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The effect of a non-ionic surfactant optimized formulation (SOF) obtained from an experimental design was evaluated for different influencing variables in the processing of sugarcane bagasse cellulignin to produce biopigments. The major findings in the saccharification stage using the SOF point that: at same enzyme loading, the highest glucan hydrolysis yield was 63 % (2-fold higher compared to control); the enzyme loading of 2.5 FPU/g resulted in similar yield compared to 10 FPU/g (control); 15 % (m/v) of total solids loading maintained the yield in fed-batch configuration; the hydrolysis yield is maintained at high shear force stress (800 rpm of stirring rate) and temperatures (50-70 °C). Besides, under separate and semi-simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, the maximum biopigments production were of 10 AU

Mentoring aims to improve careers and create benefits for the participants' personal and professional lives. Mentoring can be an individual or a shared experience for a group, while the mentor’s role remains the same in both models. Mentors should increase confidence, teach, inspire, and set examples, helping the mentees to mould their path, contributing to the pursuit of their personal and professional goals. This study aims to report on the experience of early-career medical physics professionals and postgraduate students participating in a global mentoring program and to assess the impact of this activity on their professional development. The objectives of this mentoring program are to develop leadership roles among young medical physicists and to provide guidance and support. An online questionnaire was administered to the mentee participants. The analysis of their responses is reported in this work and the current status of the programme was examined using a SWOT analysis.In general, the mentoring experience had a positive impact on the mentees. The mentors were found especially helpful in the decision-making situations and in other conflicts that may arise with career development.Additionally, the mentees felt that mentoring contributed to the development of leadership skills required for the job market and assist in personal development. This paper concludes that participation of young medical physicists in a mentoring group program is beneficial to their career and therefore should be encouraged. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Lighting, both natural and electric, is one of the key points in the indoor environmental quality in buildings and it is directly related to their energy efficiency and indoor comfort conditions. Since final lighting conditions depend on the luminous reflectance properties of interior surfaces, an accurate characterization of this property is essential in evaluating its effect on the aforementioned lighting conditions. However, there is scarce research into the effect of this type of binder as well as roughness and colour on the indoor luminous conditions. The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of the luminous reflectance and texture of the finishing layers of plasters and renders based on lime and gypsum pastes with three different colours (non-coloured, ochre and red) and two types of finishing (smooth and rough) under the luminous conditions. The results show that lime paste samples showed a higher reflectance than those of gypsum. In both cases, the performance is diffused with an optimal reflectance when light incidences are between 45° and 75°. Furthermore, four different methods for measuring the reflectance were used to find a practical way of assessing the daylighting potential. Laboratory measurements under artificial lighting were compared with controlled laboratory measurements with natural lighting as well as on site evaluations under real clear sky conditions. While with lime samples clear correlations were found, differences up to 13% were found in gypsum pastes, possibly due to their glossy finish.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás Estimation of emissions in the Amazon deforestation fires, which represent one of the main sources of GHG in Brazil. The rate of deforestation in Brazil increased by 29% between 2015 and 2016, resulting in an increase of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of 9%. Deforestation fires in the Amazonia are the main source of GHG in Brazil. In this work, amounts of CO2, CO, main hydrocarbon gases and PM2.5 emitted during deforestation fires, under real conditions directly in Brazilian Amazonia, were determined. A brief discussion of the relationship between the annual emission of CO2 equivalent (CO2,eq) and Paris Agreement was conducted. Experimental fires were carried out in Western Amazonia (Candeias do Jamari, Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul) and results were compared with a previous fire carried out in Eastern Amazonia (Alta Floresta). The average total fresh biomass on the ground before burning and the total biomass consumption were estimated to be 591 ton ha−1 and 33%, respectively. CO2, CO, CH4, and non–methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) average emission factors, for the four sites, were 1568, 140, 8, and 3 g kg−1 of burned dry biomass, respectively. PM2.5 showed large variation among the sites (0.9–16 g kg−1). Emissions per hectare of forest were estimated as 216,696 kg of CO2, 18,979 kg of CO, 1,058 kg of CH4, and 496 kg of NMHC. The average annual emission of equivalent CO2 was estimated as 301 ± 53 Mt year−1 for the Brazilian Amazonia forest. From 2013, the estimated CO2,eq showed a trend to increase in Amazon region. The present study is an alert and provides important information that can be used in the development of the public policies to control emissions and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazonia. Department of Energy UNESP – São Paulo State University, Campus of Guaratinguetá Institute of Chemistry UNESP – São Paulo State University, Campus of Araraquara Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory INPE – National Institute for Space Research, Cachoeira Paulista Department of Energy UNESP – São Paulo State University, Campus of Guaratinguetá Institute of Chemistry UNESP – São Paulo State University, Campus of Araraquara Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás: 04490–4

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is a serious worldwide pest of stored products frequently requiring control measures to reduce its infestation and minimize grain losses. The fumigant phosphine and insecticides including pyrethroids and organophosphates have been the most used management tools against this stored product pest, but the over-reliance on these chemical products has led to insecticide resistance in maize weevil populations. A recent alternative, the actinomycete-based insecticide spinosad, has been considered highly effective against several stored grain pests, including maize weevils, and has sparked increasing attention. Nonetheless, the sublethal effects of spinosad have yet to be studied, particularly regarding its potential effect on insect dispersal within contaminated grain masses since exposure may be either enhanced or compromised. Thus, we carried out laboratory experiments using a digital tracking system and commercial insecticide formulations with the objective to assess if deltamethrin- or spinosad-contaminated grains may affect the walking activity and dispersal movements of adult maize weevils. The overall activity of groups of weevils was enhanced with insecticide exposure. However, insecticide exposure did not affect resting time and distance walked, but velocity and number of stops were affected compromising walking in individual walking bioassays. Insecticide avoidance by either irritability and repellence were not detected. Dispersal of adult maize weevils on treated grains differed among insecticidal treatments with individuals spending more time at the edges of arenas in non-treated and deltamethrin-treated grains. In contrast, insects on spinosad-treated grains were more evenly distributed within the arena. These findings reinforce the potential of spinosad as an alternative for managing maize weevils because this insecticide minimizes the risk of dispersal away from treated grains.

This pre-specified analysis of DAPA-CKD assessed the impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition on abrupt declines in kidney function in high-risk patients based on having chronic kidney disease (CKD) and substantial albuminuria. DAPA-CKD was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that had a median follow-up of 2.4 years. Adults with CKD (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio 200-5000 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate 25-75 mL/min/1.73m2) were randomized to dapagliflozin 10 mg/day matched to placebo (2152 individuals each). An abrupt decline in kidney function was defined as a pre-specified endpoint of doubling of serum creatinine between two subsequent study visits. We also assessed a post-hoc analysis of investigator-reported acute kidney injury-related serious adverse events. Doubling of serum creatinine between two subsequent visits (median time-interval 100 days) occurred in 63 (2.9%) and 91 (4.2%) participants in the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio 0.68 [95% confidence interval 0.49, 0.94]). Accounting for the competing risk of mortality did not alter our findings. There was no heterogeneity in the effect of dapagliflozin on abrupt declines in kidney function based on baseline subgroups. Acute kidney injury-related serious adverse events were not significantly different and occurred in 52 (2.5%) and 69 (3.2%) participants in the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, respectively (0.77 [0.54, 1.10]). Thus, in patients with CKD and substantial albuminuria, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of abrupt declines in kidney function. HJLH and DC are co-primary authors. The DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators are listed in the Appendix.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:21:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The surface-area-to-volume ratio (SAV) is a significant parameter in vegetation description, although different researchers have presented diverging estimates for forest litter. However, considering litter as a unique entity and disregarding the SAV of its components provides a misleading fire rate of spread. Undoubtedly, the leaves are more relevant than the twigs for the rate of spread of surface fires, as the former has a higher SAV. Therefore, based on the proven hyperdominance of tree species in the Brazilian rainforest, this work presents an accurate method to estimate the SAV. Furthermore, it demonstrates the critical role played by the SAV in the litter flammability and fire rate of spread assessments and shows that the leaf moisture content does not influence its SAV. Besides, comparing SAV data using the methodology presented herein with other authors’ assessments, the results differ by up to 49%. Finally, using the Brazilian rainforest litter in the methodologies of two distinct authors showed a difference of at least 36% in the results. The primary outcome of this study is the estimation of the SAV of leaves and thin, medium, and thick twigs, representative of the Brazilian rainforest, at 12,680 m−1, 1360 m−1, 620 m−1, and 310 m−1, respectively. The estimated SAV values are essential input data to numerical simulation models, and for comparison purposes with other authors’ work, the litter SAV is 8460 m−1. Laboratory of Thermal and Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Engineering of the University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais 2231 Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Department of Energy São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Energy São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2008/04490-4 FAPESP: 2011/20679-2

The objective of this work was to produce red ceramic glazed with dimension stone waste. The clay and residue were characterized for crystalline phases (XRD), chemical analysis (XRF) and particle size. Additives were added to the residue in order to reduce the melting point of 1280 oC to 980 °C, because 1100 °C is the temperature typically used in industrial sintering of coating ceramics. It was studied different compositions of glaze and analyzed its viscosity. The engobe and the glaze were applied on the red ceramic, previously pressed with 100x100x5 mm3 size, and sintered at 1100 oC for 1 h, in order to obtain the ceramic coating. These ceramics were analyzed for abrasion resistance, water absorption and chemical attack, according to NBR 13.818/1997, being classified as PEI 1, indicate for use in residential bathrooms and bedrooms without doors outwards, showing the potential use of dimension stone waste for flooring ceramics, mitigating environmental impacts in mineral industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:43:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-11-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Ethanol–air deflagrations were experimentally studied inside a closed tube by varying the equivalence ratio (0.9–1.4) and the initial pressure (20–60 kPa). The flame front inversion phenomenon was observed in all tests. It was determined that the ratio of the distance of flat flame formation to the hydraulic diameter (df/dh) is a measurable parameter that allows the characterization of the phenomenon. For ethanol–air mixtures two dimensionless parameters can be used to correlate df/dh, namely, the ratio of the laminar flame speed to the speed of sound of the reactants (SL/CS,0) and the dimensionless distance travelled by the flame tip up to the time when the flame touches the lateral walls of the tube (ξtip,wall). Two correlations were obtained and the averages of the absolute values of the relative errors (AARE) were less than 1.2%. Another correlation was obtained considering published data of different fuel–air mixtures. A statistical analysis applied considering experimental data from published literature and from this work, showed an AARE of 8.95% and a coefficient of multiple determination (R2) of 0.79. The p-values of the regression coefficients were lower than 0.001. Therefore, the correlations present good accuracy and can be used for prediction. Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Sarmento Leite 425 National Space Research Institute (INPE) Combustion and Propulsion Laboratory Rod., Pres. Dutra, km 39 São Paulo University (UNESP) School of Engineering Energy Department Guaratinguetá, Av. Ariberto P. da Cunha, 333 São Paulo University (UNESP) School of Engineering Energy Department Guaratinguetá, Av. Ariberto P. da Cunha, 333 FAPESP: 2015/23351-9 FAPESP: 2015/25435-5

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:33:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1807-86212019000106004.pdf: 846320 bytes, checksum: df1598ff39235379636ee55b8626eda4 (MD5) In Amazonia, the main causes of deforestation are systems based on slash-and-burn agriculture. The objective of this work was to evaluate temporal changes in the soil chemical attributes after the vegetation has been slashed and burned in an area of native forest in the Western Amazon. For this study, four hectares of forest in Cruzeiro do Sul, State of Acre, Brazil, was slashed and burned. The soil in the study area was classified as Ultisol (Argissolo Amarelo Distreifico tipico). Soil samples were collected over the course of one year, the first one being collected 16 hours after the burn and the others at 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, 270, and 360 days after the burn. The soil surface layers were more sensitive to fire action. Ashes from vegetation burn increased pH values, basic cations, and C values only in the first months, resulting in higher basal saturation values (V%). The practice of slash-and-burn after 12 months resulted in lower values of pH, Ca, Mg, K, and P and higher values of Al and H, as well as saturation by aluminum in the soil, indicating this practice contributes to the reduction of soil fertility. Univ Fed Rural Rio de Janeiro, Dept Solos, Rodovia BR-465,Km 7, BR-23897000 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Fed Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro Do Sul, Acre, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Energia, Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Lab Associado Combustao & Propulsao, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Energia, Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil

12 páginas.-- 6 figuras.-- 4 tablas.-- 50 referencias, The aim of this study was to investigate impacts of Amazon Forest (AF) fire and conversion to pasture on carbon accumulation in particle size fractions and organic matter (OM) composition of an Acrisol. Soil samples were collected (0.00-2.00 m depth) in three sites: native AF (NAF); AF under natural regeneration for two years after burning (BAF); 23-years old Brachiaria pasture after AF burning (BRA). Assuming NAF area as reference, BAF and BRA areas showed negative carbon balance when carbon emitted to the atmosphere at AF burning is taken into account. Soil OM aromaticity and hydrophobicity, assessed via 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, in BRA and BAF were similar to that in NAF. Fire and post-fire land use altered the carbon distribution in sand, silt and clay along the soil profile and seem to have affected organo-mineral and OM self-assemblage interactions, since the relation between total soil carbon and carbon in clay was asymptotic in BAF and linear in NAF and BRA. © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica. All Rights Reserved., This work was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, thematic project number 08/04490-4); and CNPq (project CT-Amazônia number 575795/2008-5)

O projeto TERR@ENO abordou o Terroir e zonagem agro-ecológica como fator crítico de competitividade e inovação da produção vitivinícola nas Sub-regiões de Monção e Melgaço e do Lima, da Região dos Vinhos Verdes. O objetivo global foi contribuir significativamente para a produção de informação económica, alicerçada no conhecimento científico e técnico, sobre o posicionamento do produto/serviço, mercados e financiamento em áreas estratégicas para o crescimento sustentado e competitivo do sector vitivinícola. Este projeto, focado na sub-região de Monção e Melgaço e do Lima, ambas da Região Demarcada dos Vinhos Verdes, envolveu as entidades privadas de natureza associativa da fileira interprofissional e entidades do sistema científico e tecnológico com experiência confirmada na viticultura, enologia, bem como, em processos e sistemas de dinamização das atividades e territórios rurais. As principais ações deste projeto foram a zonagem agro-ecológica e aptidão natural, cultural e económica vitícola para a definição e gestão do terroir; a especificação, desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade do sistema de informação territorial e plataforma colaborativa WEBSIG; a validação da zonagem vitivinícola pela ecofisiologia, produção, fitossanidade, perceção social e resultados económicos; divulgação dos resultados e da zonagem, capacitação e organização dos agentes. Os resultados deste projeto são bases de dados espaciais, um sistema de informação territorial, uma plataforma WEBGIS de consulta e comunicação com recursos e conteúdos acessíveis por geoportal, sistemas periciais de apoio à decisão estratégica e política, propostas de terroir à OIV, cartografia de aptidão e capacidade produtiva vitícola. O projeto contribuiu para que as empresas do setor vitivinícola, designadamente das sub-regiões acima referidas, tivessem uma maior sensibilização para os fatores críticos de competitividade, particularmente nos domínios da inovação relacionados com a zonagem e aferição das principais variáveis envolvidas no terroir.Palavras-chave: Vinhos Verdes, Aptidão cultural, Plataforma WEBSIG

Tratamento Conservador da Colecistite Aguda - que resultados?

Key Clinical Message Primary cutaneous plasmacytoma should be in the differential diagnosis in case of solitary or multiple erythematous–violaceous nodules or papules. The diagnosis relies on clinical, histological, and immunochemical findings, without underlying evidence of multiple myeloma. Treatment should be individualized, and agents such as bortezomib or lenalidomide have shown to be effective.

Forests represent an important role in the control of atmospheric emissions through carbon capture. However, in forest fires, the carbon stored during photosynthesis is released into the atmosphere. The carbon quantification, in forest burning, is important for the development of measures for its control. The aim of this study was to quantify CO2 and CO emissions of forest fires in Western Amazonia. In this paper, results are described of forest fire experiments conducted in Cruzeiro do Sul and Rio Branco, state of Acre, and Candeias do Jamari, state of Rondonia, Brazil. These cities are located in the Western portion of the Brazilian Amazon region. The biomass content per hectare, in the virgin forest, was measured by indirect methods using formulas with parameters of forest inventories in the central hectare of the test site. The combustion completeness was estimated by randomly selecting 10% of the total logs and twelve 2 × 2 m2 areas along three transects and examining their consumption rates by the fire. The logs were used to determine the combustion completeness of the larger materials (characteristic diameters larger than 10 cm) and the 2 × 2 m2 areas to determine the combustion completeness of small-size materials (those with characteristic diameters lower than 10 cm) and the. The overall biomass consumption by fire was estimated to be 40.0%, 41.2% and 26.2%, in Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Branco and Candeias do Jamari, respectively. Considering that the combustion gases of carbon in open fires contain approximately 90.0% of CO2 and 10.0% of CO in volumetric basis, the average emission rates of these gases by the burning process, in the three sites, were estimated as 191 ± 46.7 t ha−1 and 13.5 ± 3.3 t ha−1, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 This paper investigates fire spread through surface fuels of the Brazilian Amazon by using a three-dimensional, fully transient, physics-based computer simulation approach. Computer simulations are obtained through the solution to governing equations of fluid dynamics, combustion, heat transfer and thermal degradation of the vegetative fuel. Surface fuel fires composed mostly of dead leaves and twigs were numerically simulated and the calculated rate of spread was compared to findings from field observations. The importance of air humidity, vegetation temperature, moisture content, surface to volume ratio and bulk density was evaluated through the variation of each one individually in numerical simulation runs. Conclusions show that in the range of parameter variation considered, the most important parameters are the vegetation moisture, surface area to volume ratio, and bulk density. The vegetation initial temperature and air humidity, in the range of variation studied, did not influence the fire rate of spread. The numerical simulations also showed that the radiation process is very important and directly affects the fire rate of spread. Convection is less important because of the absence of external wind. The model is able to capture the main effects of a surface forest fire typical of the Amazon, and can be used as a numerical tool for studying such fires. Department of Mechanical Engineering Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo Cidade Universitária, Rua Dr.Thirso Martins, 200/62 U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Lab Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory School of Forest Resources University of Washington Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais-INPE Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP

This paper presents a method based on the Atomic Force Microscopy technique for direct measurement of magnetostriction coefficient of amorphous Tb–Co films deposited on Si(100) substrate. The magnetostriction coefficient of the film is determined by AFM measuring the deflection of the sample when applying a magnetic field. In order to maximize the deflection of the sample, in-plane magnetic anisotropy was induced by heat treatment under a magnetic field of 5 kOe. The value obtained for the saturation magnetostriction is 204×10 −6 for the Tb 23 Co 77 film.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) In pH-swing mineral carbonation, several acid/base systems has been investigated. Currently the main acid/base systems employed are HCl/NaOH and NH4HSO4/NH4OH. However, the use of a HCl/NH4OH system was not yet elucidated. This study proposes to evaluate the feasibility of a pH-swing mineral carbonation based on HCl/NH4OH system at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperatures using mining waste from asbestos production from Goiás State, Brazil (S-GO) for two conditions (i.e. stoichiometric conditions (T2E) and acid excess (T2)). Results indicated that the Fe3+ content in S-GO acted as a catalyst, due to FeCl3 hydrolysis in aqueous solutions. Thus, high Mg and Fe extraction efficiency (95 ± 2%), were achieved in the leaching stage for both conditions. The S1 solid residue was mainly SiO2 with 90 ± 1% purity content. In the purification stage 91.7 ± 1.9% of Fet were removed, however, a loss of Mg of 13.6 ± 2.3% was also detected. On the carbonation stage, high purity hydromagnesite was formed in T2E; this stage had a 85% efficiency, thus, 36.7% of CO2 was fixed. On T2, excess H2O and CO2 promoted dypingite formation and reduced hydromagnesite formation. After carbonation, the formation of crystals was observed in the NH4Cl aqueous solution at 25 °C, indicating NH4Cl supersaturation. The results of mass balance indicate that 4 ton of mineral waste will be employed for each ton of captured CO2, as well as 2.6 ton of HCl, and 4.5 ton of NH4OH. However, 1.7 ton of SiO2, 0.55 ton of iron oxides, and 2.7 ton of hydromagnesite could be produced. Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory Brazilian Space Research Institute (LCP/INPE) Production Engineering Campus of Itapeva São Paulo State University (UNESP) Combustion and Carbon Capture Laboratory Energy Department Campus of Guaratinguetá São Paulo State University (LC3/DEN/UNESP) Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Group Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion National University (UNJFSC) Production Engineering Campus of Itapeva São Paulo State University (UNESP) Combustion and Carbon Capture Laboratory Energy Department Campus of Guaratinguetá São Paulo State University (LC3/DEN/UNESP) CNPq: 150868/2017-0 FAPESP: 2013/21244-5

Our aim is to show some impacts on the differential protection of power transformers when using Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers associated with the IEC 61850-9-2 process bus. Described herein are a model for simulating the samples in the process bus, a proposed algorithm for differential protection of power transformers adapted from conventional differential relays so that it works according to the IEC 61850-9-2 standard, and a response analysis of the protection algorithm with the loss of the time synchronization signal in the process bus. Suggestions on parameters to be followed for safer operation of the process bus in these circumstances are also offered.

Resumo A terapeutica de privacao androgenica (TPA) e a terapeutica standard para o cancro da prostata avancado. Contudo, sabe-se que nao esta isenta de efeitos adversos, com impacto na qualidade de vida dos doentes e, possivelmente, tambem na sobrevida global. Este artigo tem como objectivos rever os principais efeitos adversos associados a terapeutica de privacao androgenica e abordar os metodos para minimizar o impacto de cada um deles.

Resumo Introducao A terapeutica intravesical com bacilo de Calmette-Guerin e uma opcao valida no tratamento dos tumores uroteliais nao musculo invasivos da bexiga, existindo ja varios estudos publicados sobre os resultados obtidos. O objectivo deste trabalho e o de rever e compilar a informacao disponivel sobre esta tematica. Metodos Foi realizada uma revisao na base de dados da PubMed com os termos principais “intravesical BCG”, “NMIBC” e “Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer”, sendo selecionados artigos de revisao e originais em Portugues e Ingles. Foram apresentados os resultados em conjunto com a discussao por motivos estruturais. Resultados e discussao A evidencia cientifica favorece a utilizacao do BCG intravesical nos tumores de risco intermedio e alto pelo seu impacto no risco de recorrencia e possivelmente no de progressao. Esta terapeutica implica uma vigilância dos efeitos secundarios possiveis tanto a nivel local como sistemico. A sua deteccao determina uma correcta atitude terapeutica e cumprimento dos esquemas recomendados. Conclusao A utilizacao de BCG intravesical e uma modalidade terapeutica com evidencia clara nos tumores nao musculo invasivos da bexiga. No entanto, mais estudos sao necessarios para esclarecer qual o melhor esquema de utilizacao e o seu mecanismo de accao.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-05-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pH-swing mineral carbonation is kinetically favorable and requires a short reaction time. It must also obtain a high extraction rate for reactive elements in the leaching process. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior of different serpentinite rocks in the leaching processes; the reactivity of Brazilian serpentinite rocks (such as: S-GO and S-MG) is analyzed based on physicochemical properties in order to understand their relationship to leaching efficiency. Surface area-to-volume ratio (SBET/Vp) and metals-to-silicon ratio (Σ(Mg, Ca)/Si) were used to measure reactivity. Leaching was carried out to determine Mg and Fe extraction. Reaction conditions for both serpentinite rocks were: 355–250 μm particle size, 4 M HCl concentration, 100 °C, and 2 h of reaction time. Characterization results show that both serpentinite rocks (S-GO and S-MG) have high magnesium (Mg) content. SBET/Vp was 36 for S-GO and 29 for S-MG, while Σ(Mg, Ca)/Si was 2.64 for S-GO and 1.20 for S-MG. These results suggest that S-GO is approximately 50% more reactive than S-MG, and that S-MG is limited by low accessible surface (SBET/Vp) and the high mineralogical complexity (Σ(Mg, Ca)/Si). Leaching results confirmed the reactivity; Mg and Fe extraction from S-GO was 94 ± 1%. However, results for S-MG were 34% for Mg and 60% for Fe. In order to increase the reactivity of S-MG, particle size was reduced to 75–63 μm. Even though S-MG was mechanically activated, Mg and Fe extraction has not increased significantly. Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory Brazilian Space Research Institute (LCP/INPE) Combustion and Carbon Capture Laboratory Energy Department São Paulo State University (LC3/DEN/UNESP) Combustion and Carbon Capture Laboratory Energy Department São Paulo State University (LC3/DEN/UNESP) CNPq: 150894/2014-7 FAPESP: 2011/19920-7 FAPESP: 2013/21244-5

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-04-01 This paper describes the development of a logistic model to predict the probability of surface fire spread in Brazilian rainforest fuels from outdoor experimental measurements. Surface fires spread over litter composed mostly of dead leaves and twigs. There were 72 individual outdoor experiments in eighteen sites. The fire propagated in 49% of the experiments. In each experiment, the litter height, litter temperature, unburned litter mass, wet and dry litter mass, soil temperature, wet and dry soil mass, ambient wind velocity, ambient air temperature, ambient air relative humidity and duration of fire spread were measured. Using these data, the rate of fire spread, litter bulk density, litter and soil moisture content, litter load and litter residue fraction were determined. For the sake of analysis, experimental results were classified into two groups: one for which the fire propagated and the other one for which the fire self-extinguished. Analyses of a logistic regression model showed that the relevant parameters for fire propagation are litter height and litter moisture content. Concerning the probability of successful fire propagation, the model showed a true positive rate of 71% and a true negative rate of 84%. The outdoor experiments also served to gather data to improve the understanding of surface fires and to provide input data for future computer simulations. Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Mello de Morais 2231 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40 Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Asa Norte School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington, Mail Box 352100 U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Lab Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Flammability limits must be identified in order to assess and control handling risks of particular processes according to combustion product composition and environmental conditions. Thereby, the present paper aims to present a model that can predict flammability limits for ethanol-air blends with at different moisture concentrations by Kriging interpolation techniques. The model is based on experimental results to determine flammability limits of ethanol-air blends, and evaluate different moisture concentrations in ethanol composition. It has accurately predicted the flammability limits of ethanol-air blends at temperatures ranging between 20 °C and 210 °C, pressure values ranging from 40 kPa to 101.3 kPa, ethanol moisture concentration at 0.5% and 8%, and ethanol volume percentages from 1% to 35%. Thus, it is a valid tool to accurately and efficiently determine flammability limits of ethanol-air blends. Universidad Antonio Nariño Mechanical Engineering Faculty Itajubá Federal University – UNIFEI Mechanical Engineering Institute – IEM, BPS Ave. 1303 São Paulo State University – UNESP, Guaratinguetá Campus – FEG. Ariberto P. da Cunha Ave. 333, Guaratinguetá NationalSpace Research Institute – INPE Combustion and Propulsion Laboratory – LCP, Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 39, Cachoeira Paulista São Paulo State University – UNESP, Guaratinguetá Campus – FEG. Ariberto P. da Cunha Ave. 333, Guaratinguetá

Forest ecosystems are a sink of atmospheric mercury, trapping the metal in the canopy, and storing it in the forest floor after litter fall. Fire liberates a portion of this mercury; however, little is known about the long-term release of mercury post deforestation. We conducted two large-scale experiments to study this phenomenon. In upstate New York, gaseous mercury emissions from soil were monitored continually using a Teflon dynamic surface flux chamber for two-weeks before and after cutting of the canopy on the edge of a deciduous forest. In Brazil, gaseous mercury emissions from soil were monitored in an intact Ombrophilous Open forest and an adjacent field site both before and after the field site was cleared by burning. In the intact forest, gaseous mercury emissions from soil averaged −0.73 ± 1.84 ng m−2 h−1 (24-h monitoring) at the New York site, and 0.33 ± 0.09 ng m−2 h−1 (daytime-only) at the Brazil site. After deforestation, gaseous mercury emissions from soil averaged 9.13 ± 2.08 ng m−2 h−1 in New York and 21.2 ± 0.35 ng m−2 h−1 at the Brazil site prior to burning. Gaseous mercury emissions averaged 74.9 ± 0.73 ng m−2 h−1 after burning of the cut forest in Brazil. Extrapolating our data, measured over several weeks to months, to a full year period, deforested soil is estimated to release an additional 2.30 g ha−1 yr−1 of gaseous mercury to the atmosphere in the Brazilian experiment and 0.41 g ha−1 yr−1 in the New York experiment. In Brazil, this represents an additional 50% of the mercury load released during the fire itself.

Mercury stored in forests can be volatilized to the atmosphere during fires. Many factors influence this process such as mercury concentration, vegetation loading and the soil temperature reached during the fire. We quantified mercury emissions from biomass and soil during a prescribed fire in Brazil using the difference in mercury burden in vegetation and soil before and after burning, and data were critically compared with those previously obtained in a similar experiment in another part of the Amazonia. The calculated mercury emission factor was 4.1 ± 1.4 g Hg ha −1 , with the main part (78%) originating from litterfall and O-horizon, and only 14% associated with live biomass. When considering the fuel burned loading, the emission factor ranged from 40 to 53 μg Hg kg −1 . Data were also obtained on soil temperature profile and on Hg speciation in soil in an effort to relate these parameters to Hg emissions.

Test objects or phantoms are important tools for the optimization of dose and image quality in mammography. The main quality control protocols in mammography adopt homogeneous phantoms for image quality assessment, which generate images with unrealistic uniform background and do not consider the effect of breast anatomy on image quality. Realistic three-dimensional (3D) anthropomorphic phantoms with characteristic contrast of breast tissues are required to better evaluate clinical systems in terms of their intended diagnostic tasks. This work aims to characterize low-density materials by determining their linear attenuation coefficients, μ(E), and to evaluate their suitability as breast tissue–equivalent materials for printing 3D anthropomorphic breast phantoms. Incident and transmitted mammographic X-ray spectra through different material thicknesses were measured using a CdTe detector. Attenuation curves were derived for each photon energy, and the coefficients μ(E) were calculated between 10 and 20 keV for various materials. These coefficients were compared with data for breast tissues (glandular, adipose, skin, and blood) presented in the literature. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used as the reference material to validate the methodology used in this work. The experimental μ(E) for PMMA agreed with the results of the literature, with an average relative difference of −0.44% and average relative uncertainty of ±3.70%. Among the analysed materials, 3D printing materials TangoBlackPlus™ and VeroClear™ (Stratasys, USA) presented the best glandular equivalency, with average percentage differences relative to the theoretical coefficients, μ(E), for glandular tissue of −0.36% and +1.85%, respectively. A urethane-based polymer (water simulant) was the material with the best adipose equivalency, showing an average relative difference in μ(E) of +3.39%. None of the studied materials was suitable to provide the photon attenuation equivalent to skin or blood. TangoBlackPlus™ and VeroClear™ presented similar attenuation to the glandular tissue when compared with results from reference data of ICRP 110. These materials can be suitable for 3D printing of glandular tissue in a breast phantom, while the urethane-based polymer might be used to fill the phantom as adipose tissue–equivalent material.