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Resumen Introduccion El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el desempeno diagnostico de la ecografia pelvica transabdominal, la evaluacion del desarrollo mamario por ecografia y la edad osea en la identificacion del inicio de la pubertad, en poblacion pediatrica femenina de la Clinica Las Americas, Medellin, Colombia. Metodos Se incluyeron pacientes femeninas de 11 anos o menos, remitidas entre marzo de 2016 y marzo de 2019 por la aparicion de signos de inicio de la pubertad. Se uso como estandar de referencia para el diagnostico de pubertad la medicion basal de hormona luteinizante (LH) serica, con la cual se comparo la ultrasonografia pelvica y mamaria, asi como la edad osea. Se realizaron calculos de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo (VPP y VPN), razones de verosimilitud (LR + y LR-) y analisis por subgrupos de edades. Resultados Se analizaron 43 pacientes. La evaluacion ecografica del desarrollo mamario demostro la sensibilidad mas alta (94,1%) dentro de todos los parametros de imagen evaluados, aunque con baja especificidad. No obstante, caracteristicas como la longitud del cuerpo del utero mayor de 3,0 cm y la presencia de eco endometrial fueron altamente especificas para la identificacion del inicio de la pubertad, particularmente en pacientes de 8 anos o menos. Conclusion La ecografia pelvica, la valoracion ecografica del Tanner mamario y la evaluacion de la edad osea son herramientas utiles para la confirmacion por imagen del inicio de la pubertad. Los resultados de este estudio apoyan su utilizacion en la practica clinica, en el abordaje de trastornos puberales en ninas.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We present a detailed prompt emission and early optical afterglow analysis of the two very-high-energy (VHE) detected bursts GRB 201015A and GRB 201216C, and their comparison with a subset of similar bursts. Time-resolved spectral analysis of multistructured GRB 201216C using the Bayesian binning algorithm revealed that during the entire duration of the burst, the low-energy spectral index (αpt) remained below the limit of the synchrotron line of death. However, statistically some of the bins supported the additional thermal component. Additionally, the evolution of spectral parameters showed that both the peak energy (Ep) and αpt tracked the flux. These results were further strengthened using the values of the physical parameters obtained by synchrotron modeling of the data. Our earliest optical observations of both bursts using the F/Photometric Robotic Atmospheric Monitor Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos and Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System robotic telescopes displayed a smooth bump in their early optical light curves, consistent with the onset of the afterglow due to synchrotron emission from an external forward shock. Using the observed optical peak, we constrained the initial bulk Lorentz factors of GRB 201015A and GRB 201216C to Γ0 = 204 and Γ0 = 310, respectively. The present early optical observations are the earliest known observations constraining outflow parameters and our analysis indicate that VHE detected bursts could have a diverse range of observed luminosity within the detectable redshift range of present VHE facilities. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., R.G. and S.B.P. acknowledge the financial support of ISRO under AstroSat archival Data utilization program (DS_2B-13013(2)/1/2021-Sec.2). A.A. acknowledges funds and assistance provided by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India with file No. 09/948(0003)/2020-EMR-I. A.J.C.T. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry project PID2020-118491GB-I00 and Junta de Andalucia grant P20_010168. Y.D.H. acknowledges support under the additional funding from the RYC2019-026465-I. M.C.G. acknowledges support from the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship RYC2019-026465-I (funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Social Funding). This research has used data obtained through the HEASARC Online Service, provided by the NASA-GSFC, in support of the NASA High Energy Astrophysics Programs. S.B.P. thankfully acknowledges inclusion of the photometric calibration data of GRB 201015A taken with the 4K × 4K CCD Imager acquired as a part of the present analysis and extends sincere thanks to the observing and support staff of the 3.6 m DOT for maintaining and running the observational facilities at Devasthal Nainital., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).

PurposeUsing integrated, constructivist and inquiry-based curricular experiences to expand student understanding of historical thinking and exposure to Native perspectives on Utah history, this paper aims to analyze the thinking and practice of teaching the Utah fourth grade social studies curriculum. As a team of researchers, teachers and administrators, the authors brought differing perspectives and experience to this shared project of curriculum design. The understanding was enhanced as the authors reflected on authors' own practitioner research and worked together as Native and non-Native community partners to revise the ways one group of fourth grade students experienced the curriculum, with plans to continue improving the thinking and implementation on an ongoing basis. While significant barriers to elementary social studies education exist in the current era of high-stakes testing, curriculum narrowing and continuing narratives of colonization in both the broad national context and our own localized context, the authors found that social studies curriculum can be a space for decolonization and growth for students and teachers alike when carefully planned, constructed and implemented.Design/methodology/approachThis article represents an effort by a team of teachers, administrators and researchers: D, a councilman and historian dedicated to sharing the history of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation; S, an eleventh-year teacher, teaching fourth grade at Mary Bethune Elementary School (MBES); E, the director of experiential learning and technology at MBES; L, the MBES vice principal and EL, a faculty member in the adjacent college of education. Working in these complementary roles, each authors recognized an opportunity to build a more robust set of curricular experiences for teaching the state standards for fourth grade social studies, with particular attention to a more inclusive set of narratives of Utah's history at the authors' shared site, Mary Bethune Elementary School, a K-6 public charter school that operates in partnership with the College of Education in a growing college town (population 51,000) in the Intermountain west. The complexity of Utah history embedded within the landscape that surrounds MBES has not always been a fully developed part of our fourth grade curriculum. Recognizing this, the authors came together to develop a more robust age-appropriate curricular experience for students that highlights the complexity of the individual and cultural narratives. In addition to smaller segments of classroom instruction devoted to the Utah Core fourth grade standards (Utah Education Network, 2019) that focus particularly on the history of Utah, the authors focused the curriculum improvement efforts on four specific lengthy spans of instruction.FindingsThese fourth-grade students read, contextualized and interpreted the primary source documents they encountered as historians; they both appreciated and challenged the authors' perspectives. It is our belief that students are more likely to continue to think like historians as they operate as “critical consumers” (Moore and Clark, 2004, p. 22) of other historical narratives. This ability to think and act with attention to multiple viewpoints and perspectives, power and counter stories develops more empathetic humans. While the authors prize the ability of students to succeed in intellectually rigorous tasks and learn content material, in the end this trait is the most important goal for teaching students history.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors recognize operating within primarily non-Native spaces and discourses about social studies; with curricular efforts, there are a variety of ways the authors could do harm. Along the way, the authors recognized places for future improvement, critically examining the authors' work. As the authors look to future planning, there are several issues identified as the next spaces that the authors wish to focus on improving the Utah Studies curriculum experience of fourth graders at MBES. This is an area for further exploration.Practical implicationsThis precise set of primary sources, field experiences and assessments will not be the right fit for other classrooms with differences in resources, space and time. The authors hope it will serve as an example of how teachers can create curriculum that addresses the failings of status quo social studies instruction with regard to Indigenous peoples. The students were not the only beneficiaries of change from this curriculum development and implementation; as a team the authors also benefited. The experience solidified our self-perception as decision makers for our classroom. The authors' ability to extend past the packaged curriculum of textbooks and worksheets made it easily available to engage students as historical inquirers into the multiple perspectives and complex contexts of decolonizing-counter narratives built the authors' confidence that such work can be successful across the curriculum.Social implicationsThe authors believe this is a more potent antidote to the colonizing-Eurocentric narratives of history that they will undoubtedly be exposed to in other spaces and times than simply teaching them a singular history from an Indigenous perspective; if students are able to contextualize, interpret, and question the accounts they encounter, they will be more likely to “challenge dominant historical and cultural narratives that are endemic in society” (Stoddard et al., 2014, p. 35). This too can make them more thoughtful consumers of today's news, whether that news is about Navajo voting rights in southeastern Utah or oil and gas development in South Dakota.Originality/valueWorking against the colonizing narratives present in media, textbooks and local folklore is necessary if the authors are to undermine the invisibility of Native experiences in most social studies curriculum (Journell, 2009) and the stereotyping and discrimination that Native American students experience as a result (Stowe, 2017, p. 243). This detailed look at how the authors developed and implemented standards-based curriculum with that intent adds to the “little research [that] exists on teacher-created curricula and discourse” (Masta and Rosa, p. 148).

Resumen El citomegalovirus (CMV) humano es un virus muy ubicuo que se transmite de forma muy eficiente entre la poblacion a traves de la saliva, orina, lactancia o transfusiones sanguineas. Alrededor del 75% de las personas a los 15 anos ya son seropositivas, presentan inmunidad adquirida, frente a este virus. La mayoria (85%) de las infecciones congenitas por CMV son debidas a la reactivacion gestacional (latencia) y a la reinfeccion por cepas de CMV distintas y solo el 15% a una primoinfeccion durante la misma. Estos datos apoyan el concepto de la paradoja de la inmunidad previa, es decir, el riesgo de infeccion congenita por CMV es superior en las gestantes seropositivas. Una de las posibilidades de evitar las infecciones congenitas por CMV es la vacunacion universal en los primeros meses de vida. De este modo las mujeres llegarian a la edad fertil con inmunidad y sin CMV en su organismo. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados en los ultimos 40 anos, todavia no se dispone de una vacuna frente al CMV que pueda aplicarse de forma efectiva en el ser humano. De todas las multiples plataformas desarrolladas, solo 6 de ellas (vacuna Towne atenuada, subunidades gB/MF59, gB/AS03, bivalente de ADN, recombinante de vector viral y vacuna de peptidos) se han llegado a probar en humanos y recientemente la gB/MF59 y la bivalente de ADN han finalizado los ensayos Fase II. Debido a los problemas de seguridad, las vacunas atenuadas y basadas en vectores parecen descartarse de cara al futuro; por ello es muy posible que el futuro se encuentre en vacunas basadas en proteinas recombinantes (gB) y especialmente las formadas por el complejo pentamerico.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a very ubiquitous virus that is transmitted very efficiently among the population through saliva, urine, lactation or blood transfusions. Around 75% of people at age 15 are already seropositive, have acquired immunity, against this virus. The majority (85%) of congenital CMV infections are due to gestational reactivation (latency) and reinfection by different CMV strains and only 15% to a primary infection during it. These data support the concept of the paradox of previous immunity, that is, the risk of congenital CMV infection is higher in seropositive pregnant women. One of the possibilities of avoiding congenital CMV infections is universal vaccination in the first months of life. In this way women would reach fertile age with immunity and without CMV in their body. Despite the efforts made in the last forty years, there is still no vaccine against CMV that can be applied effectively in humans. Of all the multiple platforms developed, only six of them (attenuated Towne vaccine, gB/MF59 subunits, gB/AS03, DNA bivalent, viral vector recombinant and peptide vaccine) have been tested in humans and recently the gB / MF59 and the bivalent DNA have completed Phase II assays. Due to safety concerns, attenuated and vector-based vaccines seem to be ruled out for the future; Therefore it is very possible that the future is in vaccines based on recombinant proteins (gB) and especially those formed by the pentameric complex. Keywords: cytomegalovirus; congenital infection; vaccination; gB glycoprotein; pentameric complex.

On December 31, 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology was detected in the city of Wuhan (China). A week later, a new coronavirus was isolated in these patients, initially designated as 2019-nCoV and subsequently SARS-CoV-2. This is a new virus that is much closer genetically to the coronavirus of bats than to human SARS. The new virus infects and replicates in the lung parenchyma pneumocytes and macrophages in which the ACE-2 cell receptor resides. He has now infected many more people than his predecessors (>85,000). From the clinical point of view, those infected have an average age of 55 years; the main symptoms are fever, dry cough, lymphopenia, dyspnoea, and pneumonia in its severe form. The overall lethality rate is 2–3% in China and 0.1% in cases detected outside of this country. The incubation period has been set at about 3 days (0–24 days). There are no specific antivirals or vaccines.

Resumen El cancer de mama es el que con mas frecuecia afecta a las mujeres. Aunque no se ha podido todavia establecer una causa asociada a esta neoplasia, si se conocen ciertos factores que podrian favorecer este proceso. Se ha investigado la presencia de algunos virus oncogenicos en el cancer de mama (virus del papiloma humano, virus del tumor mamario del raton y el virus de Epstein-Barr). Las tecnicas moleculares actuales no permiten aplicar los postulados de Koch. Mediante las tecnicas moleculares convencionales se ha podido detectar la presencia de estos virus en el 0-86% de los tejidos tumorales mamarios; sin embargo, no se ha mostrado evidencia de la transcripcion activa de los genes virales en estos tejidos. Partiendo del criterio de que concentraciones de transcriptos inferiores a 2 ppm son inconsistentes con la participacion de un determinado virus, puede concluirse que no existe actualmente ninguna evidencia cientifica de que un virus conocido este implicado.

This paper uses a survey of over 2,500 rental property owners in ten cities across the United States to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on landlords' rent collection and business behavior. Our findings show that yearly rent collection was down significantly in 2020 relative to 2019-both within and across rental markets-and that an increasing number of owners have a large share of their portfolio behind on rent. Small owners and owners of color faced the highest exposure to deep tenant arrears in 2020, challenges they were also more likely to face prior to pandemic. Our findings show that owner business practices changed dramatically in 2020, with a higher share of landlords granting tenants rent extensions or forgiving back rent during the pandemic relative to prior. However, many owners also disinvested in their rental properties through deferred maintenance, missed mortgage payments, and property sale listings. Landlords of color pursued disinvestment strategies during the pandemic at an elevated rate compared to white landlords. Owners of properties in neighborhoods with more non-white residents were both more likely to experience decreased rent collection and more likely to pursue evictions and rental late fees holding constant rental payment rates, implying the pandemic has disproportionately affected renters in communities of color. Overall, our findings highlight the strain the pandemic has placed on the housing stock, which has implications for the long-term viability and affordability of many of these units. More concerningly, our results show that households of color-which have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic in other domains-were more likely to face punitive measures from landlords in both 2019 and 2020, suggesting the pandemic has exacerbated existing racial inequality in housing markets.

The influenza virus B belongs to the family Orthomyxoviriridae and to the genus Influenzavirus B. It has a negative RNA-type genome made up of about 14,648 nucleotides divided into eight different segments that encode about 11 proteins. Before 1980 all influenza B viruses belonged to a single genetic lineage; but in this year two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages emerged which were named B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988. Intralineage and interlineage genetic exchange processes have been demonstrated; The most frequent of them are those in which the Victoria lineage acquires genes from the Yamagata lineage. It has been proposed that the differences in the evolutionary dynamics of the two lineages are due to the different binding preferences of influenza hemagglutinin to the cellular receptor. The Victoria lineage has shown the ability to bind to cell receptors with sialic acid residues at the α-2,3 and α-2,6 positions; whereas the Yamagata lineage does so exclusively in the human α-2,6 positions of the respiratory tract. Low circulation in recent months may have contributed to the temporary elimination (“extinction”) of the Yamagata lineage. Since 2017, almost all of the strains of this lineage belong to clade 3A, when previously multiple circulating clades were detected. Although this clade 3A is diverse at the genetic level and has acquired surrogate mutations in the hemagglutinin gene, these have not determined significant antigenic changes that have made it necessary to replace its antigenic component (B/Pukhet/3073/2013) in the influenza vaccine since 2015.

Multivalent ligand presentation is a powerful strategy for the development of specific binders and inhibitors. Peptide/[60]fullerene hybrids have now been synthesized that exploit the complete substitution of the fullerene scaffold to afford globular structures presenting twelve copies of a peptide ligand for the recognition of E-selectin. Fully substituted peptide/[60]fullerene hexakis-adducts offer an excellent opportunity for multivalent protein recognition. In contrast to monofunctionalized fullerene hybrids, peptide/[60]fullerene hexakis-adducts display multiple copies of a peptide in close spatial proximity and in the three dimensions of space. High affinity peptide binders for almost any target can be currently identified by in vitro evolution techniques, often providing synthetically simpler alternatives to natural ligands. However, despite the potential of peptide/[60]fullerene hexakis-adducts, these promising conjugates have not been reported to date. Here we present a synthetic strategy for the construction of 3D multivalent hybrids that are able to bind with high affinity the E-selectin. The here synthesized fully substituted peptide/[60]fullerene hybrids and their multivalent recognition of natural receptors constitute a proof of principle for their future application as functional biocompatible materials This work was partially supported by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) [SAF2017-89890-R, PCI2019-103400, PID2020-117143RB-I00, PID2020-114653RB-I00 and PID2020-115120GB-I00], Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2017/25 and Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019–2022, ED431G 2019/03) and the European Commission (EC) (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF). J.M. thanks the ERC-STG (DYNAP, 677786), ERC-POC (TraffikGene, 838002), Xunta de Galicia (Oportunius Program) and Human Frontier Science Programme Young Investigator Grant (RGY0066/2017) for funding. J.J.R. received a Beatriz Galindo Grant (BEAGAL18-00051) by the Spanish Ministerio de Universidades. I.G. received predoctoral fellowships (ED481A-2018/116 and FPU17/00941). J.C.-G. thanks the Comunidad de Madrid Atracción de Talento program (2018-T2/BMD-10275) SI

Full list of authors: Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Østgaard, N.; Göǧüş, E.; Sánchez-Gil, C.; Pascual-Granado, J.; Reglero, V.; Mezentsev, A.; Gabler, M.; Marisaldi, M.; Neubert, T.; Budtz-Jørgensen, C.; Lindanger, A. Sarria, D.; Kuvvetli, I.; Cerdá-Durán, P.; Navarro-González, J.; Font, J. A.; Zhang, B. -B.; Lund, N.; Oxborrow, C. A.; Brandt, S.; Caballero-García, M. D.; Carrasco-García, I. M.; Castellón, A.; Castro Tirado, M. A.; Christiansen, F.; Eyles, C. J.; Fernández-García, E.; Genov, G.; Guziy, S.; Hu, Y. -D.; Nicuesa Guelbenzu, A.; Pandey, S. B.; Peng, Z. -K.; Pérez del Pulgar, C.; Reina Terol, A. J.; Rodríguez, E.; Sánchez-Ramírez, R.; Sun, T.; Ullaland, K.; Yang, S., Magnetars are strongly magnetized, isolated neutron stars1–3 with magnetic fields up to around 1015 gauss, luminosities of approximately 1031–1036 ergs per second and rotation periods of about 0.3–12.0 s. Very energetic giant flares from galactic magnetars (peak luminosities of 1044–1047 ergs per second, lasting approximately 0.1 s) have been detected in hard X-rays and soft γ-rays4, and only one has been detected from outside our galaxy5. During such giant flares, quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) with low (less than 150 hertz) and high (greater than 500 hertz) frequencies have been observed6–9, but their statistical significance has been questioned10. High-frequency QPOs have been seen only during the tail phase of the flare9. Here we report the observation of two broad QPOs at approximately 2,132 hertz and 4,250 hertz in the main peak of a giant γ-ray flare11 in the direction of the NGC 253 galaxy12–17, disappearing after 3.5 milliseconds. The flare was detected on 15 April 2020 by the Atmosphere–Space Interactions Monitor instrument18,19 aboard the International Space Station, which was the only instrument that recorded the main burst phase (0.8–3.2 milliseconds) in the full energy range (50 × 103 to 40 × 106 electronvolts) without suffering from saturation effects such as deadtime and pile-up. Along with sudden spectral variations, these extremely high-frequency oscillations in the burst peak are a crucial component that will aid our understanding of magnetar giant flares. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., This work made use of data from ASIM. ASIM is an international experiment aboard the International Space Station. ASIM is a mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), funded by ESA and national grants from Denmark, Norway and Spain. ESA PRODEX contracts C 4000115884 (DTU) and 4000123438 (Bergen) support the ASIM Science Data Centre. The science analysis is supported by ESA Topical Team contract 4200019920/06/NL/VJ; European Research Council grant AdG-FP7/2007-2013: n 320839; Research Council of Norway contract 223252/F50 (CoE/BCSS); and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades grants ESP 2017-86263-C4 and ESP2017-87676-C5-5-R. J.A.F. and P.C.-D. acknowledge support by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant PGC2018-095984-B-I00) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2019/071). P.C.-D. acknowledges the Ramon y Cajal funding (RYC-2015-19074) for supporting his research. M.G. acknowledges support through the Generalitat Valenciana via the grant CIDEGENT/2019/031. A.J.C.-T., J.P.-G., M.D.C.-G. and E.R. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). This work is partly based on observations made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), installed at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, on the island of La Palma. We thank J. D. Scargle for his help with the preliminary time-series analysis and his comments. J.P.-G. also acknowledges funding support from Spanish public funds for research from project PID2019-107061GB-C63 from the ‘Programas Estatales de Generación de Conocimiento y Fortalecimiento Científico y Tecnológico del Sistema de I+D+i y de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad’ from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU).

After the last epidemic of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil that peaked in 2016, growing evidence has been demonstrated of the link between this teratogenic flavivirus and microcephaly cases. However, no vaccine or antiviral drug has been approved yet. ZIKV and Dengue viruses (DENV) entry to the host cell takes place through several receptors, including dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), so that the blockade of this receptor through multivalent glycoconjugates supposes a promising biological target to inhibit the infection process. In order to get enhanced multivalency in biocompatible systems, tridecafullerenes appended with up to 360 1,2-mannobiosides have been synthesized using a strain-promoted cycloaddition of azides to alkynes (SPAAC) strategy. These systems have been tested against ZIKV and DENV infection, showing an outstanding activity in the picomolar range.

The current influenza vaccines only contain the complete haemagglutinin (HA) of influenza as only immunogen determining a little lasting immunity. This phenomenon is due to the fact that they are based almost exclusively on inducing an immune response against the globular domain (head) of the HA (subunit HA1), since it has been observed that it constitutes the viral immunodominant antigen because it presents on its surface the majority of variable epitopes (glycosylation patterns). However, because it is the most accessible and external area of ​​the virus, which determines the binding to the cellular receptor, it is the one that presents a higher rate of antigenic variability or diversity due to the intense selective pressure of the human immune system. Therefore, the WHO has developed a strategic plan for obtaining a universal vaccine against influenza that is characterized by being able to be applied in all age groups and immunosuppressed and that especially uses as an immunogen a conserved influenza protein that maintains the protection less for a long period of time. Multiple vaccine platforms have been developed but at present it seems that those based on the induction of progressive immunity against the conserved antigens of the HA stem (HA2) present a more hopeful future. Chimeric HA (cHA) with a stem common to a certain subtype and heads belonging to unusual subtypes have been constructed with this stem. The progressive immunization with them increases and reinforces the immunity against the stem showing cross reaction with all those belonging to the same genetic groups (H1 or H2), obtaining a protection almost similar to the classic vaccine based on complete HA. Clinical trials that are underway with these chimeric vaccines will indicate whether the human response induced by them will be sufficient to protect against all known subtypes and if this protection will also be durable and stable.

Schools are faced with increasing pressures from declining test scores and outcry from the public to improve the educational system. Efforts to reform the system have varied widely and produced inconsistent results. One school took a different approach by embracing the reform efforts through a systematic change process, led by a transformational leader and guided by a “journey map” to navigate their progress. This study described the steps taken by a Title I elementary lab school as they moved from a failing status to highly successful. Comparisons against state data, aligned with codes emergent from interviews, revealed eight themes essential to effective school change.

From the studies on the innate and adaptive immune response of the oral mucosa, experiments have been initiated on the use of the sublingual route in the administration, absorption and immunization of a vaccine against the human influenza virus. Unlike intranasal administration, the sublingual route is effective and safe and does not redirect the antigen or adjuvant to the central nervous system. The first studies conducted with soluble proteins from the influenza A virus associated with an adjuvant showed that they induced a broad and intense immune response in all mucous membranes and extramucosal tissues, including the production of secretory (IgA-s) and non-secretory (IgG) antibodies, systemic immunity and response in specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2). Different studies have shown that the sublingual immune response is equally effective if other antigenic presentations are used (M2 protein, recombinant vectors or attenuated virus). The ease of administration by this route, either in its liquid presentation or in tablets, would facilitate the acceptability and adhesion of the population, especially children, to the vaccination of the entire population against influenza.

Resumen A partir de los estudios sobre la respuesta inmunitaria innata y adaptativa de la mucosa oral se han iniciado experimentos sobre la utilizacion de la ruta sublingual en la administracion, absorcion e inmunizacion de una vacuna frente al virus humano de la gripe. A diferencia de la administracion intranasal, la ruta sublingual es eficaz y segura, y no redirecciona el antigeno o el adyuvante al sistema nervioso central. Los primeros estudios realizados con proteinas solubles procedentes del virus gripal A asociadas a un adyuvante demostraron que inducian una amplia e intensa respuesta inmunitaria en todas las mucosas y tejidos extramucosales, incluyendo la produccion de anticuerpos secretores (IgA-s) y no secretores (IgG), inmunidad sistemica y respuesta en linfocitos T citotoxicos especificos (Th1 y Th2). Los diferentes estudios han comprobado que la respuesta inmunitaria sublingual es igual de eficaz si se utilizan otras presentaciones antigenicas (proteina M2, vectores recombinantes o virus atenuado). La facilidad de administracion por esta ruta, ya sea en su presentacion liquida como en tabletas, facilitaria la aceptabilidad y la adhesion de la poblacion, especialmente la infantil, a la vacunacion de toda la poblacion frente a la gripe.

RESUMEN El conocimiento del ciclo replicativo del SARS-CoV-2 y sus interacciones con las proteínas celulares, ha abierto una nueva posibilidad terapéutica basada en el bloqueo de las esenciales para el virus. El factor de elongación proteico celular eEF1A podría ser una buena diana. Dentro de sus inhibidores naturales están las didemninas y sus compuestos químicos relacionados como la plitidepsina. En cultivo de células humanas este compuesto es capaz de inhibir al virus con una potencia 27,5 veces la del remdesivir. Debe administrarse por vía endovenosa. De los compuestos análogos a los ribonucleósidos, el molnupiravir (MK-4482/EIDD-2801) (hidroxi-citidina) determina una mutagenesis letal sobre el SARS-CoV-2. En animales, tras su administración oral disminuye unas 25.000 veces la carga viral pulmonar y unas 100.000 veces administrado como profilaxis. Evita la transmisión del virus y elimina su presencia en la orofaringe. Ambos compuestos químicos han iniciado los ensayos clínicos en humanos en Fase I/II.

Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as “tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens”. Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.

Reactivity is a key component for autonomous vehicles navigating on natural terrains in order to safely avoid unknown obstacles. To this end, it is necessary to continuously assess traversability by processing on-board sensor data. This paper describes the case study of mobile robot Andabata that classifies traversable points from 3D laser scans acquired in motion of its vicinity to build 2D local traversability maps. Realistic robotic simulations with Gazebo were employed to appropriately adjust reactive behaviors. As a result, successful navigation tests with Andabata using the robot operating system (ROS) were performed on natural environments at low speeds.

High-mannose (Man

Purpose As educators across the globe are tasked with taking teaching online, this paper shares a culture-centered approach to transitioning to education at a distance. Specifically, in this essay, a focus is placed on how one school preserved their collaborative culture among administrators, teachers and staff. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to school leadership during this public health crisis. Design/methodology/approach To ensure trustworthiness in this naturalistic inquiry, a triangulation was made of contributing authors’ perspectives to present theory-informed insights. Findings This school’s transition to online education was guided by a shared goal to not only move content online but also a rich participatory culture among staff. Critical forms of participation and community practices are presented that were pivotal in supporting teachers through the transition. Insights equip school leaders and administrators potentially remaining online, at least in part, through the next school year. Practical implications Schools undergoing the shift to teaching online should attend to cultural shifts and create conditions in which staff members can collaborate at higher levels. Originality/value New administrator-level insights are contributed regarding the organizational shift to teaching elementary school online, a minimally researched topic.

Background Kinesiotape (KT) is a technique commonly used in sports practice. It may be beneficial in enhancing muscle function by additional cutaneous afferent stimulation. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of KT on countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20-m sprints (sp) immediately and 24 h after its application on the quadriceps and gluteus maximus. Methods 37 male soccer players (19.7 ± 0.9 years old) were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: experimental group: KT activation (KTact), placebo group: sham tape (KTst), and control group (CG). Participants performed a 30-min preliminary warm-up, after which they conducted CMJ and 20-m sp tests. These tests were repeated later (with KT application or not) and after 24 h. Results Intergroup results found no significant differences either post-test (CMJ, p = 0.115; sp, p = 0.307) or after 24 h (p = 0.053). Intragroup results showed no significant results for CMJ, although 20-m sp seemed to display significant differences in the (KTst) (p = 0.002, post-hoc: 0.015 in pre_sp vs post_sp) and the (KTact) (0.021, in post-hoc: 0.007 in pre_sp vs post_sp), with a moderate effect in pre_sp vs post_sp (0.66) in the (KTact) after KT was applied. Conclusion KT application on the gluteus maximus and quadriceps in young soccer players increases the sprint execution time immediately and 24 h after application, even that the sprint execution time had not been grater that one tenth of the second (0.08 s). It also has no effect on CMJ.

High-mannose (Man9GlcNAc2) is the main carbohydrate unit present in viral envelope glycoproteins such as gp120 of HIV and the GP1 of Ebola virus. This oligosaccharide comprises the Man9 epitope conjugated to two terminal N-acetylglucosamines by otherwise rarely-encountered β-mannose glycosidic bond. Formation of this challenging linkage is the bottleneck of the few synthetic approaches described to prepare high mannose. Herein, we report the synthesis of the Man9 epitope with both alpha and beta configurations at the reducing end, and subsequent evaluation of the impact of this configuration on binding to natural receptor of high-mannose, DC-SIGN. Using fluorescence polarization assays, we demonstrate that both anomers bind to DC-SIGN with comparable affinity. These relevant results therefore indicate that the more synthetically-accesible Man9 alpha epitope may be deployed as ligand for DC-SIGN in both in vitro and in vivo biological assays