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The attitudes of others towards the sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities are one of the main perceived barriers to them expressing their sexuality. Research on what influences these attitudes yields heterogeneous results.A systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis were carried out.Eleven studies using the Attitudes to Sexuality Questionnaire-Individuals with an Intellectual Disability (ASQ-ID) were included. Within the included studies, the country's socio-economic development and level of individualism were associated with attitudes towards the sexual rights, parenting and self-control of adults with intellectual disabilities. General population and staff samples held more favourable attitudes than family samples in terms of sexual rights and parenting. Age and gender did not yield significant results.Variables related to country context may underlie the differences observed between countries and therefore influence the population's general thinking and ideologies. Unexpectedly, no age differences were observed. Gender-related results may reflect rapprochement between genders in sexuality. These findings are relevant for researchers and practitioners, as they suggest the importance of considering contextual factors when developing effective interventions that aim to support adults with disabilities to live their sexuality.

The aim of the present study was to examine effects of relevance instructions and elaborative interrogation on the processing of and memory for expository texts. Eye movements of 132 undergraduate students were tracked while they read expository texts. After reading each text, they produced an oral summary. Participants were divided into four experimental conditions that differed by the presence or absence of the why question and the specific or general relevance instruction they received. Results showed that readers who received the why question embedded in the texts and also received the specific instruction of answering the question demonstrated more strategic reading, as reflected in their first-pass and look-back reading times and also in their better recall of question-relevant information. These results can be readily applied to real-life learning contexts, as they suggest that employing specific relevance instructions in combination with elaborative interrogation may elicit more efficient and strategic reading., El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el efecto de las Instrucciones de relevancia y de Interrogación elaborativa en el procesamiento y el posterior recuerdo de textos expositivos. A tal fin se registraron los movimientos oculares de 132 estudiantes universitarios mientras leían textos expositivos. Después de leer cada texto, realizaron un resumen oral del mismo. Se asignó a los participantes a cuatro condiciones experimentales que se diferenciaban por la presencia o ausencia de una pregunta de tipo “por qué” y la instrucción específica o general de relevancia que recibieron. Los resultados mostraron que los lectores que recibieron la pregunta de tipo “por qué” insertada en los textos y que también recibieron la instrucción específica de contestar a la pregunta mostraron unos patrones de lectura más estratégicos, como quedó reflejado en sus tiempos de lectura inicial y de refijaciones y también en su mejor recuerdo de la información relacionada con la pregunta. Estos resultados pueden aplicarse fácilmente a contextos reales de aprendizaje, ya que sugieren que emplear instrucciones específicas de relevancia en combinación con interrogación elaborativa puede facilitar y potenciar estilos de lectura más eficientes y estratégicos, The work reported in this manuscript was supported by Grant PSI2013-47219-P from the Ministry of Economic and Competitiveness (MINECO) of Spain

The limited material and human resources available in the Spanish public mental health system, combined with the high prevalence of emotional disorders nowadays, makes it necessary to search for and implement other more cost-effective formats. The versatility of the Unified Protocol (UP) for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders allows its application in group format, which could be a cost-effective solution for the system. The aim of the present study is to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the UP applied in group format in specialized care units compared to the Treatment as usual (TAU) in the Spanish public mental health system over a 15-month time period. The sample of this study consisted of 188 patients, diagnosed with an emotional disorder, randomized to the UP condition in group format or to the TAU condition in individual format. The findings of this study have shown the same beneficial results for the participants with symptoms of anxiety and depression in both conditions and greater improvements in quality of life in the UP condition. Regarding cost-effectiveness results, at the 15-month follow-up, participants in the UP condition received a greater number of sessions, with a lower total economic cost compared to the TAU condition. Finally, reductions in the number of participants using antidepressants and a reduction in medication burden were found in the UP condition over time. The results of this study show that UP applied in a group format can be a cost-effectiveness solution for the Spanish public mental health system. Trial registration number: NCT03064477 (March 10, 2017).

In this research, the influence of the stiffness irregularity and the p-delta effect on the structural behavior of a reinforced concrete building is analyzed. The main objective is to determine the impact of the stiffness irregularity and the p-delta effect on the structural behavior in regular and irregular buildings. First, the linear dynamic analysis procedure is performed in order to determine the structural response in terms of drifts, shear force and moments per floor. Subsequently, we proceed with the nonlinear static analysis procedure to obtain the capacity curve of the structure. The post elastic stiffness and the overall ductility of the structure are determined from the capacity curve. Finally, a comparative analysis of the responses from the linear and nonlinear analysis is carried out to determine the percentage variation of the results. When analyzing the structures that consider the stiffness irregularity and the p-delta effect, variations of up to 16.50%, 11.00% and 14.00% have been obtained in drifts, shear force and moments per floor respectively, which are considerable values. When the p-delta effect is considered in structures with the presence of stiffness irregularity, there is a variation in stiffness of up to 59.85%. With this result it is explained that the p-delta effect produces a greater degradation of the overall stiffness of the structure.

A material of great relevance in the current research context is borophene, a monolayer nanomaterial composed only of boron atoms with extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties. In the present work, a neural network was designed and trained in order to predict the mechanical properties of this material, such as Young’s modulus, fracture strength and fracture strain. The training data set was obtained through molecular dynamics simulations, with different parameter scenarios in order to analyze the effects of temperature, strain rate and strain direction. The trained machine learning model succeeded in predicting the material’s behavior with high accuracy. Its results reflect a decrease in yield stress with increasing temperature and a slight improvement in the fracture strain with increasing strain rates, as expected. Additionally, a web application with a graphical interface was developed, which uses the trained model, in order to make this tool available to any user. This interface also makes it possible to visualize the approximate stress-strain curve, drawn based on the resulting fracture stress and strain.

Comprehension and summarizing are closely related. As more strategic and selective processing during reading should be reflected in higher quality of summaries, the aim of this study was to use eye movement patterns to analyze how readers who produce good quality summaries process texts. 40 undergraduate students were instructed to read six expository texts in order to respond a causal question introduced in the end of the first paragraph. After reading, participants produced an oral summary of the text. Based on the quality of the summaries, participants were divided into three groups: High, Medium and Low Quality Summaries. The results revealed that readers who produced High Quality Summaries made significantly more and longer fixations and regressions in the question-relevant parts of texts when compared to the other two summary groups. These results suggest that the summary task performance could be a good predictor of the reading strategies utilized during reading.

In the last two decades, empirical evidence has shown that personality traits could be related to the characteristics of written language. This study describes a meta-analysis that synthesizes 23 independent estimates of the correlations between the Big Five major personality traits, and some computationally obtained indicators from written language. The results show significant combined estimates of the correlations, albeit small to moderate according to Cohen's conventions to interpret effect sizes, for the five traits (between r = 0.26 for agreeableness and neuroticism, and 0.30 for openness). These estimates are moderated by the type of information in the texts, the use of prediction mechanisms, and the source of publication of the primary studies. Generally, the same effective moderators operate for the five traits. It is concluded that written language analyzed through computational methods could be used to extract relevant information of personality. But further research is still needed to consider it as predictive or explanatory tool for individual differences.

In this work high-temperature Raman spectra are used to compare temperature dependence of the lattice mode wavenumber of L-alanine, L-threonine and taurine crystals. Anharmonic effects observed are associated with intermolecular N-H· · ·O hydrogen bond that plays an important role in thermal decomposition process of these materials. Short and strong hydrogen bonds in L-alanine crystal were associated with anharmonic effects in lattice modes leading to low thermal stability compared to taurine crystals. Connection between thermal decomposition process and anharmonic effects is furnished for the first time.

The authors present an investigation on the influence of cracking as a structural response due to a seismic event. The main objective is to determine the impact that cracking has in the seismic response of irregular buildings, and the importance of including inertia-reducing factors in the design of buildings. First, it is proposed to estimate the inertia-reducing factor of the beams, columns and cracked walls from their moment-curvature diagrams. Once those are determined, a comparative analysis will be performed between the seismic responses of regular and irregular buildings of different heights taking into account their gross and effective rigidness. Subsequently, when analyzing the drifts of the buildings with cracked structural elements, a variation of up to 59% with regard to the non-cracked ones. This is a very high percentage that directly influences the considerations indicated in the designing codes. To summarize, it is of high importance to consider the inertia-reducing factors during the structural design process.

El objetivo del estudio fue el de mostrar evidencias de fiabilidad y validez para una prueba de resúmenes (RESUMev) que evalúa el grado de comprensión lectora en alumnos de cuarto y sexto de primaria. Participaron un total de 528 estudiantes de primaria, de los cuales 236 fueron estudiantes de 4º de primaria (9 y 10 años) y 292 a 6º de primaria (11 a 13 años). Todos estos alumnos procedían de 21 centros escolares. Para evaluar la consistencia interna, se calculó el alfa de Cronbach en los criterios de evaluación de resúmenes (contenido, coherencia y estilo) y su índice de homogeneidad (Hj ). La validez se evaluó mediante la comparación entre niveles académicos. En cuanto a los resultados, se obtuvieron índices elevados significativos de fiabilidad y de validez. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia empírica para la validez de la prueba.

Methyldopa sesquihydrate (C 10 H 13 NO 4 ·1.5H 2 O) is a substance used in the treatment of hypertension being one of the most widely used drugs in the world. In this work we have studied the stability of this drug as a function of temperature using four different techniques: X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy. From the combination of these techniques we were able to infer about a set of phase transitions during the loss of water from the crystal around the temperatures of 388 K (changes only in the lattice modes) and between temperatures 393 and 423 K, when all water leaves the crystal and changes in some lattice modes and in some internal modes occur.

In this study l-alanine, l-threonine, and taurine crystals were characterized through dilatometric technique and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The dilatometric analysis shows that the thermal expansion of the crystals is correlated with the strengths of local hydrogen bonding in the amino acid structures at room temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis of the l-alanine, taurine, and l-threonine crystals have been performed at high temperatures. No clear correlation between the hydrogen bonding strengths and endothermic peak positions was observed.

The high-temperature phase transition of single crystals of L-asparagine monohydrate was investigated by X-ray diffraction in association with Rietveld refinement and dilatometer measurements as a function of annealing time. The X-ray results showed that, for samples annealed at 343 K (or even 333 K) for 5 h, the expected anhydrous L-asparagine phase has been formed, monoclinic system (space groupP21), with lattice parametersa= 5.0677 (2),b= 6.7657 (2),c = 8.0742 (3) Å and β = 91.276 (4)°. The results obtained from measurements as a function of annealing time confirmed that the phase transition associated with loss of the water molecule is time dependent.

Raman scattering has been used to investigate monohydrated L-asparagine single crystals for temperatures above 300 K in the spectral region between 20 and 3500 cm−1. It is found that several phonon peaks characterizing the orthorhombic D 2 4 room temperature phase are notably suppressed in intensity for temperatures higher than ∼363 K. This is evidence of a new phase in this hydrogen-bonded crystalline system, and the transition is compared with both the high-pressure and the low-temperature phase transitions undergone by the crystal.

International audience; Amino acid crystals are important systems for investigating chemical bonds of biochemical interest.Raman spectroscopy was used to study the vibrational properties of monohydrated L-asparagine crystalsubmitted to high pressure. Under these conditions amino acids can undergo phase transition and,eventually, as is the case of L-alanine, transform to an amorphous phase. In this work monohydrated Lasparaginewas submitted to pressures up to 30 GPa, twice the pressure for which L-alanine was observedto present the solid–amorphous phase transition. Up to the maximum pressure reached in theexperiments, no evidence of amorphization was found in the present work. However, severalmodifications in the entire spectral range of the Raman spectrum (30–3600 cm1) suggest monohydratedL-asparagine undergoes a solid–solid phase transition at 10 GPa. The reversibility of the phase transitionas well as the behavior of bands associated with hydrogen bond is also given.

Raman scattering of L-asparagine:Cr3+ was studied over the complete range of wavenumbers at temperatures from ambient to ∼410 K. A qualitative change in the spectrum occurs when the temperature approaches 400 K. In the region of the spectrum corresponding to lattice vibrations of the crystal some bands disappear, as they do in the intermediate range of wavenumbers 200 cm−1 3000 cm−1, which is associated with water molecule vibrations. The changes indicate a modification of the crystal structure with irreversible loss of water molecules during the heating process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Single crystals of L-valine, C5H11O2N, have been studied by Raman spectroscopy at temperatures from 17 to 300 K over the spectral range 20–3300 cm−1. A tentative assignment of the bands is given. Careful analysis of the Raman spectra suggests that a series of changes in the low-wavenumber region may be associated with a phase transition undergone by the material, and this possibility is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Leaves and branches of Ocimum Basilicum were dried, reduced to coarse powder and extracted in aqueous metanol and aqueous hexane. This paper discusses the X-ray diffraction and FT-Raman spectra measured at room temperature. The data obtained have been used to propose a general assignment of the vibrational fundamentals on the base of frequencies assigned in other related single crystals. From the results we can conclude that the crystal has a high symmetry. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Polarized Raman spectra of monohydrated L-asparagine (C4N2O3H8·H2O) were studied at temperatures ranging from 300 to 10 K. The wavenumbers of most modes were found to increase linearly upon cooling, although some bands showed an exponential behaviour, which is discussed in terms of anharmonicities of vibrations associated with hydrogen bonds. Evidence was found of a structural phase transition at low temperature by analysis of the external mode region of the spectra. An x-ray diffraction investigation confirmed the occurrence of a structural change between 140 and 150 K. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We have studied the stress in porous silicon films with different porosities at the interface with the substrate. Micro-Raman spectra were measured along a cleaved cross-section to sample different layer depths. Each spectrum was fit to the phonon confinement model, with the bulk phonon frequency as a free parameter to remove phonon confinement effects. At the interface this frequency increases sharply, indicating a compressive stress on the porous silicon pillars. The stress is due to the lattice mismatch, measured by X-ray diffraction, between the porous film and the bulk silicon substrate. For porosities between 50 and 85% the stress and the lattice mismatch vary, respectively, between 4 and 10 kbar, and between 2.9×10 −3 and 3.5×10 −3 . Finally, from the dependence of stress on the lattice mismatch we obtain a microscopic Young's modulus of 156 GPa. This magnitude, mostly dependent on atomic bonding, is close to the bulk silicon value and is much larger than the macroscopic modulus, strongly dependent on the porous structure, reported in the literature.

We have studied the stress in porous silicon films as a function of depth and porosity using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were measured at different points along a cross section cleaved normal to the layer planes. Each spectrum was fitted using the phonon confinement model with the bulk phonon wavenumber as a free parameter. From the variation of this parameter we get the stress using the known dependence of phonon frequency on stress for bulk silicon. We observe a compressive stress at the interface with the substrate due to the lattice mismatch between porous and bulk silicon. The maximum value of the stress increases with porosity. The results obtained by Raman micro-spectroscopy agree well with the lattice mismatch measured by X-ray diffraction reported in the literature.

Pressure-dependent Raman scattering studies in the range 0.0 -- 32 kbar were carried out in L-alanine in order to investigate its external mode phonon spectra in relation to the phase transitions in the crystal. A careful analysis of the spectra shows that the low-energy Raman modes exhibit variation both in frequency and in intensity and between 26 and 28 kbar it is observed a splitting of a external mode, indicating that the D_2 normal phase undergoes a transition. Pressure coefficients for external modes are also given., Comment: 11 pages, Latex, 2 figures

Porous silicon (PS) based photodiodes have been developed from multicrystalline n + /p junctions, since this material can efficiently be employed to reduce optical reflection and to enhance absorption. These devices show a strong rectifying characteristic, in which the reverse and short-circuit current strongly depends on the presence of light. According to this, their use as solar sensors is considered as a practical application of PS-based photodiodes. The electrical performance (forward and reversed biased) of the PS-based devices under standard conditions of illumination and temperature has been determined. The angular dependence of the electrical response as a function of incidence light has also been established showing a cosine-type behavior. The degradation of these devices after extended photon irradiation as well as after long periods of atmospheric exposure has been found to be small. Finally, the variation of the electrical response under standard illumination conditions of PS-based photodetectors has also been estimated by varying the device working temperature from 10 up to 80°C.

This paper is focused to the study of the stabilization of the photoluminescent properties of porous silicon (PS). For this purpose, as-formed PS samples were subjected to different surface treatments. Photoluminescent excitation spectra were used to obtain the indirect band gaps, yielding practically the same values for PS films having undergone different surface annealing and post-etch treatments. However, the excitation spectra show a significant blueshift with aging for the different samples, which has been related to the initial amount of oxygen present in the porous surface as detected by XPS and FTIR. The variation of the intensity of the excitation spectra with aging has also been studied and can be associated to carbon contamination. The results are interpreted in terms of quantum size effects in PS and the influence of the surface composition.

Polypyrrole has been electrodeposited in the interior of the pores that form the porous silicon structure, and a very significant increase of the electrical conductivity of the samples has been observed. Micro-Raman spectroscopy experiments have allowed us to measure the amount of polymer as a function of the distance from the outer porous silicon surface. The degree of filling by the polymer has been found to be highly dependent on the electropolymerization conditions, particularly the current density applied.

Porous silicon (PS) based photodiodes were formed by depositing gold (Au) contacts onto the PS surface. PS was formed from p-silicon substrates under different formation parameters (current density and time of anodization), so PS layers with different porosities and thicknesses were obtained. It was determined the responsivity and the quantum efficiency of these structures in the 200–2500 nm wavelength range, from which it has been observed a different behaviour of those diodes depending on the porosity and thickness of the PS layer. It has also been studied the spectral response from different diodes in which semitransparent conducting films (gold and indium tin oxide) have been deposited onto the PS layer, obtaining a significant improvement in the photoelectronic properties in the visible and near infrared parts of the spectrum.

This paper is focused to study the variations of the photoluminescent properties of porous silicon when samples are immersed in deionized water or ethanol after etching. The emission peaks in the photoluminescence spectrum redshift and decreases with immersion time. We have observed that the photoluminescence disappears after about 20 h immersion in ethanol. The results are interpreted in terms of carbon contamination in the surface. This hypothesis is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.

Electrical contacts to porous silicon (PS) were formed by depositing aluminum onto its surface. The corresponding Al/PS/Si structures show a rectifying behavior, even after prolonged times in contact to the atmosphere. The series resistance and the ideality factor as a function of time of storage in ambient air have been determined by employing a variation of the Norde method. We have also studied the influence of the electrolytic formation parameters in the process of aging of the Al/PS/Si structures. The results show that longer anodization times and higher formation current densities of the PS layer lead to a faster diminution of the current flowing through the Al/PS/Si structure as a result of its exposition to the atmosphere. However, when the surface of the PS layer is chemically etched, the diminution of the current is significantly slower than in the case of untreated samples.

This paper focuses on the study of the effect of anodic oxidation in porous silicon bilayers composed of two porous layers of different porosities. The order of the two types of layers has been alternated, and the thicknesses and refractive indices have been optically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the refractive index of anodic oxidized porous silicon is reduced significantly with respect to just formed porous silicon. It is also observed that the quality of the oxidation is related to the porosity of the inner porous layer of the silicon bilayer structure. This effect is interpreted in terms of quantum size effects.

N-type and p-type Porous Silicon (PSi) have been observed by Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) and characterised by Photoluminescence (PL). The porous n-type silicon obtained under illumination (photoelectrochemical etching), consists of a layer of nanoporous silicon which covers a macroporous silicon layer with pores in the micron size range. Compared with the p-type PSi, the room temperature visible luminescence is many times reduced in the case of n-type PSi, and there is a photoluminescence peak shift to higher wavelengths. This shows that the luminescence from porous silicon is caused by quantum size effect.

Polarized Raman and infrared espectra of l-threonine crystals have been obtained at room temperature and an assignment of normal modes is proposed based on group theory analysis. The usefulness of these assignments comes from the fact that some modes are related to important vibrations that can show changes under different pressure and temperature conditions.

The aqueous material found in the fruits of Bixa Orellana L. was collected, dried, and characterized using several experimental techniques, namely phytochemical analysis in order to identify the biologically active constituents, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for vibrational analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction in order to identify the presence of crystalline phases in the sample. The results showed that the aqueous material possesses high concentrations of hydrolyzable tannin. This result justifies the anti-inflammatory activity of this substance reported in other studies.

The design of a practical electrochemical cell to fabricate porous silicon layers (PSLs) is described. This cell is useful to rapidly produce PSLs without the need to prepare new electrochemical solutions. The cell is also adapted for the formation of PSLs in the dark or under illumination, with nitrogen flow in the solution. The special design of the silicon wafer support guarantees a homogeneous electrical contact and no solution infiltration into it.

The existence of an outer cracked layer and an inner more structured porous layer has been observed in electrochemically obtained porous silicon when drying procedures are carried out. The changes in the charge transferred to the porous structure during voltammetric oxidation, the interference fringes obtained by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic measurements, and scanning electron microscopy micrographs confirm the existence of this double layer. Also, drying procedures and voltammetric oxidations drastically affect the intensity and wavelength of the peak maximum in the photoluminescence spectrum. The evolution of the luminescent properties is explained by the introduction of nonradiative recombination centers.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been performed in photoluminescent porous Si layers after different treatments, namely, anodisation only in a HF-ethanol solution, rinsing in deionised water, ethanol immersion, and exposure to ambient conditions. The spectra recorded just after formation in the HF solution are the most representative of real porous Si layer structures. However, the pretreatment in water, exposure to ambient conditions for a long period, and immersion in ethanol degrades the porous Si layer surface to a greater or lesser extent. The growth of different oxide phases and the amorphisation of the structures after the pretreatments are also discussed. MST/3286

Polarized Raman spectra of L-arginine hydrochloride monohydrated single crystal in nine different scattering geometries of the two irreducible representations of factor group C2 were studied at room temperature. The experimental wavenumber values are compared with those obtained from ab-initio calculation and the assignment of the Raman bands to the respective molecular vibrations is also given. Finally, a discussion related to a previously reported phase transition undergone by L-arginine hydrochloride monohydrated single crystal at low temperature is furnished.

Electroluminiscence (EL) in liquid of porous silicon (PS) has been attributed to radiative recombination of electrochemically generated holes from the bulk of the semiconductor and electrons injected into the conduction band of PS by species adsorbed on the surface. An examination of the surface of PS submitted to oxidation by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicates that the concentration of Si-Hx bonds does not significantly vary during the time interval in which EL is recorded, and therefore that the electrons belonging to the Si-H bonds do not intervene in the generation of EL.

Single-crystal samples of monohydrated 1-asparagine, C4 N2 O3 H8. H2O, a fundamental aminoacid of the human body have been studied by Raman spectroscopy in a diamond-anvil cell up to pressures of 2. 0 GPa. From the analysis of results we observed that the crystal undergoes a series of three phase transitions. All transitions are accompanied by drastic changes in the external modes showing in a clear way the transitions induced by the hydrostatic pressure.

Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectra were measured along a cross section of porous silicon films at different oxidation times after application of anodic current transients. The average crystallite size was determined from the Raman spectra with the standard phonon confinement model. Before oxidation, the PL emission energy and crystallite size were found to be independent of the layer depth. Also, the integrated PL emission was larger for the middle layers. The effect of oxidation was a blueshift of the PL band and a decrease in the integrated emission for the outer layers. The crystallite size increases for all layers, particularly the outer ones.

The execution of the Granada Metropolitan’s underground line made possible the discovery of archeological remains of a water tank in Alcázar Genil, a royal muslim residence of the 13th century. The water tank, 419 × 88 ft, was destroyed at its ends due to the growth of the city of Granada during the 20th century and today remains only its center section, under Camino de Ronda, exactly where the future Metropolitan will take place. The location of an underground station will allow the recovery, the integration and the exhibition of the archaeological remains of this water tank. The Alcázar Genil station project brings together the work of several disciplines which put in the same level engineering of the 13th and of the 20th century. These different teams work in an interdisciplinary approach to respond to the complexity of the entire project. The aim is to make contemporary infrastructures compatible with the past that is hidden under the skin of our historic centres., La ejecución del tramo subterráneo del metropolitano de Granada ha permitido el hallazgo de los restos arqueológicos de la alberca del Alcázar Genil, residencia regia musulmana periurbana del siglo XIII. El Albercón, de 128 × 27 metros, fue devorado en sus extremos durante el crecimiento urbano del siglo XX, salvándose el tramo central pisado por el Camino de Ronda, vial bajo cuyo trazado discurre el metropolitano. El emplazamiento en Alcázar Genil de una estación subterránea posibilitará la integración de los restos arqueológicos de la alberca, recuperándolos, poniéndolos en valor y haciéndolos visitables.El proyecto de la estación Alcázar Genil aúna los esfuerzos conjuntos de diversas disciplinas que ponen al mismo nivel las ingenierías de los siglos XIII y XXI con una visión interdisciplinar básica para abarcar la complejidad de todo el proyecto con el objetivo de compatibilizar las infraestructuras contemporáneas con el pasado oculto bajo la piel de nuestros viejos centros históricos.

Federal policies on human subjects research have undergone a progressive transformation. In the early decades of the twentieth century, federal policies largely relied on the discretion of investigators to decide when and how to conduct research. This approach gradually gave way to policies that augmented investigator discretion with externally imposed protections. We may now be entering an era of even more stringent external protections. Whether the new policies effectively absolve investigators of personal responsibility for conducting ethical research, and whether it is wise to do so, remains to be seen.

An open prospective study was carried out in order to evaluate controlled-release dinoprostone pessary with retrieval system in 40 patients. The objective of the study was to obtain clinical experience in Mexico and to assess its efficacy and safety during use. The following results were obtained. The Bishop Score before treatment was 2.98 +/- 1.23, and after treatment it was 8.33 +/- 2.81. The difference was significant (P = 0.0001). Twenty-five patients (62.5%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery, and 14 patients (35%) underwent caesarean section. The indications for the withdrawal of the pessary were as follow: start of labor in 19 patients (47.5%), completation of observation period in 17 patients (42.5%), maternal complications in 2 patients (5%) and, maternal and fetal complications in 2 patients (5%). The mean time between pessary insertion and withdrawal was 8.52 hours; the mean time to start of labor was 10:17 hours; the mean time to start of the 2 degrees labor period was 16:25 hours. The mean duration of labor in all 40 patients was 8:48 hours. We conclude that this study confirms the efficacy of controlled-release dinoprostone with retrieval system in cervical ripening, being easy to insert and to withdraw, and well tolerated since adverse events only occurred in 10% of all patients (uterine hyperstimulation and fetal tachycardia which were controlled by merely withdrawing the pessary). Only one patient (2.5%) required beta-mimetic support in order to control the induced uterine hyperstimulation.