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Several institutional aspects within the U.S. public school system impede the delivery of adapted physical education (APE) services to disabled children, including a lack of understanding and prioritization of these services by the special education team and a lack of qualified APE professionals to deliver these services. Thus, we conducted a qualitative inquiry grounded in a critical-ableism perspective to explore special education gatekeepers' experiences and perspectives of APE. Gatekeepers included parents, physical educators, and school administrators. Using a reflexive thematic analysis, we developed four interrelated themes: (a) disregard, negative, and charity mindsets toward disability; (b) systemic challenges in valuing and prioritizing APE; (c) presence as inclusion: (un)intentional marginalization in physical education; and (d) physical education for my child was a nightmare. These findings illustrate the complexities around the provision of physical education and APE to disabled children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates a positive relationship between physical literacy and healthy aging; however, there is no consensus on the components required to become a physically literate adult. The objective of this study was to understand how physical literacy for adults with chronic conditions is characterized from the perspective of healthcare professionals. Physiotherapy leaders and physical literacy researchers within North America were invited to an online consensus panel and presented with questions related to physical literacy and rehabilitation. A nominal group technique was used for idea generation, clarification, and ranking. Confidence and safety with movements, motivation and commitment to physical activity, the ability to self-monitor changes in function, and understanding the benefits of physical activity were key components when defining physical literacy. There is a need to reconceptualize physical literacy to include the rehabilitation needs of adults living with chronic conditions, and to design programs that promote physical literacy to enhance function and mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dementia-friendly communities (DFCs) are a policy-endorsed approach to community engagement in England that promotes social inclusion to enable people affected by dementia to live well. Research suggests that physical activity is beneficial in encouraging social connection and improving health. A mixed method sequential study design in England involving a national survey (n = 31) and semistructured interviews (n = 65) in three DFCs was carried out. The aim was to understand how DFCs enable people affected by dementia to participate in physical activities. An evaluation framework for DFCs was used to organize and interpret the data, and analysis was informed by the inclusive (social) citizen lens. Findings showed that DFCs offered a range of adapted dementia-inclusive and dementia-specific activities; however, people were not routinely offered information at time of diagnosis. Local authorities (councils) were key to enable access to information and infrastructure change to support sustainable inclusion within their local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is sparse on how community-based health-promoting programs can be culturally adapted for racially minoritized, immigrant older adult populations. Choose to Move (CTM) is an evidence-based health-promoting program that enhances physical activity and mobility and diminished social isolation and loneliness in older adults in British Columbia, Canada. However, racially minoritized older adults were not reached in initial offerings. We purposively sampled CTM delivery staff (n = 8) from three not-for-profit organizations, in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, that serve Chinese older adults. We used semistructured interviews, ethnographic observations, and meeting minutes to understand delivery staff's perspectives on factors that influence CTM adaptations for Chinese older adults. Deductive framework analysis guided by an adaptation framework, Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced, found three dominant cultural- and immigration-related factors influenced CTM adaptations for Chinese older adults: (a) prioritizations, (b) familiarity, and (c) literacy. Findings may influence future program development and delivery to meet the needs of racially minoritized older adult populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational culture in sports affects well-being, performance, and overall success. Although team culture has been explored within able-bodied teams, little is known about culture development within parasport. Using a descriptive case study approach, our study examined the culture development and experiences of an elite parasport team. Two semistructured individual telephone interviews were conducted with nine participants (athletes and staff), and one athlete-participant completed one interview. An inductive thematic analysis revealed two themes: approach to culture development and team culture components. Culture development was linked with facilitative leadership and important resources. This supported the team to create their shared values and mechanisms, including a behavioral framework, other artifacts (e.g., shared language and team motto), and a relaxed environment. These helped to maintain their agreed culture and benefited their well-being, progress, and team cohesion. Our results offer a starting point regarding research into the culture of elite parasport and have practical implications for managers, coaches, and psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the gaps in strategic human resource management (SHRM) research exposed by the COVID‐19 pandemic in order to guide future SHRM research in the context of environmental crises. Using evidence from Danish companies and public organizations collected using a mixed‐methods sequential design, we discuss whether existing SHRM frameworks can adequately frame and deliver the academic knowledge needed to address the novel challenges posed by the pandemic. We formulate guidelines for future research that will shape discussions of the role of SHRM in building organizational resilience in the face of environmental crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with autism engage in active play in different ways than children who are neurotypical, but their active play behaviors are not well understood. Research with twins and triplets with autism offers a unique opportunity to gain a clear picture of the play behaviors of children with autism because twins and triplets share many similarities (age, access to toys, etc.). Through semistructured interviews, this descriptive phenomenological study aimed to describe the active play behaviors of 19 twins and triplets with autism from the perspective of their parents (N = 9). The interviews revealed two main themes: (a) parents' descriptions of active play and (b) parents' descriptions of social play. The results reveal the diverse active and social play behaviors of twins and triplets with autism; parents described their children's play behavior when engaging in sensory, indoor, outdoor, and organized play. These results suggest that children with autism may be meeting the definition of active play in nontraditional ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides insight into an inclusive program between Special Olympics (SO) and academy football (soccer) players in the United Kingdom from the perspectives of players and facilitators. Qualitative focus groups were conducted across 30 participants (six facilitators, 14 Premier League academy players, and 10 SO players). Focus groups compared stakeholders' experiences of participating in a season-long inclusive football program. Three overarching higher order themes were generated, which highlighted positive outcomes from taking part. SO players provided endorsement for developing friendships and improving football skills, whereas academy players cited the positive impact that SO players had on their mood and motivation. Facilitators reflected on positive player outcomes and subsequent accomplishments. Overall, the findings indicated that this shared experience had psychosocial and football-specific benefits for everyone who participated. Facilitators indicated that these benefits could transition into everyday life but noted that there needs to be further considerations for future programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenological study reveals the lived experiences of bamboo barbecue stick makers in Montehermoso, Carmen, Bohol, Philippines, exploring their multifaceted realities shaped by economic necessity, physical labor, and aspirations for familial and community support. The research uncovers the intricate web of challenges and aspirations inherent in this informal livelihood through purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. Key themes emerged, highlighting the critical role of barbecue stick production in supporting daily living and educational aspirations, despite enduring physical strain, occupational hazards, and seasonal constraints. Participants express a resilient commitment to their craft, emphasizing the importance of community solidarity and technological advancements in enhancing productivity and socio-economic well-being. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of informal livelihoods in rural settings, advocating for targeted interventions to support economic resilience, occupational safety, and sustainable livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to enhance the reading comprehension level of Grade 10 students using the 4R Strategy. Framed after Richard Sagor's Four -Stage Model, this action research is designed to determine if there is an improvement in students' reading comprehension after implementing the 4R Strategy. Through purposive sampling method, a total of forty students who belonged to frustration level readers participated in the study. They were then randomly assigned into control group and experimental group. 4R Strategy (Read, Retell, React & Reflect) was employed, and a reading instrument from PHIL-IRI was used to collect the data. There was a Pre Test done before implementing the intervention and a Post Test was conducted after the 15-day session. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to determine the students' comprehension level during Pre-Test and Post Test and to determine how dispersed the scores were. Paired T-Test was also employed to determine the significant difference between the Pre-Test and Post Test Scores. Findings revealed that the 4R Strategy helped improve the reading comprehension level of students as proven by the results of their pre-test and post test scores. This study found out that the 4R strategy was an effective approach in enhancing students' comprehension. Thus, this study recommends adopting 4R Strategy to improve the reading comprehension skills of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenological study navigates guidance heads into their resiliency. Three guidance heads in the Philippines were selected as research participants by employing purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Overall, 9 themes were gathered. The result revealed the following (3) themes on the live experiences: (1) demonstrate resilient leadership amidst various constraints and challenges, (2) empowering student-centered support, and (3) seeking innovative solutions to ensure practical guidance for students. On the coping strategies, there were three (3) themes emerged namely: (1) prioritize efficient resource management, (2) maintain a balanced approach and promote teamwork, and (3) manage stress effectively, maintaining work-life balance. On their insights; there are three (3) themes emerged namely: (1) role responsibilities and challenges, (2) personal fulfillment and motivation and (3) impact on students and community. The general implication of the results refined to the need to further improve the resiliency of the guidance heads. Finally, this serves as a basis for guidance heads in initiating intervention programs for guidance counselors to improve being resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the best practices utilized and challenges encountered by selected cooperatives in Lipa City. A quantitative research design was utilized to achieve this goal. The researcher has opted for purposive sampling as best sampling method. This approach enables to deliberately select participants who closely align with the specific objectives of the investigation. The purpose of this intentional selection is to guarantee that the sample offers detailed insights into the complexities of cooperatives in Lipa, Batangas, in relation to sustainable economic development. A total of sixty-nine (69) members was carefully selected from a pool of cooperatives in the region, ensuring a diverse representation of cooperative types through the use of this purposive sampling method, the researcher seek to gain a comprehensive understanding of the practices, challenges, and overall dynamics within these cooperatives. The findings reveal that the implementation of best practices in planning, commanding, coordinating, and controlling significantly impacts a cooperative's ability to overcome obstacles and achieve sustainable economic development. The analysis demonstrated that cooperatives with longer operational histories and larger business sizes are more likely to have adopted and implemented best practices across all four management areas. This suggests that experience and scale provide valuable insights and resources that contribute to effective management practices. However, the study also found that the type of cooperative did not have a significant influence on the adoption of best practices. This suggests that effective management strategies can be universally applied across different cooperative types, emphasizing the importance of focusing on best practices regardless of the specific cooperative model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading, perhaps especially reading with meaningful understanding, appears to be an unnatural and complicated task in that it requires readers to apply and to integrate a variety of skills. This study consisted of Grade 1 school teachers and in similar schools in the same district. A purposive sampling method was employed to ensure that the information needed in this study were achieved. The inclusion criteria encompassed teachers and parents in the targeted grade level. The total sample size was estimated based on statistical power calculations, considering anticipated effect sizes. Ethical considerations were prioritized throughout the research process, with confidentiality and privacy safeguards in place. Findings revealed that the teachers perceive a significant improvement in students' intrinsic motivation to engage with literary materials. However, there is perceived variability in students' independent choices to read outside of assigned activities. These findings underscore the importance of fostering intrinsic motivation through engaging teaching practices and creating opportunities for independent reading, which are critical for nurturing students' lifelong reading habits and enjoyment of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During undergraduate years, student-athletes experience a great deal of change and encounter numerous new obstacles. This study aimed to explore the experiences, motivations, and challenges faced by male college studentathletes and gain insights being a student and athlete. This study utilized narrative design to explore the experiences of the participants regarding the respondent's life as student-athletes and used purposive sampling in choosing participants at Jose Rizal University. Interview questionnaire was used in gathering the data and ensured the confidentiality of the participants throughout the study. The researchers identified the following superordinate themes with their corresponding subordinate themes; the decision of becoming a student-athlete with the subordinate themes of benefits, other people's perspective towards to student-athletes, and essential events. Career-related reasons with its themes; motivation, having a role model in life, university's stakeholders. It's concluded that being a student-athlete in undoubtedly one of the most difficult paths one can choose; in addition to academic commitments, there are social responsibilities, as well as sports training. It's recommended to properly balance the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study unveiled the challenges faced by jeepney drivers in the Philippines, a unique form of transportation prevalent only in this country. Due to the localized nature of jeepneys, there is a lack of comparative studies with foreign vehicle transportation systems. The research aimed to explore the economic, socio-cultural, and behavioral dimensions of modern jeepney drivers and their impact on navigational practices. Utilizing purposive sampling, the study involved seven (7) jeepney drivers from Pasig City. The research analyzed their experiences, focusing on economic hardships and daily interactions with passengers. It was found that drivers' decision-making processes are heavily influenced by road conditions, which directly affect their ability to ensure passenger and personal safety. More so, the study examined the drivers' strategies for adapting to road difficulties within the framework of transport policy. The findings indicate that the work-related struggles of jeepney drivers significantly affect their navigational behavior, intersecting with socio-cultural, economic, and behavioral aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lived experiences of Filipino teachers teaching subjects in English medium are pivotal in understanding the essence of vertical and horizontal articulation of expertise. This study explicated the voices of Filipino teachers teaching subjects in English medium. The various stories behind every classroom discussion are narrated to determine coping strategies and techniques for sustaining the delivery of quality education. This study utilized the Heideggerian Phenomenology research design wherein the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) will be used to understand the meaning of the Filipino Teachers' experience. This study used a purposive sampling technique to establish the inclusion criteria. 6 Filipino teachers served as the research participants. Bracketing was conducted to avoid biases. There were 4 emerging themes captured in understanding the lived experiences of the participants. These are (1) Shift; (2) Scarcity; (3) Standards; and (4) Surreal. These four themes provided a clear picture of the lived experiences of the teachers majoring in Filipino and asked to teach subjects in English medium. It is pivotal to assist these teachers when they are asked to teach English subjects in terms of instructional and pedagogical resources. If it is possible, Filipino teachers should teach Filipino subjects to have vertical and horizontal articulation of their expertise so that quality education can be forwarded to the learners. If misalignment is inevitable, the upper management can at least provide instructional resources and relevant training and seminars to augment this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the Philippines' apparent acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community, adolescent lesbians continue to face significant challenges, particularly during the coming out process. This study explores the intersection of cultural norms and religious beliefs in the Philippines and how these factors influence the decisions of adolescent lesbians to disclose their sexual identity. Employing semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling, the researchers gathered personal narratives from seven participants residing in the City of Mandaluyong. The data, analyzed through thematic coding, revealed a spectrum of experiences. While some participants described positive coming out experiences, characterized by familial acceptance and support from LGBTQ+ communities, others encountered considerable obstacles, including societal stigmas and restrictive familial expectations. The study underscores that the coming out journey remains fraught with difficulties, despite evolving societal attitudes. However, it also highlights the resilience of adolescent lesbians, who, despite the challenges, find strength and positive outcomes in their experiences. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding the coming out process in the Philippine context, emphasizing both the persistent struggles and the potential for healing and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of public health and organizational operations, janitors are the unsung heroes, essential yet often overlooked. Their work is fundamental in maintaining the hygienic and safe conditions of society, promoting its effective functioning. This study explores the nuanced experiences of janitors, focusing on their life narratives, work challenges, and the impact of their work on their personal and social lives. The study adopts a narrative inquiry approach which includes in-depth, semi-structured interviews with six janitors from the National Capital Region (NCR) chosen through purposive sampling. The study revealed the janitors' personal and professional hardships, resilience and coping strategies, in addition to how their vital roles in maintaining school cleanliness contribute to fostering a sense of community. Ultimately, this research offers a distinctive viewpoint on the life stories of janitors and affirms the integral role of janitorial services in the overall well-being of the educational landscape and the larger community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to assess the effects of supervisory techniques of the principals on newly hired teachers' work performance in Marilao North District in Division of Bulacan. The study may contribute to the upskilling and retooling of the implemented supervisory techniques to assist the newly hired teachers to adopt and respond to the emerging circumstances brought by the pandemic. The theoretical framework of the study focused on the contingency theory of leadership in line with situational aspect and used CIPP as the conceptual framework to diverse the process and produce quality outcome and implications. The respondents of the study were the 117 newly hired teachers and 9 principals identified through purposive random sampling technique. The data responses were gathered through online questionnaire and triangulate it through FGD to deepen the result. Mixed method was used to determine the effects of the variables. Descriptive correlation and regression analysis was used to interpret and analyze the data which presents the strengths and significant effects and its impact. The findings of the study claimed that the supervisory techniques of the principals have a descriptive interpretation of "Very High" while the work performance of newly hired teachers obtained a "High" descriptive interpretation based on the correlated and regression analysis. The study also revealed that the level of principals' supervisory techniques towards the work performance of the newly hired teachers is correlated to the teaching experiences to varying extent but not significant. The findings revealed that there is no significant effects between the principals' supervisory techniques and work performance of the newly hired teachers. Thus, principals may continuously supervise and scaffold all newly hired teachers to improve their work performance for the attainment of the department's vision and mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between academic self-concept and academic performance, mediated by digital selfefficacy, in male students in the first year of secondary school. Methods and Materials: The present study is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of its method. The statistical population of this study included all male students in District 5 of Tehran who were enrolled in the first year of secondary school during the 2022-2023 academic year. Accordingly, the sample size was determined to be 200 based on Kline's perspective. The sample was selected using purposive and accessible sampling by visiting the first-year secondary schools in District 5 of Tehran. The tools used for data collection included the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale by Ulfert and Schmidt (2022), the Academic Self-Concept Scale by Yasin-Chin (2004), and the students' most recent GPA. Findings: The direct effect of academic self-concept on digital self-efficacy (β = 0.29, t = 2.94) is significant. Additionally, the direct effect of academic selfconcept on academic performance (β = 0.39, t = 3.44) is significant. Finally, the direct effect of digital self-efficacy on academic performance (β = 0.38, t = 3.37) is also significant. The indirect effect of academic self-concept on academic performance is 0.22, and the total effect is 0.64. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that in the relationship between academic self-concept and academic performance, the variable of digital selfefficacy can serve as a mediator and strengthen this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the academic well-being of gifted students to develop a model. Methods and Materials: The research method used in this study was qualitative, utilizing a grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The data were examined and analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin's (1998) grounded theory methodology. The study population consisted of all male and female gifted sixth-grade students in the city of Isfahan in 2022. The research sample was selected through purposive sampling, and after conducting interviews with 23 students, the factors influencing academic wellbeing were identified. It should be noted that data analysis was conducted using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: Based on the results of the study, open codes were organized around 57 concepts, axial codes included 8 concepts, and selective codes were identified and extracted into 4 concepts under the titles of school context, family context, social context, and individual resources. Conclusion: The findings of the research suggest that by recognizing and understanding the factors influencing academic well-being, it is possible to create conditions that enhance the academic well-being of gifted students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While getting married and starting a family are still widely regarded as important life events toward adulthood, young adults nowadays are delaying getting married and establishing their own families. The study incorporated a qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach to understanding how young adults formed meanings based on their experiences with parental separation. A semi-structured interview was conducted to freely express their thoughts, views, and beliefs, as their responses were not confined to a simple yes or no. Through purposive sampling, fifteen (15) participants, aged between 18 and 25 years old, who have experienced parental separation from the City of Bacoor, Cavite, were interviewed face-to-face or online platforms, depending on the availability of the participants. All recorded responses were carefully analyzed using Collaizi's procedure. Responses were grouped according to the interview transcripts; hence, the range of outlooks was uncovered. The findings of the study revealed three (3) main themes: Perception of Marriage, General Prerequisites of Marriage, and Effects of Parental Separation on Views of Marriage. The study obtained views on marriage from people who had gone through parental separation. Some participants had negative emotions like anxiety and trust issues, which shows that they needed support. On the other hand, some people kept a positive attitude, and they were able to tolerate the situation. This shows the different ways people deal with the separation of their parents and how it affects their attitude towards marriage. The findings of this study contribute to the existing knowledge about young adults who experienced parental separation, which can be used to create effective interventions that would help young adults who experienced parental separation with their difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Telerehabilitation is emerging as a means for delivering stroke rehabilitation to address unmet lower extremity rehabilitation needs. However, there is currently limited and low-quality evidence supporting the use telerehabilitation interventions for lower extremity recovery after stroke. Thus, we developed an exercise-based telerehabilitation program (TRAIL) for safe and effective promotion of lower extremity function after stroke. This study reports on the qualitative findings from the feasibility study of the TRAIL program. Methods: An interpretive description methodology and inductive thematic analysis approach were undertaken. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted on a subset of participants who completed the TRAIL feasibility study. Participants were recruited via email and enrolled into the study based on pre-determined purposeful sampling strategies. Results: Ten participants (6 men, 4 women) completed a semi-structured interview. Two main themes emerged: (i) TRAIL ingredients for success and (ii) telerehabilitation is a viable option for stroke rehabilitation. Conclusion: Exercise-based telerehabilitation appears to be well-received by men and women post-stroke when social support, professional guidance, and program resources are offered. TRAIL may also prolong the continuum of care that individuals receive once they are discharged back into the community, and contribute to improvements in mobility, lower extremity strength and balance. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Exercise-based telerehabilitation for individuals with stroke can be delivered safely when clinicians are trained, and social support and program resources are available. Exercise-based telerehabilitation may be viable and accessible for men and women with stroke to extend the opportunity for rehabilitation services within the first year post-event. Synchronously delivered telerehabilitation programs using user-friendly videoconference software is recommended for optimal participant satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) often relies on the involvement of AAC service providers; however little is known about how AAC services are delivered across Canada. This study aimed to explore AAC service provision and factors influencing use of AAC from the perspectives of service providers across Canada who are involved in providing and/or supporting use of AAC systems. The 22 participants from nine (of the 10) provinces participated in online focus groups. Participants were speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, communicative disorders assistants, and a teacher. Transcripts of the audio recordings were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were generated that reflect service-related factors contributing to the use of AAC in Canada: Support of Organizational Structures, Concordant Relationships and Goals, Making the Right Decisions, and Influence of Knowledge and Attitudes. These themes highlight how government systems, key stakeholders, assessment practices, and knowledge of AAC influence service provision and use of AAC. Voices from across Canada highlighted shared experiences of services providers as well as revealed variability in service delivery processes. The findings bring to attention a need for further research and development of service provision guidelines to support consistency, quality in practice, and equity in AAC services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moral distress has negative effects on physical and mental health. However, there is little information about nurses' coping strategies reducing moral distress. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the coping strategies of intensive care unit nurses reducing moral distress in Iran. Study design: This is a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. Participants and research context: The research sample consisted of nurses working in intensive care units of teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Samples were selected among eligible nurses by purposive sampling. Data were obtained through 17 in-depth, individual, and semi-structured interviews with 17 nurses. Graneheim and Lundman's (2004) 6-step content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Data management was also performed by MAXQDA software version 20. The COREQ checklist was used to report the study. Ethical considerations: This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All ethical guidelines in research were followed. Finding: The data analysis resulted in the formation of two main categories of desirable coping strategies (with two subcategories of compensation and rejuvenation) and less desirable coping strategies (with three subclasses of indifference over time, escape and concealment). Discussion: The intensive care unit nurses in dealing with ethical problems first try to solve the problem through discussion, but when they fail to resolve it peacefully, they resort to several coping strategies. Factors, such as increasing experience, lack of support from hospital managers and officials, poor communication between colleagues, the need to maintain hierarchy, fear of reprimand, and a sense of powerlessness, changed the nurses' preferred strategies. It is important for managers to provide a blame/punishment-free atmosphere for expression of ethical experiences; a supportive atmosphere in which staff can engage in ethical discussions without fear of punishment. They should also provide opportunities for rest, rejuvenation, and adequate training for their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare worker retention and burnout are confounding issues. Trust among workers and their employer, that is, organization, is an important yet underexplored concept in research. Research aim: The aim of this qualitative study is to explore organizational actions and systems that promote or denigrate trust among registered nurses and patient care aides (aides). Research design: The study uses the Model of Psychological Contract as a theoretical framework. Focus groups were conducted to explore the concept of organizational trust and the consequences of broken trust. Participants: Registered nurses (RNs) (n=6) and aides (n=6) participated in the study. Six focus groups (three RN and three aide) were conducted, with two participants per group. Focus groups were conducted online. Ethical considerations: The study's methods were reviewed by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. Findings: Among RNs and aides, a sense of trust and feeling valued were important to their sense of relationship with their employers. Trust was breached when resources were scarce, employees did not feel validated and listened to, and problems were not addressed. RNs and aides described feeling devalued when compensation practices were unjust or inequitable, they had limited autonomy, and the employer created an organizational climate where business needs superceded human caring. Consequences of trust breach included burnout, dejection, and feelings of non-belonging. Discussion: Tangible organizational resources (compensation and staffing) and intangible resources (value, respect, autonomy) are important to RNs and aides alike. Inability to provide these resources diminishes trust and even causes a sense of betrayal. Conclusion: Future research can explore the concepts of organizational justice and interventions to restore lost trust and improve healthcare worker well-being. This is one of only a few identified studies to explore organizational factors and well-being among aides and more research among this healthcare worker population is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Encounters of moral distress have long-term consequences on healthcare workers' physical and mental health, leading to job dissatisfaction, reduced patient care, and high levels of burnout, exhaustion, and intentions to quit. Yet, research on approaches to ameliorate moral distress across the health workforce is limited. Research Objective: The aim of our study was to qualitatively explore multi-professional perspectives of healthcare social workers, chaplains, and patient liaisons on ways to reduce moral distress and heighten well-being at a southern U.S. academic medical center. Participants & Research Context: Purposive sampling and chain-referral methods assisted with recruitment through hospital listservs, staff meetings, and newsletters. Interested participants contacted the principal investigator and all interviews were conducted in-person. Consent was attained prior to interviews. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Research Design: Directed content analysis was used to deductively organize codes and to develop themes in conjunction with the National Academy of Medicine's National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being. Rigor was attained through peer-debriefing, data triangulation methods, and frequent research team meetings. Ethical Considerations: Ethics approval was obtained from the university and medical center institutional review boards. Findings: Themes demonstrate that rather than offering interventions in the aftermath of moral distress, multilevel daily practices ought to be considered that pre-emptively identify and reduce morally distressing encounters through (1) the care team, (2) management and leadership, and (3) the health care industry. Strategies include interdisciplinary decision-making, trusting managerial relationships, and organizational policies and practices that explicitly invest in mental health promotion and diverse leadership opportunities. Conclusion: Moral distress interventions ought to target short-term stress reactions while also addressing the long-term impacts of moral residue. Health systems must financially commit to an ethical workplace culture that explicitly values mental health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, patient advocacy has emerged as a prominent concept within healthcare. How nursing students decide what is best for their patients is not well understood. Objective: The objective is to examine nursing students' views on doing what is best for patients during their clinical experiences and how they seek to establish patient interests when providing care. Research questions guiding the interview were as follows: (1) What are nursing students' perceptions of patient interests? (2) What factors influence nursing students' perceptions of advocating for patient's interests? Research design: Qualitative descriptive research using thematic analysis. Participants and research context: Data was collected through individual online interviews with nine nursing students with clinical experience. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee. Participants provided digital informed consent. Results: The students asserted that they are able to understand the patients' interests by placing emphasis on the patients' needs. They believe that it is crucial to adopt a collaborative strategy for the provision of care to meet these requirements. In addition, some of them expressed concern over the most effective methods of advocating for the interests of patients. Three themes were identified. (1) Focussing on patient needs first, (2) taking a collective approach, and (3) learning how to advocate. Conclusions: Students understand and value the ethical commitments associated with advocating for the patient's best interest by considering factors such as prioritising the patient's needs, adopting a strategy that involves everyone, and acquiring the ability to undertake the advocacy role. Additionally, nursing education strategies in clinical contexts require additional study to inspire students to do what is in their patient's best interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The urgency of ensuring adequate moral courage in clinical nursing practice is evident. However, currently, there are few formal intervention plans targeted at enhancing the moral courage of nurses. Aim: To develop a training program for improving the moral courage of nurses using the modified Delphi method. Research design: A modified Delphi study. Participants and research context: From November to December 2022, a literature review and expert group discussion were conducted to develop a preliminary training plan framework. From January to March 2023, a two-round Delphi survey was performed, and a consensus was reached regarding the plan through online questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (No. 138, 30 August 2021). All participants provided written informed consent. Results: Consensus was reached on eight themes and 33 items to strengthen the moral courage training program for nurses. Conclusions: Guided by a unified goal of moral education, a multi-level and acceptable intervention plan was designed to enhance the moral courage of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To describe practicum experiences as perceived by nurse leader preceptors of graduate students in a nursing administration practicum. BACKGROUND: Practicum experiences in graduate nursing administration programs provide students with exposure to the real-life experiences of nurse leaders, bridging the gap between academic knowledge gained and the application of that information to the workplace. The literature lacks best practices for graduate nursing administration practicum experiences. METHODS: Eight nurse leaders were interviewed using a semistructured format. Data were transcribed and subjected to selective thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five themes were identified: professional and personal growth, transition of education into practice, academic partner engagement and support, time, and contributions to the organization. CONCLUSION: Leadership practicum experiences provide a real-world perspective and are an essential part of growing future nurse leaders. This study yielded invaluable insight from nurse leader preceptors, recommendations for structuring graduate nursing administration practicums, and implications for sustaining resilient academic-practice partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited availability and accessibility of health care facilities and services tailored to the specific health care needs of sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in the Philippines. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe SGMs' experiences with health care services in the Philippines. Methods: Using a phenomenological design, interviews were conducted with participants recruited online through SGM networks and organizations. Individual, online-recorded interviews were conducted with 14 participants who were at least 18 years old, were Filipino nationals residing in the Philippines, self-identified as SGM, could comprehend and write in Filipino, and received any health care service within the past year. Data were entered and analyzed using the NVivo software. Results: Three major themes emerged: patient-centered communication and relationship, holistic care, and caring environment. Participants identified the significance of genuine, affirming, and respectful communication in building positive relationships and continuing engagement with health care. Holistic care is embedded in clinical competence, gender sensitivity, continuity of care, and collaborative practice with other disciplines. A caring environment minimizes gender-related stigma and discrimination and promotes acceptance of diverse sexual identities. Conclusion: Filipino SGMs face several multifaceted health care concerns and challenges stemming at the individual, institutional, and societal levels. Sexual and gender biases, stigma, and discrimination are major barriers to health care among SGMs. Promotion of culturally and gender-sensitive care among Filipino SGMs should involve training of health care providers and creation of programs and policies to understand and respect SGMs while considering social, cultural, and political influences on their health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the healthcare experiences and needs of older adults living with HIV in Sweden. Design: A phenomenological study using qualitative thematic analysis. Methods: Data were gathered through semistructured qualitative interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. A purposive sample of individuals ageing and living with HIV was recruited for this study. Results: A total of 22 participants aged 65 years and older, with a mean age of 75 years, participated in the study. Living with HIV meant a need to rely on consistent healthcare and treatment over the course of one's lifetime. The experiences of older adults were described under four themes: relying on access to health care, desiring involvement and shared decision‐making, the importance of trust and confidentiality and experiences of stigma in healthcare visits. Conclusion: Living and ageing with HIV involved recurring exposure and vulnerability in healthcare encounters, and experiences of being exposed to HIV‐related stigma, especially outside HIV clinics. Continuity and being seen as a person in healthcare encounters were important. Enhancing HIV knowledge alongside fostering supportive attitudes and approaches of healthcare professionals is critical for ensuring high‐quality and nondiscriminating health care. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: Meeting the needs of older adults living with HIV requires a person‐centred approach, including active involvement and shared decision‐making between patients and healthcare providers. Impact: This study describes the healthcare experiences and needs of older adults, aged 65 years and older, living with HIV, a population that is not typically investigated in qualitative research. Living and ageing with HIV means a vulnerability where the attitudes of professionals and the active involvement of the patient become significant for quality care. The findings can help with the implementation of policies and practices for the care of older adults living with HIV. Reporting Method: The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) was used. Patient and Public Contribution: Patient representatives were involved in discussions on data collection and the development of the interview guide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To explore the care experiences of informal carers of people with chronic conditions in hospitals and identify areas for improvement in the context of comprehensive care delivery. Design: A explanatory sequential mixed‐method study. Methods: This study was conducted, involving a survey with 182 carers and interviews with 31 carers of individuals who attended an Australian hospital. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data was performed using RStudio, while thematic analysis of qualitative data was conducted using NVivo. Results: The findings revealed seven overarching components of care that influenced carers' hospital experiences and their perceptions of care quality. Areas requiring improvement were identified within these categories. Conclusion: This review identifies common perspectives of informal carers of people with chronic conditions in hospital settings and highlights important areas that require attention to improve carers' hospital care experiences. Carers should be welcomed, involved, informed and supported during hospital attendance to foster the most positive care experiences. Implications: Healthcare professionals should involve carers in assessment, shared decision‐making and the care process and recognise and address carers' needs. Impact: The findings revealed the carer's hospital experiences in the context of comprehensive care delivery and identified areas requiring improvement. Reporting Method: The CROSS and the COREQ guidelines were followed. Patient or Public Contribution: The study protocol was presented to stakeholders from two hospitals in Australia, a Patient and Carer Advisory Board (attached to the parent project: evaluating Quality of Care (eQC)) and the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, and discussions were held to assess the relevance and significance of this study to clinical practice and health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore registered nurses' beliefs regarding pain assessment in people living with dementia. Design: A descriptive exploratory qualitative study informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Methods: Online semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted from January to April 2023 with a purposive sample of 15 registered nurses caring for people with dementia. Following transcription, data were analysed using direct content analysis. Findings: Registered nurses believe pain assessment improves the well‐being of people with dementia and informs and evaluates practice. However, there is a possibility of misdiagnosing pain as agitation or behavioural problems, leading to inaccurate pain management. Interpersonal factors, such as registered nurses' knowledge and experience, beliefs and motivation to improve care provision, were the primary facilitators of pain assessment. Physical and behavioural dimensions of the pain of the dementia syndrome were the most reported barriers to pain assessment. Registered nurses reported that multidisciplinary team members expect them to do pain assessments. Most did not experience disapproval when performing pain assessments. Conclusion: Registered nurses hold beliefs about pain assessment benefits, consequences, enablers, barriers, approvals and disapprovals regarding dementia. The findings could inform interventions to enhance pain assessment practices. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: Policymakers should provide education opportunities for registered nurses to improve their knowledge, skills and beliefs about pain assessment in dementia. Future research should develop and implement multidisciplinary, multifaceted pain assessment protocols to enhance the accuracy of pain assessment practices. Impact: Pain is underassessed in dementia, and this could stem from registered nurses' beliefs about pain assessment in dementia. The findings could inform interventions to enhance pain assessment beliefs and practices. Reporting Method: This study adhered to the COREQ criteria. Patient or Public Contribution: Registered nurses caring for people living with dementia participated as interview respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To understand the themes for Māori subjected to compulsory community treatment orders. Background: The Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992 has been utilised in Aotearoa New Zealand for more than three decades. Despite Māori having higher rates of being subject to community treatment orders, there is little research examining their perspectives of its benefits and harms. Methods: Thematic analysis of a purposive sample of Māori in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. Results: Five themes were developed. Māori described community treatment orders as restrictive and stigmatising. Some Māori described being poorly informed of the structures surrounding the use of community treatment orders and saw it as a mechanism to circumvent information-giving regarding treatment. Counterbalancing these, Māori described community treatment orders as mandating support and saw them as a mechanism to access care. Finally, some described their compulsory treatment status as unimportant and irrelevant. Conclusions: Thematic analysis identified five clear themes from interview participants. Conceptualisation of community treatment orders was largely negative, although Māori acknowledged that being subject to community treatment orders demanded more support from services. Themes of stigma and restriction are common in the literature, however, conception of the use of community treatment orders to bypass consent is novel. The literature describes community treatment orders as providing support, however, in this study, the interpretation suggests a need to lose personal autonomy to receive care, a potentially 'slippery slope' towards a two-tier type service. These findings remind services of the importance of attending to cultural elements of care, being clear around the process of consent. In terms of policy, weaving in cultural understanding appears to be important from an Indigenous perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women who use drugs are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence (GBV), with serious psychological, social, physical and inter-generational consequences. The professionals who attend to the women who seek help when they have a problem with a psychoactive substance are an essential group for detecting and intervening in cases of GBV against women who use drugs. Methods: We have conducted a qualitative investigation. Our sources are eight focus groups with Spanish professionals from all the disciplines involved in the field. The total sample was purposive in nature and comprised 55 professionals from the field of drug dependence. Results: Both the invisibility of women who use drugs as victims of GBV and the androcentrism present in drug treatment centers define the institutional violence that appears in the professionals' narratives. According to professionals, being a victim of GBV can increase the use of psychoactive substances, while the latter in turn makes women more vulnerable to GBV. Conclusions: In order for the treatment of drug dependence to be sensitive and successful, it needs to include the different forms of GBV suffered by women who use drugs, alongside the effective coordination of resources and support networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper presents the findings from an exploratory study on alcohol and other drugs (AOD) nurses' views on current career opportunities and challenges and on how their role has been affected by clinical and structural changes in service delivery. Methods: The paper is based on qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of twelve AOD nurses in the UK. A narrative approach to interviewing aimed to encourage emergence of new insights and suggest theories for future examination. Interview domains were informed by the research team's knowledge of AOD nursing and by themes from published literature. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded and a reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Key themes emerging focused on the growth, advantages, and challenges of non-medical prescribing (NMP), and the impact on AOD nursing of changes in workforce structures and environments. The findings indicate considerable doubts about career opportunities for nurses in AOD services although NMP may offer some limited routes to career advancement. Conclusions: Some long-standing issues around the identity and professional status of AOD nurses persist and current clinical and structural changes have created a "liminal space" within which the nursing role and AOD nurse identityare disrupted and in transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides original insight into women's experiences of adulthood diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. Research exploring experiences of adulthood diagnoses of these conditions is emerging. Yet, there is no research about the gendered experiences of an adulthood combined ADHD and autism (AuDHD) diagnosis. This article addresses this gap through interpretative phenomenological analysis of email interviews with six late-diagnosed AuDHD women revealing the complex interplay between late diagnosis, being a woman, and combined diagnoses of ADHD and autism. It underscores how gender norms and stereotypes contribute to the oversight and dismissal of women's neurodivergence. Interpretative phenomenological analysis reveals the inextricability of femininity and neurotypicality, the gendered burden, discomfort, and adverse consequences of masking, along with the adverse outcomes of insufficient masking. Being an undiagnosed AuDHD woman is a confusing and traumatising experience with profound and enduring repercussions. The impact of female hormones exacerbated participants' struggles with (peri)menopause often being a catalyst for seeking diagnosis after decades of trauma. The epistemic injustice of not knowing they were neurodivergent compounded this trauma. Diagnosis enabled participants to overcome epistemic injustice and moved them into a feminist standpoint from which they challenge gendered inequalities relating to neurodiversity. This article aims to increase understanding and representation of late-diagnosed AuDHD women's lived experiences. The findings advocate for trauma-informed pre- and post-diagnosis support which addresses the gendered dimension of women's experiences of being missed and dismissed as neurodivergent. There needs to be better clinical and public understanding of how AuDHD presents in women to prevent epistemic injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demands and costs of health care resulting from increasingly ageing populations have become a major public health issue in the United Kingdom and other industrially developed nations. Concern with cost containment and shortage of resources has prompted a progressive shift in responsibility from state provision of care to individual patients and their families, and from the institutional setting of the hospital to the domestic home. Under the guise of choice and patient centredness, end-of-life care is framed within a discourse of the 'good death': free from distress and discomfort and accompanied by significant others in the preferred place, usually assumed to be home. The promotion of the 'good death' as a technical accomplishment enabled by pre-emptive discussion and advance care planning has sidelined recognition of the nature and significance of the pain and suffering involved in the experience of dying. There has been little research into the disparity between policy and professional assumptions and the lived reality of end of life. In this paper, we present findings from a qualitative study of how terminally ill patients, bereaved family members, and members of the public understand, anticipate, and experience death and dying. These findings contribute to an important and timely critique of the normative idealisation of death and dying in health policy and practice, and the need to attend closely to the real-world experiences of patients and the public as a prerequisite for identifying and remedying widespread shortcomings in end-of-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is one of the most common causes of disability and death globally. Support from informal caregivers is critical to the well-being and quality of life of people with ABI and supports the sustainability of global health and social care systems. This study presents an in-depth qualitative analysis of the experiences of eight British informal caregivers supporting someone with ABI. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with narratives transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three superordinate themes were generated: making sense of brain injury; being consumed by caregiving; and, the changing self. These data highlight the impact of caregiving on the caregiver's illness perceptions and sense of self. By identifying negative and positive changes in the caregiver's sense of self, and dilemmas regarding the care recipient's behaviour, we address less understood aspects of caregiver experiences. Caregiving can pose both challenges to the caregiver's sense of identity and an opportunity for self-growth. Some caregivers exhibit resilience throughout their journey, with post-traumatic growth more apparent in the later stages of caregiving. Illness perceptions shape caregiver well-being and family dynamics and indicate the need to address stigmatisation and discrimination faced by ABI survivors and caregivers. Although some caregivers acquired positive meaning and enrichment from their caregiving, previously described challenges of ABI caregiving are supported. Overall, our findings support the need for timely psychological/mental health support for caregivers, caregiver education, and the provision of short breaks from caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the most common anxiety disorder and has serious negative effects on multiple areas of life. The possibility of comorbidity with other disorders and malfunction in different domains of life exists in both full-blown and subclinical social anxiety. This study aimed to compare the schema modes and self-beliefs related to social anxiety in individuals with subclinical social anxiety disorder and without social anxiety disorder. Multistage cluster random and purposive sampling methods were used to select 100 students, 50 with and 50 without symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Participants were evaluated in regard to schema modes, self-beliefs related to social anxiety, social anxiety, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder. They were then evaluated clinically through Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). Data analysis was performed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) which showed that there was a significant difference between the groups of individuals with and without symptoms of social anxiety in schema modes and self-beliefs related to social anxiety (p < 0.001). The obtained results can contribute to a deeper understanding of the dimensions of vulnerability underlying subclinical social anxiety disorder in the relationship between symptoms of subclinical social anxiety disorder and schema modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]