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As a form of future energy, hydrogen is attractive because it produces no carbon dioxide when it is combusted. To transport and store hydrogen, liquefying hydrogen is effective because of its compactness and lighter weight than other types of transportation technology. The emergency release system (ERS) is one of the most important types of equipment in the loading and unloading operation between terminal and vessel. We conducted analysis of the pressure drop of developed ERS for liquefied hydrogen to assess the performance on pressure drop. We also calculated and measured the effect of the diffusion of liquefied hydrogen during the disconnection operation of ERS.

1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan 2Department of Life, Environment and Materials Science, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan 3Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan 4Frontier Science Div., Shiseido Co. Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021, Japan 5Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan 6Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan 7Astrophysics Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, U.S.A. 8Department of Earth and Planetary Material Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan 9College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 10Geochemical Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 11Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan 12Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan 13Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan

The fine structure of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber prepared by electrospray deposition (ESD) has been investigated by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The β-phase crystal was dominant in the crystalline region. The degree of crystallinity of 0.54 for the nanofiber, determined by Ruland's method, was almost identical to that for a melt pressed sheet of PVDF. The disorder parameter k was 4, which is significantly smaller than the value of 6 for the melt pressed sheet of PVDF. Molecular orientation along the fiber axis was observed by the polarized infrared spectra of the uniaxially aligned nanofiber. These results suggest that the PVDF nanofiber possesses a fiber structure which is by no means inferior to that of practical fibers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 558–563, 2008

The spacecraft Hayabusa, which was launched in 2003, arrived at its destination, asteroid (25143) Itokawa in September 2005. The appearance of Itokawa, a small S-type near Earth asteroids, was totally unexpected. The surface is covered with a lot of boulders and there are only a few craters on it. It looks like a contact binary asteroid. The surface composition is quite similar to LL-chondrite. The estimated density is 1.9 ± 0.13 (g/cm3), so the macro-porosity is about 40%. This means that Itokawa is a rubble pile object. In Itokawa, we may see such things that are very close to building blocks of asteroids. In this paper, we review the mission and the first scientific results.

The paper presents the Comet Nucleus Sample and Return (CNSR) Mission strategy using electric propulsion. The mission objective is very clear and may provide clues to the understanding of the origin of the solar system and of life. The target comet here is an extinct comet, to which a concrete and promising sample collection scenario was constructed. The essence of this paper lies in the use of its novel energy accumulation ring located around the Earth trajectory that gains the angular momentum that results in the high speed Earth swing-by after one or one and a half year quasi-synchronous flight. The spacecraft returns back to the Earth at a specific period regardless of how large the relative excess velocity is gained. This is the essence of the scheme. While the targets accessed via the scheme shown are limited, this strategy enables even a NASA DISCOVERY class, small spacecraft to perform the valuable CNSR mission. The plan is found feasible, and the launch window is open in 2005 and the spacecraft can return the sample back to the Earth in only eight years. Another window in 2009–2010 is also provided. A concrete proposal is shown for the comet Wilson-Harrington (W.H.) here. The ISAS of Japan opens the window to the international organizations for collaboration in this mission.

This paper proposes a procedure for editing the “IAA Multilingual Space Dictionary”. The dictionary is constructed through international cooperation. Therefore, assignment of the work to each country and international information exchange methods should be discussed. To ensure efficient editorial work, active use of a computer network is proposed. Some anticipated difficulties of editing based on a computer system are also described.

This paper deals with the design algorithm of the first–stage attitude control for the M–V launch vehicle, Japan9s scientific satellite carrier. The control features enhanced and robust characteristics against a range of uncertainties of the system parameters. To achieve sufficiently robust characteristics, the problem is approached within the framework of the H ∞ mixed sensitivity problem. The emphasis is put on how to apply the robust control theory to a complicated real problem. In the design, the standard process is modified in a special way. The original, unstable plant dynamics are preliminarily stabilized by a direct output feedback prior to using the standard design process. Then the standard theory is applied to these pre–stabilized plant dynamics to yield control. The final form of the controller is provided by its combination with the pre–specified feedback. This modification of the procedure is prompted by the fact that it is not always effective in unstable systems. Thus, the controller can be derived much more easily. The effectiveness of the design has been finally established by the first ever flight of the vehicle successfully putting the world9s first radio astronomy satellite into orbit.

Two-dimensional numerical simulations are used to investigate nonlinear aspects of forced magnetic reconnection in a zero β highly conducting plasma. This is representative of the solar corona, where reconnection may be induced by external perturbations, e.g., at the photospheric boundary of the corona. The aim is to investigate the energy dissipation by the reconnection, which may provide a mechanism for heating the coronal plasma. The field is taken to be initially a sheared force-free equilibrium in a slab, and the effects of applying a slow deformation to the boundaries are investigated. Previous analytical studies assuming small departures from the initial equilibrium have found that a current sheet forms during an initial ideal phase of evolution, which subsequently relaxes to a reconnected equilibrium, releasing some magnetic energy. The linear theory predicts that the energy release has a singularity when the field is marginally stable to the tearing mode. The nonlinear evolution of the field is c...

Background EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) has a high diagnostic accuracy for pancreatic diseases. However, although most reports have typically focused on cytology, histological tissue quality has rarely been investigated. The effectiveness of EUS-FNA combined with high negative pressure (HNP) suction was recently indicated for tissue acquisition, but has not thus far been tested in a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Objective To evaluate the adequacy of EUS-FNA with HNP for the histological diagnosis of pancreatic lesions by using 25-gauge needles. Design Prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled crossover trial. Setting Seven tertiary referral centers. Patients Patients referred for EUS-FNA of pancreatic solid lesions. From July 2011 to April 2012, 90 patients underwent EUS-FNA of pancreatic solid masses by using normal negative pressure (NNP) and HNP with 2 respective passes. The order of the passes was randomized, and the sample adequacy, quality, and histology were evaluated by a single expert pathologist. Intervention EUS-FNA by using NNP and HNP. Main Outcome Measurements The adequacy of tissue acquisition and the accuracy of histological diagnoses made by using the EUS-FNA technique with HNP. Results We found that 72.2% (65/90) and 90% (81/90) of the specimens obtained using NNP and HNP, respectively, were adequate for histological diagnosis ( P = .0003, McNemar test). For 73.3% (66/90) and 82.2% (74/90) of the specimens obtained by using NNP and HNP, respectively, an accurate diagnosis was achieved ( P = .06, McNemar test). Pancreatitis developed in 1 patient after this procedure, which subsided with conservative therapy. Limitations This was a single-blinded, crossover study. Conclusion Biopsy procedures that combine the EUS-FNA with HNP techniques are superior to EUS-FNA with NNP procedures for tissue acquisition. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000005939.)

In this study, we examined the relationship between spalling behaviour and spalling ratio of UFC with three kinds of short fibers (jute, polypropylene, water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol) at high temperature. The heating temperatures were 400 ◦ C and 600 ◦ C. Although the specimen with jute fiber dosage of 0.19% by volume was occurred explosive spalling, the damage of specimen was slightly small. It appears that the addition of jute fiber to UFC is effective for preventing spalling.

The sample and return mission to near Earth asteroid Nereus (4660) via an electric propulsion is presented in this paper, which is investigated at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). An ion thruster is assumed here for Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP), which enables even the smallest spacecraft that weighs about only 350 kg to accomplish that difficult mission. ISAS is scheduling to launch one Lunar and one Martian orbiter in 1997 and 1998 via its own transporter M-V. And this concept follows them next in the launch window of 2002. The approach and exploration scenario to Nereus are also described here in detail, among which the mapping as well as sampling sequences are focused on. Especially, the sampling scheme proposed here is the characteristic point featuring an ‘artificial landmark’, which is the target plate dropped on the surface. This is used for the spacecraft to make a rendezvous autonomously with it via an optical aid onboard. Samples are assumed to be recovered via a hyperbolic reentry capsule on the ground. Practical weight estimation based on some heritages of ISAS does firm the spacecraft design feasibility.

Accepted: 2003-07-10, 資料番号: SA1004085000

Accepted: 2003-09-17, 資料番号: SA1004084000

Loading of small amount of Pt by colloid deposition or platinum(IV) oxide (PtO 2 ) by mechanical mixing onto cadmium(II) sulfide (CdS) particles inhibited the photocatalytic racemization of l -lysine (Lys) in aqueous suspension at ambient temperature under deaerated conditions, but promoted deamino- N -cyclization of Lys into pipecolinic acid (PCA). High performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry analyses revealed that oxidation of Lys to release ammonia occurs in parallel with the racemization and PCA formation. The critical amount of the deposits for apparently complete retardation of the Lys racemization depended on whether Pt or PtO 2 was used; a smaller amount of Pt was necessary than of PtO 2 , suggesting superior contact of Pt particles with the US surface. Transmission electron microscopy analyses supported this. Electron spin resonance measurements of these catalysts revealed that photoexcited electrons move to the Pt site and recombine with positive holes in the absence of an appropriate substrate for oxidation. These findings led to the conclusion that Pt (or PtO 2 ) deposits act as the reduction site for photoexcited electron in US and prohibit a reduction of a surface-adsorbed Lys derivative that is produced through the oxidation with a positive hole.

Hiten was launched on January 24, 1990 from the Kagoshima Space Center (KSC) of ISAS, aiming mainly at the lunar swing-by experiment. This is because the Geotail mission, that will be carried out around early 90's for observing the interaction between the geo-magnetic field and solar plasma under the international cooperation, requires many lunar swing-by controls in order to prolong its cruising period around the Earth. The spacecraft performed the first lunar swing-by on March 18, 1990 and it succeeded to transfer itself to the expected enlarged orbit with high precision. Since then, almost a dozen swing-by experiments have been carried out and their results will be reported in this paper. On February 15th, 1992, Hiten was inserted into an elliptical orbit around the Moon. The detail of this maneuver as well as the pre and post maneuver OD results will be described in the subsequent sections

We propose a new method for recovering a 3-D object shape from an image sequence. In order to recover high-resolution relative depth without using the complex Markov random field (MRF) that includes a line process, we construct a recovery algorithm based on a belief propagation scheme using a multi-scale Bayesian network. With this algorithm, relative 3-D motion between a camera and an object can be determined together with relative depth, and the maximum a posteriori expectation-maximization (MAP-EM) algorithm is effectively used to determine a suitable approximation.

X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of carbyne‐like carbon (CLC) film obtained by the polymer reaction route were measured and analysed. Dehydrohalogenation reaction was carried out effectively regardless of the starting precursors. Cls core‐level spectrum of CLC film shows the anomalous lowest peak maxima at 282.6 eV compared with the different carbon materials. An advanced model of carbyne chains concerning the conjugation length distribution is needed to analyse the electronic structure based on the valence‐band XPS.

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica; CJ) pollinosis has been reported to occur naturally in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) as well as in humans. Most human patients and monkeys with pollinosis have specific IgE for Cry j 2, a major allergen of CJ pollen.The main purpose of this study was to identify IgE B cell epitopes of Cry j 2 using a synthetic peptide in humans, monkeys and mice.We synthesized 38 overlapping peptides that span the entire length of Cry j 2. We examined the B cell epitopes of Cry j 2 that are recognized by IgE in the sera of human patients and monkeys with pollinosis and immunized mice using synthetic peptides of Cry j 2. We also examined the reaction of Cry j 2-specific mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies to the peptides. Furthermore, we conducted a histamine release assay with leucocytes from a pollinosis patient using human serum albumin (HSA) conjugated with the peptides as a B cell epitope.We found that 16 of the 20 pollinosis patients who had specific IgE to Cry j 2 also exhibited IgE reaction with some Cry j 2 peptides. Of these 16 patients, 10 exhibited IgE reaction with Cry j 2 peptide no. 13 (121GQCKWVNGREICNDRDRPTA140). Five of the seven monkeys with CJ pollinosis exhibited a reaction with peptide no. 13. Furthermore, IgE in mice immunized with Cry j 2 and two mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies reacted with peptide no. 13. Peptide no. 13-conjugated HSA showed the release of histamine from basophils. Furthermore, to determine the minimum epitope in peptide no. 13, we conducted an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition test. The core of the epitope in humans, monkeys and mice was 124KWVNGREI131.We found that 124KWVNGREI131 is an important B cell epitope recognized by IgE in humans, monkeys and mice.

The effect of polysilicon grain size on the gate oxide integrity in p/sup +/pMOS devices was investigated by measuring the electrical characteristics of a MOS capacitor. Good gate oxide integrity was never obtained when using conventional polysilicon with a small (/spl sim/0.05 /spl mu/m) grain size. We report for the first time use of large (/spl sim/1.0 /spl mu/m) grain size polysilicon to solve this problem for gate oxide quality. Additionally, in large-grain-size polysilicon, the efficiency of boron activation was increased and boron diffusion through the gate oxide into the channel region was strongly suppressed. >

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica; CJ) pollinosis is one of the most common allergic diseases in Japan. B cell epitopes on Cry j 1, a major allergen of CJ pollen, have been analyzed by the specific monoclonal antibodies to Cry j 1, and most of these epitopes may be conformational, but no previous report has addressed the analysis of sequential epitope mapping with synthetic peptides. The main purpose of the present study is to identify IgE and IgG B cell epitopes on Cry j 1 by using a synthetic peptide approach in mice.We synthesized 35 overlapping peptides that cover the entire length of Cry j 1 and examined whether mouse IgE and IgG antibodies produced by immunization with Cry j 1 reacted to the Cry j 1 peptides.We found that mouse IgE and IgG antibodies reacted strongly to Cry j 1 peptide No. 15 ((141)GVEPVHPQDGDALTLRTATN(160)), though those antibodies did not react with other peptides. IgE and IgG antibody binding to peptide No. 15 was completely inhibited by Cry j 1 and the peptide. To determine the minimum epitope in peptide No. 15, we conducted an ELISA inhibition test. IgE and IgG antibody binding to peptide No. 15 was inhibited by smaller peptides of this peptide. We found the core of the epitope to be (145)VHPQDGDA(152).

A new strain of mouse, named FLS (fatty liver Shionogi), which develops spontaneous fatty liver without obesity, was established by inbreeding. Morphologic, physiologic, and genetic characterization of the strain was done.Characteristics of male FLS mice were compared with those of the sister strain, dd Shionogi (DS), which does not develop spontaneous fatty liver. A genetic cross experiment was performed by mating FLS with C3H/He/Shi mice.The hepatocytes of neonatal FLS mice contained fine lipid droplets throughout the lobules, and large lipid droplets appeared as mice aged. Liver triglyceride concentrations of FLS mice were fivefold higher than those of DS mice, but serum lipid concentrations and the lipoprotein profile did not indicate abnormalities. Higher plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities in FLS, compared with DS mice, suggested hepatocellular lesions. The genetic cross experiment suggested that the fatty liver formation is a complex polygenic trait.The FLS mice develop a progressive hepatic steatosis without obesity and diabetes. The FLS mouse might be a good model for investigating hepatic disorders accompanied by fatty liver unrelated to alcoholism or obesity.

The effective length of a framed column is evaluated on the basis of the elastic buckling analysis of the frame in a conventional design, assuming the vertical load is applied on the centroid of the column, and the effect of the primary bending due to beam load is not considered. This paper presents the results of analysis of inelastic buckling strength of three types of portal frames subjected to beam loads, and the reduction of the buckling strength due to the beam load and the comparison with the strength evaluated by the conventional method are discussed.

The postganglionic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) innervate the caotid body, controlling the blood supply to this organ (Fidone & Gonzalez, 1986; Pallot, 1987; Gomez-Nino et al, 1990; McDonald, 1981; Verna et al 1984). The sympathetic postganglionic erves receive cholinergic synapses from the cervical preganglionic nerves. The rich blood supply to the carotid body chemoreceptors allows them to sense changes in blood concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and protons. Protons are locally produced in this organ when ATPs are consumed for chemotransduction, and cytosolic calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) is one of the second messengers important for chemotransduction. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate the relationship between changes in [Ca2+]i and intracellular pH (pHi) in response to conditions affecting not only the carotid body, but also the SCG neurons.

We recently reported that the secretagogue, compound 48/80, activated Ca2(+)-permeable channels of mast cells possibly via a second messenger [Kuno, Okada, and Shibata. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Cell Physiol. 25): C560-C568, 1989]. The effects of pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PT) on compound 48/80 (48/80)-induced activation of the Ca2(+)-permeable channel have now been investigated by measuring Ca2+ signals of cell suspensions using the Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and by recording Ba2+ currents through the channel using the patch-clamp technique. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, the fluorescence change was biphasic, with an immediate rise and a delayed peak at room temperature. The delayed peak, mainly due to Ca2+ entry through plasma membranes, was greatly reduced by pretreatment with PT. The quenching of the fluorescence by 48/80-induced Mn2+ influx was also decreased by PT, whereas the Ca2+ transients due to Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores apparently did not change. In patch-clamp recordings from cell-attached patches with pipettes containing isotonic Ba2+, the 48/80-induced Ba2+ currents were either suppressed or delayed in the PT-treated cells, under conditions where degranulation was absent. These results suggest that PT-sensitive GTP-binding protein is involved in activating the Ca2(+)-permeable channel in mast cells during stimulus-secretion coupling.

Transparent heat‐reflective films consisting of ITO–Ag–ITO or ZnO–Ag–ZnO were deposited onto soda‐lime glass by dc magnetron sputtering. In particular, the oxide layers were deposited from an electrically conductive oxide target. The transmittance in the visible range of the ITO–Ag–ITO film was more than 80% and the reflectance at 10 μm was nearly 95%. After the heat treatment at 650 °C, the transmittance of the films increased to nearly 85% and the reflectance at 10 μm was the same value of 95% as it was before the heat treatment. Moreover, the sheet resistance decreased to less than 4 Ω/cm2 by the heat treatment. Further, there were no visual changes or damage to the film up to 650 °C. The results showed that the ITO–Ag–ITO film was durable for the glass bending process. The ZnO–Ag–ZnO film also had high transmittance in the visible range and high reflectance in the infrared range, i.e., the transmittance in the visible range was more than 80% and the reflectance at 10 μm was 95%. However, these properties are much deteriorated by the heat treatment as compared with those of the ITO–Ag–ITO film.

Remarkable hysteresis were found to excist in a thin film multilayer EL device consisting of a ZnS:Mn active layer sandwiched between a pair of Y 2 )0 3 , insulating layers. Due to its particular construction, hysteresis was observed between the brightness vs. amplitude of the exciting alternating voltage, which is instrumental to realizing the memory function. Electrical Writing and Erasing are possible by the amplitude modulation of the sustaining voltage. The typical memory margin observed here is about 10 to 30 volts(rms) under operating voltage of 170 to 280 volts(rms) with frequency of 1 to 5 kHz. Gray scale display as well as Optical Writing are possible.

r A new design method o f insensit ive control lers is presented. Th is method, termed 1d.C.V. ( Maximum Cost Variation ), belongs to the G.C.C. ( Guaranteed Cost Control ) and it realizes both the robust stabi l i ty and the preservation o f cost th rough the expl ic i t solution o f insensi t iv i ty i n L.Q. form. Af te r comparative studies w i th other methods, three numerical examples are given to show i t s effectiveness to fhe design o f insensit ive control lers.

L’analyse des emplois prépositionnels et des emplois conjonctifs d’ “excepté”, de “sauf” et d’ “hormis” permet d’envisager les trois prépositions/conjonctions comme le pivot d’un binôme, comme la plaque tournante d’une structure bipolaire. Placées au milieu du binôme, ces prépositions sont forcées par leur sémantisme originaire dûment métaphorisé de jouer le rôle de marqueurs d’inconséquence systématique entre l’élément se trouvant à leur gauche et celui qui se trouve à leur droite. L’opposition qui surgit entre les deux éléments n’est donc pas une incompatibilité naturelle, intrinsèque, mais extrinsèque, induite. Dans la plupart des cas (emplois limitatifs), cette opposition prend la forme d’un rapport entre une « classe » et le « membre (soustrait) de la classe », ou bien entre un « tout » et une « partie » ; dans d’autres (emplois exceptifs), cette opposition se manifeste au contraire comme une attaque de front portée par un « tout » à un autre « tout ». De plus, l’inconséquence induite mise en place par la préposition/conjonction paraît, en principe, tout à fait insurmontable. Dans l’assertion « les écureuils vivent partout, sauf en Australie » (que l’on peut expliciter par « Les écureuils vivent partout, sauf [qu’ils ne vivent pas] en Australie »), la préposition semble en effet capable d’impliquer le prédicat principal avec signe inverti, et de bâtir sur une telle implication une sorte de sous énoncé qui, à la rigueur, est totalement inconséquent avec celui qui le précède (si « les écureuils ne vivent pas en Australie », le fait qu’ils « vivent partout » est faux). Néanmoins, l’analyse montre qu’alors que certaines de ces oppositions peuvent enfin être dépassées, d’autres ne le peuvent pas. C’est, respectivement, le cas des relations limitatives et des relations exceptives. La relation limitative, impliquant le rapport « tout » - « partie », permet de résoudre le conflit dans les termes d’une somme algébrique entre deux sous énoncés pourvus de différent poids informatif et de signe contraire. Les valeurs numériques des termes de la somme étant déséquilibrées, le résultat est toujours autre que zéro. La relation exceptive, au contraire, qui n’implique pas le rapport « tout » - « partie », n’est pas capable de résoudre le conflit entre deux sous énoncés pourvus du même poids informatif et en même temps de signe contraire : les valeurs numériques des termes de la somme étant symétriques et égales, le résultat sera toujours équivalent à zéro.

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