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Background: The Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (AHPBA) Education and Training Committee standardized a Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) Surgery Fellowship certification process in 2010. Several classes of fellows have since graduated from HPB, combined Society of Surgical Oncology/AHPBA, and combined American Society of Transplant Surgeons/AHPBA fellowships, but there is little information on their career outcomes. We seek to offer long-term data on the careers of HPB fellowship graduates.Methods: A 26-question anonymous survey was distributed among graduates of accredited programs for the last 10 years. We generated descriptive statistics from the responses.Results: The respondents were evenly distributed in terms of graduation years between 2010 and 2019. Fifty-eight percent of fellows had completed a prior fellowship, 82% received 1 to 3 job offers during the fellowship, and 75% of respondents were still at their first job. The majority of graduates (>60%) were able to secure a job with a >50% HPB practice and >40 HPB cases per year within 3 years of graduation. Overall, >90% candidates rated their satisfaction with fellowship training greater than 8 out of 10.Discussion: This survey helps shed light on the early formative years in the practices of HPB fellowship graduates. These data show that HPB fellowship training is essential and effective in providing job security and helps fellowship graduates develop a gratifying practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Militancy is a continuing process in many developing regions where entrepreneurial activities in the informal economy have the potential to transform lives leading to sustainable development through local initiatives. Often militancy originates in protest against global encroachment and defending the livelihoods of local communities. Yet this leads to detrimental effects on such initiatives. The study focuses on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Niger Delta in Nigeria and looks at how the lessons learned may be used in other developing regions facing similar issues. Findings suggest how violent conflict resulting in an adverse impact on enterprise development can be mediated by collective actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selection biases affecting candidate matches to fellowship programs directly influence diversity within the surgical community. The review of selection bias has never been distinctively investigated in the Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery community. This study seeks to (i) evaluate factors affecting selection of candidates to HPB fellowships, (ii) examine explicit biases among program directors and faculty of HPB programs in North America, and (iii) compare the demography of the HPB faculty and recently graduated fellows to general surgery residents. Study Design: An anonymous, self-reported survey consisting of 10 sets of fictional applications was distributed to 52 faculty members, including program directors, of AHPBA-affiliated HPB fellowships in North America. The respondents had to pick a preferred candidate between two abridged, fictional HPB fellow applications and give an open-ended response as to why they picked that candidate. The applications were nearly identical with one notable characteristic of interest. Demographic information of both faculty and their recent fellows was also collected. This survey was administered and collected between February and April, 2020. Results: A total of 29 fully completed responses were received, comprising a 55.7% response rate. Respondents were 72.4% male, 69.0% Caucasian, and 79.3% held US medical degrees (MD). 50.0% of respondents preferred an MD candidate to a DO candidate, and 37% preferred US graduates to foreign-trained candidates. The respondents were unanimous in stating that gender, race, and family status were not a factor in their selection process. 5.0% said they would support an LGBTQ candidate when faced with otherwise similar applicants. Seventy-six HPB fellows from the past 5 years were 76.3% male, 56.6% Caucasian, and 51.3% US graduated Doctor of Medicine (US MD). Conclusion: This is the first study explicitly exploring the impact of demographic factors in the HPB fellowship selection process. The respondents unanimously and explicitly stated that race and gender do not play any role in their selection process. Yet, there is stark discordance between general surgery resident demographics and HPB fellow demographics. A greater effort to promote a more diverse HPB surgery community may be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET is becoming a popular imaging technique for detecting neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The sensitivity and specificity of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET compared to standard cross-sectional imaging with triple phase CT or MRI with Eovist has not been studied extensively. Methods: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET scans ordered at our institution between 11/2017 and 7/2018 were reviewed. Patients with evidence of liver metastases were sorted and cross-sectional imaging results were reviewed. Specifically, the number of lesions detected by standard cross-sectional imaging versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET was compared. Results: 32 patients with 68Ga-DOTATATE PET scans and a corresponding MRI or CT were identified. Primary tumors were pancreatic (43.8%), small bowel (25%), hepatic (9.4%), gastric (6.3%), appendiceal (3.1%), and not localized (12.5%). 26/32 (81%) patients had CT scans and 17/32 (53%) had MRI scans. 25/32 (78%) patients had at least equal or increased number of lesions identified on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET when compared with CT or MRI. 7/32 (21.9%) had fewer lesions on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET compared to CT or MRI. However, 3 of these cases had numerous liver lesions. The overall sensitivity and specificity of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET are 92.9% and 75% respectively. Conclusion: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET appears to have superior sensitivity in detecting metastatic NET to the liver. Further studies are needed to determine if it should be considered the test of choice for evaluating patients with metastatic NET to the liver. While standard cross-sectional imaging will be needed for surgical planning, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET will identify lesions that may not be seen on other imaging modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objective: Quick optimization and mastery of a new technique is an important part of procedural medicine, especially in the field of minimally invasive surgery. Complex surgeries such as robotic pancreaticoduodenectomies (RPD) and robotic distal pancreatectomies (RDP) have a steep learning curve; therefore, findings that can help expedite the burdensome learning process are extremely beneficial. This single-surgeon study aims to report the learning curves of RDP, RPD, and robotic Heller myotomy (RHM) and to review the results' implications for the current state of robotic hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery. Study design: This is a retrospective case series of a prospectively maintained database at a non-university tertiary care center. Total of 175 patients underwent either RDP, RPD, or RHM with the surgeon (DRJ) from January 2014 to January 2020. Results: Statistical significance of operating room time (ORT) was noted after 47 cases for RDP (p < 0.05), 51 cases for RPD (p < 0.0001), and 18 cases for RHM (p < 0.05). Mean ORT after the statistical mastery of the procedure for RDP, RPD, and RHM was 124, 232, 93 min, respectively. No statistical significance was noted for estimated blood loss or length of stay. Conclusions: Robotic HPB procedures have significantly higher learning curves compared to non-HPB procedures, even for an experienced HPB surgeon with extensive laparoscopic experience. Our RPD curve, however, is quicker than the literature average. We suggest that this is because of the simultaneous implementation of HPB (RDP and RPD) and non-HPB robotic surgeries with a shorter learning curve—especially foregut procedures such as RHM—into an experienced surgeon's practice. This may accelerate the learning process without compromising patient safety and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the U.S. is faced with a severe projected shortage of physicians and surgeons in this environment, we believe that increasing specialty and subspecialty training is further widening the supply and demand gap. Topics include creating a culture where a patient with a pancreatic mass, and the paraesophageal hernia can only be taken care of if a surgical oncologist or hepatobiliary surgeon is available with a foregut or thoracic surgeon.

Background. Bile contamination from the digestive tract is a well-known risk factor for postoperative complications. Despite the literature concerning prevalence of bacterobilia and fungobilia in patients with biliary pathologies, there are no specific recommendations for perioperative antimicrobial coverage for biliary/pancreatic procedures. We evaluated the effect of at least 72 hours of perioperative broad spectrum antibiotic coverage on outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Materials and Methods. A retrospective review of all patients at Case Medical Center of Case Western Reserve University undergoing PD procedure, from 2006 to 2011, was performed (n=122). Perioperative data including demographics, comorbidities, biliary instrumentation, antibiotic coverage, culture results, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Propensity score matching method was used to match the patients according to duration of antibiotic coverage into two groups: 72 hours (A72) and 24 hours (A24). Results. Longer broad spectrum antibiotic coverage in group A72 resulted in significantly less surgical site infections after PD, compared to routine 24 hours of perioperative antibiotics in group A24. This study did not reveal a statistically significant decrease in postoperative fungal infections in patients receiving preoperative antifungals. Conclusion. Prolonged perioperative antibiotic therapy in conjunction with intraoperative bile cultures decreases the short-term infectious complications of PD, with no significant increase in Clostridium difficile colitis incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the absence of paternalistic leadership in cross-cultural leadership studies. Topics include the negative connotations of paternalism in the western countries, the representation of paternalism to the predominant leadership in the majority world, and the ethical issue of paternalism.

Future liver remnant (FLR) is the most important deciding factor in planning for liver resection. Portal vein embolization (PVE) was first introduced in the 1980s to induce liver hypertrophy, enabling removal of multiple/bilobar tumors. PVE was later combined with sequential hepatectomies with the aim of allowing the liver remnant to hypertrophy (15-20%) between procedures. However, the interval between the two procedures (3-8 weeks) put patients at risk for disease progression. With portal vein ligation alone or when combined with sequential hepatectomy, there is also a risk for inadequate liver hypertrophy because of intrahepatic portal collaterals leading to a high (19-30%) dropout rate. The ALPPS procedure (associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy) was recently developed as a feasible means to perform extensive/bilobar liver resections. It produces rapid, enormous hypertrophy of the remnant, making previously unresectable lesions resectable. Indications for ALPPS include any extensive liver resection with inadequate FLR. Here we present a novel indication for ALPPS as a rescue when inadequate FLR was faced intraoperatively, during a simultaneous resection of rectal primary and liver metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including cross-cultural management, worker participation and rights, and paternalistic styles.

The author talks about the significance of cross-cultural management studies. He says that the obsession with ranking and rating journals is part of an evolving and dominant academic culture that excludes non-dominant forms of knowledge. He believes that cross-cultural management studies will change by 2022 and will make a bigger contribution to the wider social sciences.

The author offers observation on modernization theory in international management. Topics addressed include a study by L. Kemp and colleagues which explored the role of women in Islamic societies, problem of a modernization assumption in international management studies that the author believes cross-cultural management scholars should challenge, and insignificance of knowledge transfer for Chinese multinational enterprises operating in Africa.

Little has been written on cross-cultural management in Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs), despite their apparent importance in managing people through reconciling cultural influences from post-colonial, Western and local sources, and despite development NGOs' working predominantly in multicultural societies. This article provides a model for analysing cross-cultural dynamics in the management of people through a concept of cultural crossvergence and hybridisation, and by incorporating the idea of locus of human value, focusing on instrumental and humanistic views of the value of people. Hypotheses are developed regarding the appropriateness of management systems to the cultural expectations of local staff, and the consequences for motivation and commitment. Through a study of local NGOs in South Africa, as an example of management in a multicultural, developing country, there is evidence of resistance to instrumental and results-oriented principles of managing people, such as performance related reward. Rather, there is a development of hybrid management forms that incorporate local, humanistic values and expectations. Yet cross-cultural issues appear not to be addressed formally through capacity building. These initial findings have implications for the way people are managed in local NGOs, and should be noted by local managers as well as policy makers in development agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Harzing et al. on the impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on cultural values and cosmopolitanism.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various topics within the issue on topics including Anglo-American management in businesses, social responsibility of business and moral aspects of businesses towards environment.

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the guest editor discusses the role of indigenous knowledge in improving cross-cultural management studies.

Describes a study conducted to further characterize the vasodilatory actions of recombinant maxadilan. Mechanisms in maxadilan-mediated arterial relaxation; Reduction of intracellular calcium through an adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent mechanism.

Studies the vasodilatory effects of maxdilan, a peptide from the salivary gland of house fly `Lutzomyia longipalpis'. Potency of maxdilan concentrations; Arterial relaxation resistance to inhibitors; Dependence on cyclic AMP; Potentiation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors; Inhibition by protein kinase A inhibitor; Observation of reduction in intracellular calcium.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue which include cross-cultural management, the sociocultural phenomenon of guanxi, and the world system theory.

The author comments on the use of the competencies approach in human resources management (HRM) and the implications of the term "cross-cultural capital." He asserts that the instrumental approach which focuses on the idea of treating people as commodities like in Western cultures may not travel well across other cultures. The competencies approach is said to be used by Western companies aiming to link strategic objectives and recruitment through identifying necessary posts and competencies.

The article reflects on disconnect thesis in cross-cultural management scholarship by referring to the fact that African employees are not acting like collectivists. It mentions factors responsible for introduction of colonial institutions into Africa such as cultural background of the colonizing countries and interaction of colonizers with colonized societies and institutions.

An introduction to this issue of the "International Journal of Cross Cultural Management" is presented.

The author ponders on the debate between culturists and institutionalists in the U.S. He mentions the stance of social anthropologist Jack Goody on the dichotomy in the U.S. tradition of cultural anthropology between cultural studies on symbols and meanings and the social structures and social organizations. He says that there really is no debate because cross-cultural management scholars do not spend as much time as they ought in thinking about and conceptualizing the ideas they work with.

Presents a direct proof of Euler's result that every prime p...3 (mod 8) is of the form x... + 2y... Definition of a map with domain S; Full result about odd primes of the form p = x... + 2y...