphophysiological changes in the intestine and hepatopancreas, after feeding Nile tilapia juveniles (average initial weight 8.47 g) for 87 days at 22 °C. The 10AM diet was compared to a control diet containing cod liver oil (CLO), since their DHA concentration was similar. Within fish fed diets containing increasing levels of AM, there was a linear increase in n-3 FA content, especially DHA, which varied in the body (0.02 to 0.41 g 100 g−1) and hepatopancreas (0.15 to 1.05 g 100 g−1). The morphology of the intestines and hepatopancreas was positively affected in AM-fed fish. Fish fed 10AM showed less accumulation of n-3 FAs in the body and hepatopancreas when compared to fish fed CLO. Therefore, AM is an adequate substitute for fish oil in winter diets for Nile tilapia, with the supplementation of 40AM promoting the best results regarding intestine and hepatopancreas morphophysiology.
- Published
- 2021
12. Dietary supplementation with increasing doses of an organic micromineral complex on juvenile Nile tilapia: Effects on the antioxidant defense system and tissue deposition
- Author
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James E. Pettigrew, Bruno da Silva Pierri, Allan David Silva, Douglas Ismael Cadorin, Débora Machado Fracalossi, Jacó Joaquim Mattos, Vera Lúcia Azzolin Frescura Bascuñan, and Alcir Luiz Dafre
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Male ,food.ingredient ,Antioxidant ,Physiology ,Iron ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Hepatopancreas ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,Superoxide dismutase ,Nile tilapia ,food ,Animal science ,medicine ,Animals ,Metallothionein ,Sulfhydryl Compounds ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Glutathione Peroxidase ,Minerals ,Metal metabolism ,biology ,Superoxide Dismutase ,Glutathione peroxidase ,Tilapia ,Cichlids ,Catalase ,biology.organism_classification ,Animal Feed ,Glutathione ,Diet ,Zinc ,chemistry ,Dietary Supplements ,biology.protein ,Brazil - Abstract
The effect of increasing amounts (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of dietary supplementation with an organic micromineral complex (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se) on antioxidant defenses and mineral deposition in tissues of Nile tilapia juveniles was evaluated, where 100% supplementation represented the average adopted by the feed industry in Brazil. Fish (initial weight 23.93 ± 0.80 g) were fed until apparent satiation twice a day for 56 days. The maximum deposition of Fe and Zn in the hepatopancreas occurred in fish given approximately 50% supplementation, whereas the deposition of Mn and Se increased linearly with the inclusion of the complex. The activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the hepatopancreas decreased in fish fed the 50% dose, when compared to those not receiving mineral supplementation or those receiving higher doses. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the hepatopancreas increased as the dietary Se concentration increased. However, the concentration of metallothionein in the hepatopancreas showed an inverse relationship to the increase in dietary supplementation of the organic mineral complex. There was no relationship between the doses of organic micromineral supplementation and the activities of GPx, reduced glutathione, non-protein thiols, or protein carbonylation. However, diets supplemented with 50% to 100% promoted greater GPx activity when compared to the 0% supplemented diet. Supplementation with intermediate doses of organic microminerals, approximately 50% of that used in commercial tilapia diets, promoted the homeostasis of metal metabolism, especially for Fe and Zn.
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- 2021
13. Aurantiochytriumsp. meal as DHA source in Nile tilapia diet, part II: Body fatty acid retention and muscle fatty acid profile
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James E. Pettigrew, Keith Filler, Fernando D. Brignol, Vitor Augusto Giatti Fernandes, Renata Oselame Nobrega, Débora Machado Fracalossi, and Camila Correa
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0301 basic medicine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Meal ,biology ,business.industry ,Fatty acid ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nile tilapia ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Aquaculture ,Aurantiochytrium sp ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Food science ,business ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid - Published
- 2018
14. Supplementation of organic and inorganic selenium to diets using grains grown in various regions of the United States with differing natural Se concentrations and fed to grower–finisher swine1,2,3
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D. C. Mahan, E. van Heugten, Phillip S. Miller, C. R. Dove, Merlin D Lindemann, Gary L. Cromwell, James E. Pettigrew, Thomas D. Crenshaw, Michael J. Azain, Hans-Henrik Stein, and Sung Woo Kim
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Inorganic selenium ,Trace mineral ,Glutathione peroxidase ,Soybean meal ,Randomized block design ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Factorial experiment ,Loin ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Genetics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Selenium ,Food Science - Abstract
Grains grown in various regions of the United States vary in their innate or natural Se contents. A regional study evaluated the effects of adding inorganic Se (sodium selenite) or organic Se (Se yeast) to diets with differing innate Se contents. A 2 × 2 + 1 factorial experiment evaluating 2 Se sources (organic or inorganic) at 2 Se levels (0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg) in 18 total replicates (n = 360 total pigs). A basal diet was fed without supplemental Se and served as the negative (basal) control. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design in 9 states (Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin) with each station conducting 2 replicates. Pigs were fed from 25 to approximately 115 kg BW. Similar dietary formulations were used at each station, incorporating a common source of trace mineral and Se premixes. Three pigs per treatment in 16 replicates (n = 240) were bled at 55, 85, and 115 kg BW and serum Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined. Three pigs (n = 260) from each treatment pen were killed at 115 kg BW and issues (liver, loin, and hair) were analyzed for Se. The corn Se content from the various states ranged from 0.026 to 0.283 mg Se/kg while the soybean meal Se content ranged from 0.086 to 0.798 mg Se/kg. Tissue and serum Se concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) when supplemental organic Se was fed, whereas serum GSH-Px was greater (P < 0.01) as Se level increased. There were linear increases (P < 0.01) in loin and quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in liver and hair Se concentrations as dietary Se level increased within each state. There was a source × level interaction (P < 0.01) for each tissue resulting in a greater increase when organic Se was fed. Serum Se and GSH-Px activity increased (P < 0.01) when both Se sources were fed and plateaued at each state at 0.15 mg Se/kg. There was a high and significant correlation between each tissue Se, serum Se, and GSH-Px activity to dietary Se level indicating that those states having greater grain natural Se contents also had greater tissue Se concentrations. These results indicate that a large difference in corn and soybean meal Se concentrations exists between states, that the addition of organic or inorganic Se to these grains increased tissue and serum Se in each state, and that organic Se was incorporated at greater concentrations in the loin, liver, and hair tissues of grower-finisher pigs than inorganic Se.
- Published
- 2014
15. Effects of co-products from the corn-ethanol industry on body composition, retention of protein, lipids and energy, and on the net energy of diets fed to growing or finishing pigs
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Dong Yong Kil, Hans H Stein, Nestor A Gutierrez, Yanhong Liu, and James E. Pettigrew
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Energy retention ,Corn ethanol ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Chemistry ,Body weight ,Distillers grains ,Dietary protein ,Composition (visual arts) ,Food science ,Protein retention ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Organ weight ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV), uncooked distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-BPX) and high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) are used in diets for pigs to provide protein and energy. These ingredients may have different effects on body composition and energy retention. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine effects of DDGS-CV, DDGS-BPX and HP-DDG on body composition and on retention of protein, lipids, and energy when fed to growing or finishing pigs. RESULTS The total organ weight was greater (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs fed the HP-DDG diet than for finishing pigs fed the basal diet or the DDGS-CV diet. Finishing pigs fed the DDGS-CV diet had greater (P < 0.05) lipid gain than pigs fed the other diets, and the net energy (NE) for DDGS-CV was greater (P < 0.05) than for DDGS-BPX, but the NE value of HP-DDG was not different from that of DDGS-CV or DDGS-BPX. CONCLUSION Inclusion of up to 30% DDGS or HP-DDG in diets fed to growing or finishing pigs will not affect body composition or the retention of energy, protein and lipids, regardless of the stage of growth of pigs. The NE value of DDGS-BPX and HP-DDG is not affected by the stage of growth of pigs, but the NE value of DDGS-CV is greater in finishing than in growing pigs. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
- Published
- 2014
16. Effects of dietary soybean oil on pig growth performance, retention of protein, lipids, and energy, and the net energy of corn in diets fed to growing or finishing pigs1
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Hans-Henrik Stein, G. L. Allee, John F. Patience, James E. Pettigrew, A. D. Beaulieu, R. B. Hinson, F. Ji, L. L. Stewart, and Dong Yong Kil
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Energy retention ,Random allocation ,food.ingredient ,Soybean meal ,Net energy ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Soybean oil ,food ,Animal science ,Proteins metabolism ,Genetics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Carcass composition ,Food Science - Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were 1) to determine if dietary soybean oil (SBO) affects the NE of corn when fed to growing or finishing pigs, 2) to determine if possible effects of dietary SBO on the NE of corn differ between growing and finishing pigs, and 3) to determine effects of SBO on pig growth performance and retention of energy, protein, and lipids. Forty-eight growing (initial BW: 27.3 ± 2.5 kg) and 48 finishing (initial BW: 86.0 ± 3.0 kg) barrows were used, and within each stage of growth, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 groups. Two groups at each stage of growth served as an initial slaughter group. The remaining 4 groups were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments and pigs in these groups were harvested at the conclusion of the experiment. A low-lipid basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, and no added SBO and a high-lipid basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, and 8% SBO were formulated at each stage of growth. Two additional diets at each stage of growth were formulated by mixing 25% corn and 75% of the low-lipid basal diet or 25% corn and 75% of the high-lipid basal diet. Results indicated that addition of SBO had no effects on growth performance, carcass composition, or retention of energy, protein, and lipids but increased (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and GE. Addition of SBO also increased (P < 0.05) DE and NE of diets, but had no effect on the DE and NE of corn. Finishing pigs had greater (P < 0.05) growth performance and retention of energy, protein, and lipids than growing pigs. A greater (P < 0.05) DE and NE of diets was observed for finishing pigs than for growing pigs and the DE and NE of corn was also greater (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs than for growing pigs. In conclusion, addition of SBO increases the DE and NE of diets but has no impact on the DE and NE of corn. Diets fed to finishing pigs have greater DE and NE values than diets fed to growing pigs and the DE and NE of corn are greater for finishing pigs than for growing pigs.
- Published
- 2013
17. Effects of dietary soybean hulls and wheat middlings on body composition, nutrient and energy retention, and the net energy of diets and ingredients fed to growing and finishing pigs1
- Author
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James E. Pettigrew, F. Ji, L. L. Stewart, G. L. Allee, Dong Yong Kil, Hans-Henrik Stein, A. D. Beaulieu, John F. Patience, and R. B. Hinson
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Energy retention ,Chemistry ,Net energy ,Soybean meal ,General Medicine ,Nutrient ,Proteins metabolism ,Genetics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Composition (visual arts) ,Food science ,Soybean hulls ,Wheat middlings ,Food Science - Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were 1) to determine the effect of dietary soybean hulls (SBH) and wheat middlings (WM) on body composition, nutrient and energy retention, and the NE of diets and ingredients fed to growing or finishing pigs and 2) to determine if finishing pigs use the energy in SBH and WM more efficiently than growing pigs. Forty growing barrows (initial BW: 25.4 ± 0.7 kg) and 40 finishing barrows (initial BW: 84.8 ± 0.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 groups within each stage of growth. Two groups at each stage of growth served as the initial slaughter group. The remaining pigs were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments and harvested at the conclusion of the experiment. The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal and was formulated to be adequate in all nutrients. Two additional diets were formulated by mixing 70% of the basal diet and 30% SBH or 30% WM. In the growing phase, ADG, G:F, and retention of lipids were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the basal diet than for pigs fed the diets containing SBH or WM. Retention of energy was also greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the basal diet than for pigs fed the SBH. In the finishing phase, pigs fed the SBH diet tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater ADG than pigs fed the WM diet, and energy retention was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the basal diet than for pigs fed the WM diet. The NE of the basal diet fed to growing pigs was greater (P < 0.01) than the NE of the diets containing SBH or WM, and there was a tendency for a greater (P = 0.05) NE of the basal diet than of the other diets when fed to finishing pigs. The NE of SBH did not differ from the NE of WM in either growing or finishing pigs, and there was no interaction between ingredients and stage of growth on the NE of diets or ingredients. The NE of diets for growing pigs (1,668 kcal/kg) was not different from the NE of diets for finishing pigs (1,823 kcal/kg), and the NE of the diets containing SBH (1,688 kcal/kg) was not different from the NE of the diets containing WM (1,803 kcal/kg). Likewise, the NE of SBH (603 kcal/kg) did not differ from the NE of WM (987 kcal/kg). In conclusion, inclusion of 30% SBH or WM decreases the performance and nutrient retention in growing pigs but has little impact on finishing pigs. The NE of the diets decreases with the inclusion of SBH and WM, but the NE of diets and ingredients is not affected by the BW of pigs. The NE of SBH is not different from the NE of WM.
- Published
- 2013
18. Amino acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles, liquid condensed solubles, pulse dried thin stillage, and syrup balls fed to growing pigs1
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Hans-Henrik Stein, James E. Pettigrew, Vijay Singh, G. S. Shurson, and J. A. Soares
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ingredient ,Chromatography ,integumentary system ,chemistry ,Latin square ,Genetics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,General Medicine ,Stillage ,Food science ,Food Science ,Amino acid - Abstract
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has low and variable AA digestibility. The variability is often attributed to damage during the heating process, and it has been suggested that the damage happens to the soluble components of DDGS such as reducing sugars. Combining solubles and grains sometimes produces syrup balls (SB); their digestibil- ity is unknown. The objective of this experiment was to identify potential sources of poor and variable AA digestibility in DDGS. Specifically, our objective was to determine whether the problems are associated with the solubles component or with SB. The ingredients evaluated were DDGS, intact SB, ground SB, liquid condensed solubles (LCS), and pulse dried thin stillage (PDTS) obtained from the same ethanol plant. The LCS is produced by evaporation of thin stillage. Each ingredient was used as the only source of AA in an experimental diet. In a duplicate 6 × 6 Latin square design with 7-d adaptation and collection periods, the 6 treatments consisted of an N-free diet and the 5 test ingredients. Pigs had 5 d of adaptation to each diet, and on d 6 and 7 ileal digesta were collected from an ileal cannula for 8 h each day. Both SB treatments had apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA that were similar or greater (P < 0.05) than those of DDGS. The AID and SID values of Lys and a few other AA were similar in LCS (SID Lys: 63.1%) and DDGS (SID Lys: 61.5%), but the digestibility values of most AA in LCS were less than in DDGS (P < 0.05). The low digestibility of AA in LCS was most pronounced for Met (SID: LCS, 41.9% vs. DDGS, 82.8%). The LCS had less (P < 0.05) AID and SID of CP (SID: 67.8%) than intact SB (SID: 85.2%) and ground SB (SID: 85.9%) as well as all AA. The PDTS generally had the least AID and SID and had less (P < 0.05) CP (SID: 55.3%) and several AA, in- cluding Lys, compared with LCS. In conclusion, the presence of SB does not decrease AA digestibility of DDGS, and the LCS evaluated has less indispensible AA digestibility than DDGS. The LCS has low digest- ibility of AA that seems to not be caused by heat dam- age.
- Published
- 2012
19. S<scp>hort</scp>C<scp>ommunication</scp>: Enhanced distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy than DDGS when fed to growing and finishing pigs
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Hans-Henrik Stein, J. A. Soares, R. Srinavasan, Vijay Singh, and James E. Pettigrew
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Food Animals ,Chemistry ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Food science ,Fiber - Abstract
Soares, J. A., Singh, V., Stein, H. H., Srinavasan, R. and Pettigrew, J. E. 2011. SHORT COMMUNICATION: Enhanced distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy than DDGS when fed to growing and finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 663–667. To better use distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for non-ruminants, some of the fiber may be removed. The “elusieve” process removes approximately 10% of DDGS material, mostly fiber, yielding enhanced DDGS (E-DDGS). An experiment was conducted to compare the DE and ME in E-DDGS to those in DDGS when fed to growing and finishing pigs. Overall, E-DDGS has greater DE, ME and MEnthan DDGS.
- Published
- 2011
20. Net energy of soybean oil and choice white grease in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs1
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A. D. Beaulieu, G. L. Allee, L. L. Stewart, John F. Patience, Hans-Henrik Stein, R. B. Hinson, James E. Pettigrew, F. Ji, and Dong Yong Kil
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Energy retention ,food.ingredient ,Net energy ,Soybean meal ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Soybean oil ,food ,Animal science ,Biochemistry ,Lipid content ,Grease ,Genetics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Digestion ,Feces ,Food Science - Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were 1) to determine the NE of soybean oil (SBO) and choice white grease (CWG) fed to growing and finishing pigs, 2) to evaluate the effects of inclusion rate of SBO on the NE by growing and finishing pigs, and 3) to determine if there is a difference in the NE of SBO and CWG between growing and finishing pigs. Forty-eight growing (initial BW: 22.13 ± 1.78 kg) and 48 finishing (initial BW: 84.17 ± 5.80 kg) barrows were used, and they were housed and fed individually. Within each stage of growth, pigs were allotted to 8 outcome groups of 6 barrows based on BW. Within each outcome group, pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 groups. Two groups at each stage of growth served as an initial slaughter group. Pigs in the remaining groups were assigned to 4 dietary treatments and slaughtered at the conclusion of the experiment. The basal diet contained corn, soybean meal, and no supplemental lipids. Three additional diets were formulated by mixing 95% of the basal diet and 5% SBO, 90% of the basal diet and 10% SBO, or 90% of the basal diet and 10% CWG. Average daily gain and G:F for finishing pigs and apparent total tract digestibility of energy for growing and finishing pigs increased (linear, P < 0.05) with lipid content, but was not affected by lipid source. The lipid gain:protein gain ratio and the energy retention also increased (linear, P ≤ 0.05) with lipid content in growing and finishing pigs. There were no interactive effects between lipid content and stage of growth or between lipid source and stage of growth on the NE of diets and the NE of dietary lipids. The NE of diets increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing SBO (2,056, 2,206, and 2,318 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 5, or 10% SBO). The NE of the diet containing 10% CWG (2,440 kcal/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than the NE of the diet containing 10% SBO. The NE of diets was greater (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs than for growing pigs regardless of lipid content or source. The NE of SBO included at 5% (5,073 kcal/kg) was not different from the NE of SBO included at 10% (4,679 kcal/kg), but the NE of CWG (5,900 kcal/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than the NE of SBO. The stage of growth had no impact on the NE of SBO or CWG. In conclusion, the NE of lipids is not affected by the content of dietary lipids, but the NE of CWG is greater than the NE of SBO.
- Published
- 2011
21. Spray-dried plasma attenuates inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by lipopolysaccharide
- Author
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James E. Pettigrew, Minho Song, Jeehwan Choe, Joe D. Crenshaw, Joy M. Campbell, Junsu Kim, Yanhong Liu, Javier Polo, Jeong Jae Lee, and Franchi, Ana Maria
- Subjects
Lethargy ,Lipopolysaccharides ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lipopolysaccharide ,General Science & Technology ,Uterus ,lcsh:Medicine ,Inflammation ,Reproductive health and childbirth ,Mice ,Plasma ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pregnancy ,Internal medicine ,Placenta ,medicine ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Animals ,Aetiology ,lcsh:Science ,Nutrition ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Contraception/Reproduction ,Prevention ,lcsh:R ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Pregnancy Complications ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Dietary Supplements ,Gestation ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
This study evaluated whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) can ameliorate inflammation, lethargic behaviors, and impairment of reproduction caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during late pregnancy. Two experiments were conducted with 125 mated female mice (C57BL/6 strain) in each experiment. All mice were shipped from a vendor on the gestation day (GD) 1 and arrived at the laboratory on GD 3. Mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatments with or without 8% SDP in the diet. On GD 17, mice determined pregnant by BW and abdomen shape were randomly assigned to intraperitoneal injections with or without 2 μg LPS. In experiment 1, 17 mice (26.7 ± 1.7 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 6 h after the LPS challenge to measure inflammatory responses in uterus and placenta. In experiment 2, 44 mice (26.0 ± 1.6 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 24 h after the LPS challenge to assess behavior and late-term pregnancy loss. Growth performance and reproductive responses, such as loss of pregnancy, percentage of fetal death, and etc., were measured in all pregnant mice. The LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) uterine and placental tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, late-term pregnancy loss, and lethargy score, and decreased (P < 0.05) uterine transforming growth factor-β1, moving time and number of rearing, and growth and feed intake. The SDP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in one or both tissues, and the lethargy score, and increased (P < 0.05) moving time and number of rearing, growth of pregnant mice, and fetal weight. However, the SDP did not affect late-term pregnancy loss caused by the LPS challenge. Consequently, dietary SDP attenuated acute inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by the LPS challenge, but did not affect late-term pregnancy loss after the acute inflammation.
- Published
- 2018
22. Essential role for simulation models in animal research and application
- Author
-
James E. Pettigrew
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Soil indicators ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Simulation modeling ,Diet composition ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Clinical disease ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Production (economics) ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Biochemical engineering ,Carcass composition ,business ,Food Science ,Production system - Abstract
Simulation models have been used productively to aid understanding of animal biology and production systems. Emphasis here is on pig growth models, but the principles apply also to other species and other outcomes. Main applications for such models are direct use within a production system, indirect use across production systems and guidance of research. Most useful models are dynamic and mechanistic; most are deterministic but some gain added utility from stochasticity. Several pig growth models have predicted growth rate, feed efficiency and body and carcass composition from inputs, including protein accretion capacity and diet composition and intake. They have been so successful that now attention can be applied elsewhere. Pigs in commercial production fail to achieve their potential growth, presumably because of various stressors, including disease, and the gap between actual and potential growth is a rich target for future simulation models. Models should address activation of the innate immune system separately from clinical disease. They can provide special benefits from prediction of the impacts of several health-promoting technologies, including those in feed.
- Published
- 2018
23. Variability in mixing efficiency and laboratory analyses of a common diet mixed at 25 experiment stations1,2
- Author
-
T. R. Cline, M. D. Lindemann, L. I. Chiba, J. C. McConnell, D. C. Mahan, Thomas D. Crenshaw, C. R. Dove, J. H. Brendemuhl, G. W. Libal, J. D. Hitchcock, R. C. Ewan, J. T. Yen, C. R. Hamilton, Veum Tl, K. C. Ferrell, J. L. Nelssen, C. V. Maxwell, Gretchen M. Hill, A. J. Lewis, E. T. Kornegay, James E. Pettigrew, D. A. Knabe, L. L. Southern, R. A. Easter, and Gary L. Cromwell
- Subjects
Vitamin ,Meal ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,Animal science ,Chemistry ,North central ,Genetics ,Mineralogy ,Animal Science and Zoology ,General Medicine ,Neither type ,Food Science - Abstract
An experiment involving 25 experiment stations in the North Central and Southern regions (NCR-42 and S-288, respectively) was conducted to assess the degree of uniformity of diet mixing among stations and to assess the variability among station laboratories in chemical analysis of mixed diets. A fortified corn-soybean meal diet was mixed at each station using a common diet formula (except for vitamin and trace-mineral additions). The diet was calculated to contain 14% crude protein (CP), 0.65% Ca, 0.50% P, and 125 ppm Zn (based on 100 ppm added Zn). After mixing, samples were collected from the initial 5% of feed discharged from the mixer, after 25, 50, and 75% was discharged, and from the final 5% of discharged feed. The five samples were sent to the University of Kentucky, finely ground, and divided into subsamples. Each set of five subsamples from each station was distributed to three randomly selected stations for analysis of CP, Ca, P, and Zn (i.e., each station analyzed five diet sub-samples from three other stations). In addition, two commercial and two station laboratories analyzed composites of the five subsamples from each of the 25 mixed diets. Based on the laboratories that analyzed all diets, means were 13.5, 0.65, and 0.52%, and 115 ppm for CP, Ca, P, and Zn, respectively. Ranges of 11.8 to 14.6% CP, 0.52 to 0.85% Ca, 0.47 to 0.58% P, and 71 to 182 ppm of Zn were found among the 25 diet mixes. The coefficients of variation among the 25 diet samples for CP, Ca, P, and Zn were 4.3, 9.3, 4.1, and 17.4%, and among the 25 laboratories were 3.6, 12.5, 10.7, and 11.1%, respectively. Overall analyses of the five sub samples were, respectively, CP: 13.4, 13.6, 13.4, 13.5, and 13.4% (P < 0.06); Ca: 0.66, 0.67, 0.67, 0.66, and 0.67%; P: 0.50,0.51,0.51,0.50, and 0.50%; and Zn: 115, 116, 112, 113, and 120 ppm (P < 0.001). Diets were not uniformly mixed at all stations (station x sample No. was P < 0.08 for Ca and P < 0.01 for CP, P, and Zn). Among stations, the range of the five samples, expressed as a percentage of the mean and averaged for CP, Ca, P, and Zn, varied from +/- 1.1% (i.e., 98.9 to 101.0%) to +/- 12.9% (84.6 to 110.4%), with an overall average of +/- 5.2%. Neither type nor volume of mixers was related to mixing uniformity. The results suggest that uniformity of diet mixes varies among experiment stations, that some stations miss their targeted levels of nutrients (especially Zn), and that the variability among experiment station laboratories in analysis of dietary Ca, P, and Zn in mixed diets is quite large.
- Published
- 2003
24. Genetically identical co-housed pigs as models for dietary studies of gut microbiomes
- Author
-
Bryan A. White, Fang Yang, Lawrence B. Schook, James E. Pettigrew, Meredith J. Mazur, and Nicholas Chia
- Subjects
Gastrointestinal tract ,Bran ,Host (biology) ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Zoology ,Biology ,16S ribosomal RNA ,Biotechnology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Microbiome ,KEGG ,business ,Gene ,Feces ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The impact of diet on the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been well documented. However, quantifying the role of the diet in shaping microbial composition in humans has been difficult due to the influence of host genetics and the environment. To test the influence of diets on the GIT microbiome independently of host genotype and environment, two genetically identical co-housed pigs were used in an A-B-A-B design across four 14-day periods using two distinct diets that differed in dietary fiber source, soybean hulls or wheat bran. Shifts in fecal microbiomes were assessed with respect to dietary changes by 454-pyrosequencing analysis using the V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Similarity analysis revealed that the GIT microbiome distinctly clustered by diets rather than by individual. Diversity analysis showed that the diet fed had an influence on GIT microbiome diversity, which was host specific. While many bacterial taxa and KEGG orthologs reacted similarly to switches in diet, some bacterial taxa and KEGG orthologs reacted differentially in each of the pigs. While diet changed the GIT microbiome composition of isogenic co-housed pigs, inter-individual variations from epigenetics were not entirely eliminated by the use of cloned pigs.
- Published
- 2014
25. Escherichia coli challenge and one type of smectite alter intestinal barrier of pigs
- Author
-
H. Rex Gaskins, James E. Pettigrew, Orlando Osuna, Carol W. Maddox, J. A. S. Almeida, Jeong Jae Lee, Minho Song, and Yanhong Liu
- Subjects
Goblet cell ,Zeolite ,Research ,Crypt ,Mucin ,E. coli ,Ileum ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,Barrier function ,Diarrhea ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,medicine ,Pigs ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Lymph ,Smectite ,medicine.symptom ,Escherichia coli ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine how an E. coli challenge and dietary clays affect the intestinal barrier of pigs. Two groups of 32 pigs (initial BW: 6.9 ± 1.0 kg) were distributed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of a randomized complete block design (2 challenge treatments: sham or E. coli, and 4 dietary treatments: control, 0.3% smectite A, 0.3% smectite B and 0.3% zeolite), with 8 replicates total. Diarrhea score, growth performance, goblet cell size and number, bacterial translocation from intestinal lumen to lymph nodes, intestinal morphology, and relative amounts of sulfo and sialo mucins were measured. The E. coli challenge reduced performance, increased goblet cell size and number in the ileum, increased bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to the lymph nodes, and increased ileal crypt depth. One of the clays (smectite A) tended to increase goblet cell size in ileum, which may indicate enhanced protection. In conclusion, E. coli infection degrades intestinal barrier integrity but smectite A may enhance it.
- Published
- 2013
26. Effects of co-products from the corn-ethanol industry on body composition, retention of protein, lipids and energy, and on the net energy of diets fed to growing or finishing pigs
- Author
-
Nestor A, Gutierrez, Dong Yong, Kil, Yanhong, Liu, James E, Pettigrew, and Hans H, Stein
- Subjects
Ethanol ,Swine ,Body Composition ,Animals ,Proteins ,Energy Metabolism ,Lipid Metabolism ,Animal Feed ,Zea mays ,Diet - Abstract
Conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV), uncooked distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-BPX) and high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) are used in diets for pigs to provide protein and energy. These ingredients may have different effects on body composition and energy retention. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine effects of DDGS-CV, DDGS-BPX and HP-DDG on body composition and on retention of protein, lipids, and energy when fed to growing or finishing pigs.The total organ weight was greater (P0.05) for finishing pigs fed the HP-DDG diet than for finishing pigs fed the basal diet or the DDGS-CV diet. Finishing pigs fed the DDGS-CV diet had greater (P0.05) lipid gain than pigs fed the other diets, and the net energy (NE) for DDGS-CV was greater (P0.05) than for DDGS-BPX, but the NE value of HP-DDG was not different from that of DDGS-CV or DDGS-BPX.Inclusion of up to 30% DDGS or HP-DDG in diets fed to growing or finishing pigs will not affect body composition or the retention of energy, protein and lipids, regardless of the stage of growth of pigs. The NE value of DDGS-BPX and HP-DDG is not affected by the stage of growth of pigs, but the NE value of DDGS-CV is greater in finishing than in growing pigs.
- Published
- 2013
27. Dietary spray‐dried plasma influences intestinal morphology, growth performance, and organ weight of mated female mice under transport stress
- Author
-
Yanhong Liu, James E. Pettigrew, Seongwon Seo, Minho Song, Javier Polo, Jeong Jae Lee, Joy M. Campbell, Joe D. Crenshaw, Ju Lan Chun, Juliana A. Soares-Almeida, and Tung M. Che
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,Spray dried plasma ,Genetics ,medicine ,Intestinal morphology ,Biology ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Transport stress ,Organ weight ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2012
28. Dietary spray‐dried plasma attenuates inflammation caused by transport stress and increases pregnancy rate of mated female mice
- Author
-
Yanhong Liu, Seongwon Seo, Joe D. Crenshaw, James E. Pettigrew, Ju Lan Chun, Minho Song, Juliana A. Soares-Almeida, Javier Polo, Jeonjae Lee, Joy M. Campbell, and Tung M. Che
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Chemistry ,Inflammation ,Biochemistry ,Pregnancy rate ,Endocrinology ,Spray dried plasma ,Internal medicine ,Genetics ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Molecular Biology ,Transport stress ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2012
29. Apportioning methionine requirements for maintenance versus growth of rats
- Author
-
In S. Shin, Fredric N. Owens, James E. Pettigrew, and James W. Oltjen
- Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics ,Endocrinology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 1994
30. Apportioning isoleucine requirements for maintenance versus growth of rats
- Author
-
In S. Shin, Fredric N. Owens, James E. Pettigrew, and James W Oltjen
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Methionine ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Cystine ,Biology ,Amino acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Valine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Leucine ,Isoleucine ,Threonine ,Weight gain - Abstract
Purified diets containing six levels of methionine plus two different levels of cystine (0 and 0.45%) were fed to growing rats to determine the methionine requirements for maintenance and for growth. A model was developed to subdivide the methionine requirement for maintenance from its requirement for growth. In the absence of cystine, the methionine requirement for growth based on weight gain response was 8.41 mg/g live weight gain and the maintenance requirement was 0.38 times metabolic body size (W g 75 ); based on N retention response, the growth requirement was 0.37 mg/mg N gain and the maintenance need was 0.36 mg times metabolic body size. In the presence of 0.45% cystine, the methionine requirement for growth was 3.32 mg/g live weight gain and the maintenance requirement was 0.11 times metabolic body size (W g 75 ); based on N retention, the growth requirement was 0.16 mg/mg N gain and 0.07 times metabolic body size. As a percentage of retained protein, according to these equations, the sulfur-containing amino acids calculate to be 6.0%; the reported sulfur-containing amino acid fraction of rat muscle crude protein is 5.1%. Forty-two percent of the requirement for total sulfur-containing amino acids for growth was comprised of methionine. From these relative requirements with versus without added dietary cystine, we estimated that 59 to 61% of the methionine need for growth can be replaced with cystine whereas 71 to 81% of the methionine need for maintenance can be replaced with cystine.
- Published
- 1994
31. Determining the valine requirement of the mgr-producing lactating sow
- Author
-
Robert D. Goodband, Lee J Johnston, Michael D. Tokach, Brian T Richert, R. D. Walker, Shula Blum, James E. Pettigrew, and Jim L. Nelssen
- Subjects
medicine.anatomical_structure ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Hardware and Architecture ,Valine ,Lactation ,medicine ,Food science ,Biology ,Lactating sow ,Software - Published
- 1994
32. Apportioning valine requirements for maintenance versus growth for rats
- Author
-
In S. Shin, Fredric N. Owens, James E. Pettigrew, and James W. Oltjen
- Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics ,Endocrinology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 1994
33. Apportioning leucine requirements for maintenance versus growth for rats
- Author
-
Fredric N. Owens, S. Shin, James E. Pettigrew, and James W. Oltjen
- Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics ,Endocrinology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 1994
34. Apportioning tryptophan requirements for maintenance versus growth of rats
- Author
-
James E. Pettigrew, James W Oltjen, Fredric N. Owens, and S. Shin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Tryptophan intake ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Tryptophan ,Biology ,Body size ,Body weight ,Endocrinology ,Animal science ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Weight gain - Abstract
Purified diets containing six levels of tryptophan were fed to growing rats to determine tryptophan requirements for growth and for maintenance. A mathematical model was employed to subdivide the tryptophan need for maintenance from its requirement for growth. Based on the model relating weight gain to tryptophan intake, the tryptophan need for growth was 2.48 mg/g weight gain and the daily tryptophan need for maintenance (mg) was 0.066 times metabolic body size (W g · 75 ). Based on the model relating nitrogen gain to tryptophan intake, the tryptophan need for growth was 0.11 mg/mg nitrogen retention and the daily tryptophan need for maintenance was 0.078 times metabolic body size (W g · 75 ). Previous tryptophan requirements for growth and for maintenance corresponded very closely with these estimates. As a percentage of deposited protein, according to these equations, tryptophan was calculated to be 1.7%; the reported tryptophan content of rat muscle crude protein is 1.8%
- Published
- 1994
35. Apportioning threonine requirements for maintenance versus growth for rats
- Author
-
S. Shin, Fredric N. Oweris, James E. Pettigrew, and James W. Oltjen
- Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics ,Endocrinology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 1994
36. Apportioning histidine requirements for maintenance versus growth
- Author
-
In S. Shin, James E. Pettigrew, James W Oltjen, and Fredric N. Owens
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Endocrinology ,Animal science ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Biology ,Body size ,medicine.symptom ,Weight gain ,Histidine - Abstract
Purified diets containing six levels of histidine were fed to growing rats to evaluate histidine requirements for growth and for maintenance. A model was developed to subdivide the requirement for maintenance from the requirement for growth. Based on weight gain response, the histidine need for growth was 4.02 mg/g weight gain and the daily histidine need for maintenance was .130 times metabolic body size (Wg .75 ). Based on nitrogen gain response, the histidine need for growth was .168 mg/mg N gain and the daily histidine need for maintenance (mg) was .137 times metabolic body size (Wg .75 ). The plateau of plasma histidine concentration was reached at 22 mg intake/day. Previous histidine requirements for growth (for less than 5 g daily weight gain or 120 mg daily N retention) and for maintenance were in very close agreement with these estimates. As a percentage of retained protein, according to theses equations, histidine was calculated to be 2.7%; the reported histidine content of rat muscle CP is 2.85%.
- Published
- 1991
37. A Novel Porcine Model of Atherosclerosis
- Author
-
James F. Zachary, Lawrence B. Schook, James E. Pettigrew, and Meredith J. Mazur
- Subjects
Apolipoprotein E ,Regimen ,Genetics ,Animal cloning ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Biotechnology ,Sequence (medicine) - Abstract
We are investigating the potential use of the pig as a model for the study of atherosclerosis by utilizing APOE sequence information, animal cloning, and establishing a nutritional regimen that tem...
- Published
- 2006
38. Preface
- Author
-
James E. Pettigrew, Roderick I. Mackie, Lawrence D. Firkins, Gilbert R. Hollis, and Isaac K. O. Cann
- Subjects
Animal biotechnology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Bioengineering ,Environmental ethics ,Biology ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2006
39. Supplemental Dietary Fat for Peripartal Sows: a Review
- Author
-
James E. Pettigrew
- Subjects
animal diseases ,Mortality rate ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Biology ,fluids and secretions ,Animal science ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lactation ,Genetics ,Herd ,medicine ,Colostrum ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Fat supplementation ,Food science ,Weaning weight ,Survival rate ,Dietary fat ,Food Science - Abstract
Summary Insufficient energy may contribute to the high mortality rate among piglets. Supplemental fat in the sow's diet during late gestation does not affect the piglets' body stores of carbohydrates at birth but increases slightly carcass fat stores. Supplemental dietary fat during late gestation and(or) lactation increases milk production and the fat concentration of colostrum and milk. This increase in colostral and milk fat increases the survival rate among the piglets if the herd survival rate is relatively low (less than 80%) and the sow consumes at least 1,000 g of fat before farrowing. The importance of continuing the fat supplementation after farrowing has not been established. The increased survival rate does not cause a decrease in the mean piglet weaning weight. Rather, the mean piglet weaning weight appears to increase if the dietary fat concentration is at least 8%. There are practical problems associated with the
- Published
- 1981
40. SUPPLEMENTAL FATS AND ENERGY DENSITY IN PIG DIETS
- Author
-
Robert H. Wilson and James E. Pettigrew
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Energy density ,Food science - Published
- 1984
41. Spray-dried plasma attenuates inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by lipopolysaccharide.
- Author
-
Yanhong Liu, Jeehwan Choe, Jeong Jae Lee, Junsu Kim, Joy M Campbell, Javier Polo, Joe D Crenshaw, James E Pettigrew, and Minho Song
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
This study evaluated whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) can ameliorate inflammation, lethargic behaviors, and impairment of reproduction caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during late pregnancy. Two experiments were conducted with 125 mated female mice (C57BL/6 strain) in each experiment. All mice were shipped from a vendor on the gestation day (GD) 1 and arrived at the laboratory on GD 3. Mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatments with or without 8% SDP in the diet. On GD 17, mice determined pregnant by BW and abdomen shape were randomly assigned to intraperitoneal injections with or without 2 μg LPS. In experiment 1, 17 mice (26.7 ± 1.7 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 6 h after the LPS challenge to measure inflammatory responses in uterus and placenta. In experiment 2, 44 mice (26.0 ± 1.6 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 24 h after the LPS challenge to assess behavior and late-term pregnancy loss. Growth performance and reproductive responses, such as loss of pregnancy, percentage of fetal death, and etc., were measured in all pregnant mice. The LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) uterine and placental tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, late-term pregnancy loss, and lethargy score, and decreased (P < 0.05) uterine transforming growth factor-β1, moving time and number of rearing, and growth and feed intake. The SDP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in one or both tissues, and the lethargy score, and increased (P < 0.05) moving time and number of rearing, growth of pregnant mice, and fetal weight. However, the SDP did not affect late-term pregnancy loss caused by the LPS challenge. Consequently, dietary SDP attenuated acute inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by the LPS challenge, but did not affect late-term pregnancy loss after the acute inflammation.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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