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This article describes an activity that integrates Bee-Bot robots, to engage first-grade students in creating different geometric shapes. In this activity, students work collaboratively to program Bee-Bots to move on a specific path with two markers attached to the Bee-Bots to create a geometric shape on a sheet of paper. After exploring the robots, first-grade students are asked to create geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles, and circles. Students write and test their programs, then observe the drawing to debug their program. This allows students to attend to the number of sides and vertices and the relations among them to complete the task.

After experimenting with emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, K-12 schools have retained select online instruction by incorporating blended teaching models. In response, teacher education must respond in innovative ways to prepare future educators with blended teaching competencies. This article presents a problem-centered model for designing flipped courses and discusses how this can demonstrate blended teaching practices that pre-service teachers can observe and experience. Applying a descriptive phenomenological research design, the author iteratively prompted 12 pre-service teachers to reflect on their experiences in a flipped, technology integration course, designed according to this problem-centered model. The results indicate that pre-service teachers experienced the online space as a place to experiment with novel technologies; the in-person class as time for practicing challenging skills and reflecting on future possibilities; and the problem-centered nature of the course as a unifying element and scaffold for their learning.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 stay-at-home orders enacted in New Orleans, LA on 3/16/2020, may have caused changes in the way young men interacted with sex partners. METHODS: An online sub-study was conducted (5/21/2020-6/9/2020) among Black men who have sex with women, >18 years old, and who had previously enrolled in the parent study Check It (5/17/2017-3/16/2020) to assess changes in sexual behavior during the stay-at-home orders. RESULTS: Among 111 participants, from enrollment in Check It to during stay-at-home orders, recent vaginal sex declined from 96.4% to 47.8% (p

BackgroundSerum prealbumin has long been used as a marker of nutritional status. However, prealbumin is a negative acute phase reactant influenced by several non-nutritional-related factors including surgery, infection, and cancer. An increasing prealbumin has been correlated with a positive nitrogen balance in general surgery patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) with 88% specificity and 70% sensitivity. To date, no trial has evaluated the effect of concurrent cancer and surgery on the value of prealbumin in predicting nitrogen balance.MethodsThis study is a concurrent retrospective design of post-operative patients (≥ 19 years of age) identified by the nutrition support service who received PN for ≥ 5 days, had a baseline and follow-up serum prealbumin and C-reactive Protein (CRP) measured, as well as a 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) performed between days 5-10 of PN. Exclusion criteria include anuric renal failure, Child-Pugh Class C liver failure, pregnancy, and corticosteroid use. Prealbumin was correlated to nitrogen balance, measuring sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values. Information was collected regarding patient demographics and presence or absence of metastatic cancer.ResultsThirty patients were identified and evaluated for this study from December 1st, 2010 to July 15th, 2011. Patients included in the study had a mean age of 57 years old (range 20-82), 53% male, with a mean weight of 84 kg (range 42-140) and body mass index (BMI) of 29 kg/m2 (range 14.9-56.8). The mean daily caloric dose of PN per actual body weight was 21 kcal/kg (range 10-34) and the mean daily protein dose was 1.4 g/kg (range 1-2). Forty seven percent of patients were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and were prescribed high-protein hypocaloric PN. The most common indication for PN was post-operative ileus (23/30 patients). 24-hour urine collection for UUN was performed on average of day 8 after PN initiation (range 5-10 days). Nitrogen balance as calculated from 24-hour UUN was positive in 17/30 patients. A positive prealbumin change of greater than 2.8 mg/dL was found to have a statistically significant association with positive nitrogen balance (p = 0.02). At the cut off level of positive 2.8 mg/dL, the likelihood of a positive nitrogen balance had a sensitivity of 82% (95% confidence interval (CI) 64% - 100%); specificity of 62% (95% CI 35% - 88%); positive predictive value of 74% (95% CI 54%-93%); negative predictive value of 73% (95% CI 46% - 99%). No absolute value for prealbumin level (e.g., > 20 mg/dL) was found to be a significant predictor of positive nitrogen balance. CRP levels at initiation of PN were significantly elevated with a mean level of 147 mg/dL.ConclusionThese results indicate a positive change in serum prealbumin (>2.8 mg/dL) has sufficient sensitivity (82%) to predict positive changes in nitrogen balance in the surgical oncology population. However, the low specificity (62%) makes it less useful in predicting a negative nitrogen balance. Absolute prealbumin levels were greatly affected by inflammation, as evidenced by CRP levels, and single values were not useful in predicting positive nitrogen balance.

In the summer of 2019, The Independent Review published a symposium on classical liberalism and social justice. We give an overview and commentary on the symposium papers. Rather than adopting the term social justice, we recommend returning to the three senses of justice maintained by Adam Smith and explained by Daniel Klein (2019). We articulate and explore Smith’s tripartite understanding of justice in contrast with an understanding that gives place to the expression social justice. Smith’s tri-layered understanding is in the spirit of addressing the micro-foundations of macrophenomena, the spirit of Thomas Schelling’s Micromotives and Macrobehavior.

Localized amyloidosis is a condition characterized by deposits of fibrillary proteins confined to a single organ. The most common subtype is amyloid light chain amyloidosis, which is caused by secretion of amyloidogenic light chain by a monoclonal population of plasma cells. We present a review and discussion of the literature in the context of a case presentation of localized amyloid light chain amyloidosis of the nasopharynx treated with radiation alone.We reviewed literature relevant to this topic from 1970 to the present. Relevant studies, reports, and articles were summarized in table form.Surgical resection has historically been the primary therapeutic modality for these patients, with radiation being reserved for recurrent lesions or for those unfit for surgery. Although the data are limited to small retrospective series, radiation has been shown to provide good control with mild toxicity that is as good as or better than surgery. Doses range from 20 to 45 Gy, conventionally fractionated. There is no known risk of progression to systemic disease without local therapy.We recommend local therapy for symptomatic patients after systemic disease has been excluded. We generally recommend radiation in the setting of recurrent lesions, unacceptable toxicity with surgery, poor surgical candidates, and as the initial modality in select patients (elderly individuals with bothersome but nonobstructive lesions).

Purpose: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in combination with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a promising therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A radiopaque drug-eluting embolic bead used during TACE, called LC Bead LUMI (Boston Scientific), was developed to allow improved visualization during TACE. The purpose of this case series is to assess the visibility of LUMI after TACE and discuss its potential use as an alignment tool for SBRT. Methods: Fourteen patients with HCC (median age 69) received TACE using LUMI immediately followed by SBRT to 50 Gy in 5 fractions (13 patients) or 40 Gy in 5 fractions (1). Computed tomography (CT) simulation and cone beam CT (CBCT) images taken before each fraction were compared with immediate post-TACE imaging. Success of the LUMI bead opacification was graded from excellent to poor visualization. Patients were followed to assess target lesion response, disease control, survival, and the long-term visibility of LUMI beads. Results: CBCT immediately after TACE with LUMI displayed excellent tumor visibility for 6 of 13 patients (46.2%), moderate tumor visibility for 4 patients (30.8%), and poor tumor visibility for 3 patients (23.1%). When comparing CBCTs used for SBRT image verification to post-TACE CBCT, 53.8% remained unchanged and 46.2% deteriorated from excellent to moderate or moderate to poor, but none deteriorated from excellent to poor visualization. Median follow-up was 13 months (range 2-35). On average, LUMI beads were visible on noncontrast CT up to 20 months after SBRT. Conclusions: LC Bead LUMI has the ability to provide liver tumor demarcation on noncontrast and cone beam CT weeks to months following TACE. It can serve as an alignment tool and could improve the therapeutic ratio in liver SBRT by allowing for tumor margin reduction with a potential decrease in the risk of toxicity when treating HCC in facilities without magnetic resonance imaging-linear accelerator.

There was a drastic shift in the United States economic policy that began in the 1970s and 1980s. These policies can be ideologically categorized as neoliberal policies.1 The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between neoliberal policies and social tension through a mediating variable of economic inequality. The goal is to explore a potential connection between neoliberal policies and social tension from the 1970s and 1980s to the present. This study used a methodology that entailed creating a timeline of neoliberal policy implementation, then comparing it to historical data on inequality. Inequality data was collected from the Gini coefficient and index which are a statistical measurement of income and wealth inequality. Gini coefficient and index data was then compared to violent crime rates and racial hate crime rates in a correlational analysis. Violent crime rates and racial hate crime rates were used as an indicator for the variable of social tension. Data availability on racial violence was a major limiting factor to the original goal of the study. The analysis indicated that there is a temporal correlation between neoliberal policy implementation and growth in inequality, but a more complex relationship between inequality and social tension exists than originally hypothesized. There are additional extraneous variables influencing social tension that were not present in this analysis. Further examination of influential factors that contribute to - or reduce - social tension should be explored.

Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Despite this, current strategies for the treatment of obesity remain ineffective at achieving long‐term weight control. This is due, in part, to difficulties in identifying tolerable and efficacious small molecules or biologics capable of regulating systemic nutrient homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that BAM15, a mitochondrially targeted small molecule protonophore, stimulates energy expenditure and glucose and lipid metabolism to protect against diet‐induced obesity. Exposure to BAM15 in vitro enhanced mitochondrial respiratory kinetics, improved insulin action, and stimulated nutrient uptake by sustained activation of AMPK. C57BL/6J mice treated with BAM15 were resistant to weight gain. Furthermore, BAM15‐treated mice exhibited improved body composition and glycemic control independent of weight loss, effects attributable to drug targeting of lipid‐rich tissues. We provide the first phenotypic characterization and demonstration of pre‐clinical efficacy for BAM15 as a pharmacological approach for the treatment of obesity and related diseases., This study presents a novel therapy for treatment of obesity‐related diseases. Oral delivery of the mitochondrial protonophore BAM15 markedly reduced weight gain and fat accrual while improving glycemic control.

In the summer of 2019, The Independent Review published a symposium on classical liberalism and social justice. We give an overview and commentary on the symposium papers. Rather than adopting the term social justice, we recommend returning to the three senses of justice maintained by Adam Smith and explained by Daniel Klein (2019). We articulate and explore Smith’s tripartite understanding of justice in contrast with an understanding that gives place to the expression social justice. Smith’s tri-layered understanding is in the spirit of addressing the micro-foundations of macrophenomena, the spirit of Thomas Schelling’s Micromotives and Macrobehavior.

Before political and jural integration, multiple, non-integrated jural authorities contended with each other for influence and authority. It was a world of plural jural superiorities, or jural pluralism. In Hume’s History of England, the main characters in the story of jural pluralism and the subsequent integration are the king, the barons, and the clergy. Hume details the relationships and the strategic interactions between the different players over the course of time, tracing the path from jural pluralism to jural integration or unitarity. This research memo collects 142 quotations from David Hume’s History concerning jural pluralism and jural integration. The collection shows that the development of political and jural integration is a major theme of Hume’s History.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, accounting for nearly 20 percent of all childhood brain tumors. New treatment strategies are needed to improve patient survival outcomes and to reduce adverse effects of current therapy. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) intracellular signaling pathway plays a key role in cellular metabolism, proliferation, survival and angiogenesis, and is often constitutively activated in human cancers, providing unique opportunities for anticancer therapeutic intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pre-clinical activity of BKM120, a selective pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, on MB cell lines and primary samples. IC50 values of BKM120 in the twelve MB cell lines tested ranged from 0.279 to 4.38 μM as determined by cell viability assay. IncuCyte ZOOM Live-Cell Imaging system was used for kinetic monitoring of cytotoxicity of BKM120 and apoptosis in MB cells. BKM120 exhibited cytotoxicity in MB cells in a dose and time-dependent manner by inhibiting activation of downstream signaling molecules AKT and mTOR, and activating caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, BKM120 decreased cellular glycolytic metabolic activity in MB cell lines in a dose-dependent manner demonstrated by ATP level per cell. In MB xenograft mouse study, DAOY cells were implanted in the flank of nude mice and treated with vehicle, BKM120 at 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg via oral gavage daily. BKM120 significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. These findings help to establish a basis for clinical trials of BKM120, which could be a novel therapy for the treatment of medulloblastoma patients.

Background: Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children with poor survival outcome. New treatment strategies are needed for control of MB. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) intracellular signaling pathway plays a key role in cellular metabolism, proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. This pathway is often constitutively activated in human tumor cells, providing unique opportunities for anticancer therapeutic intervention. BKM120 (Buparlisib) is an oral pan-class I PI3K inhibitor that targets all 4 isoforms of class I PI3K. BKM120 is currently being clinically evaluated for the treatment of different adult cancers including breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. In this study, we screened our MB established and patient primary cell lines by genomic profiling analysis, and validated the targeted therapy both in vitro and in vivo in xenograft mouse model. Methods: RNA expression profiling analysis was performed with Affymetrix GeneChip U133 Plus 2.0 genome wide expression cDNA microarray. Analysis was done using R/Bioconductor packages and Partek Genomics Suite. Eleven MB cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations (0-4 μM) of BKM120 for 48 hours. CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay was used to determine cell viability. IC50 values were calculated with a four-parameter variable-slope dose response curve using GraphPad Prism v.5 software. IncuCyte ZOOM Live-Cell Imaging system was used for kinetic monitoring of cytotoxicity of BKM120 and apoptosis in MB cells. Western blot analysis was used to measure phospho-Akt, phospho-mTOR, and cleaved caspase 3 protein levels. ATP level per cell was measured using CyQuant fluorescent DNA assay combined with CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay. Xenograft study was performed with DAOY cells implanted in the flank of nude mice and treated with vehicle, BKM120 at 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg via oral gavage daily. Results: BKM120 exhibited cytotoxicity in MB cells in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting activation of downstream signaling molecules Akt and mTOR, and activating apoptotic pathways and inducing cell death in the eleven cell lines tested. IC50s of BKM120 in the MB cell lines ranged from 0.456 to 2.9 μM determined by cell viability assay. Furthermore, BKM120 decreased cellular glycolytic metabolic activity in MB cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In MB xenograft mouse study, BKM120 significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival at 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg. Conclusion: This study indicates that BKM120 promotes apoptosis and suppresses medulloblastoma tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Additional investigation of BKM120 for the treatment of pediatric medulloblastoma is warranted. Citation Format: Ping Zhao, Jacob Hall, Austin Voydanoff, Mary Durston, Elizabeth VanSickle, Abhinav B. Nagulapally, Jeffery Bond, Giselle Saulnier Sholler. BKM120 promotes apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in medulloblastoma by targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3197.

Repairing upper extremity function would significantly enhance the quality of life for persons with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Repair strategy development requires investigations of the deficits and the spontaneous recovery that occurs when cervical spinal cord axonal pathways are damaged. The present study revealed that both anatomically and electrophysiologically complete myelotomies of the C4 spinal cord dorsal columns significantly increased the adult rat's averaged times to first attend to adhesive stickers placed on the palms of their forepaws at 1 week. Complete bilateral myelotomies of the dorsal funiculi and dorsal hemisection, but not bilateral dorsolateral funiculi injuries, also similarly increased these times at 1 week. These data extend a previous finding by showing that a forepaw tactile sensory deficit that occurred in the adult rat after bilateral C4 spinal cord dorsal funiculi injury is due to damage of the dorsal columns. Averaged times to first attend to the stickers also decreased to those of sham-operated rats at 3 and 4 weeks post-dorsal hemisection with weekly testing. In contrast, a separate group of rats with dorsal hemisections had significantly increased times when tested only at 4 weeks. These data indicate that frequent assessment of this particular behavior in rats with dorsal hemisections extinguishes it and/or engenders a learned response in the absence of sensory axons in the dorsal columns and dorsolateral funiculi. This finding contrasted with weekly testing of grid walking where increased forelimb footfall numbers persisted for 4 weeks post-dorsal hemisection.