Search

OBJECTIVE: To assess the functional role of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated gated channel (HCN) subtypes in the aging bladder phenotype characterized by diminished bladder volume sensation (BVS) with or without the detrusor instability (DI). METHODS: Expression of HCN subtypes was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in aged male Fisher 344 rats (n=15) and young rats (n=15). Nocturnal urination and awake cystometry (CMG) were assessed in presence and absence of a steady state HCN channel blockade achieved with daily oral gavage of vehicle or Ivabradine (HCN blocker) 6mg/kg for 7 days. RESULTS: The association of BVS with the age-related downregulation (~30%) of cAMP sensitive HCN1, HCN2 subtypes, and (~50%) upregulation of cAMP insensitive HCN3 subtype is evinced by a doubling in the mean urine volume of nocturnal voids (0.82 ±0.22 mL vs 0.41 ±0.12 mL; n=10; p < 0.05) predicting an age-related rise in micturition volume threshold (p

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The aging bladder phenotype in detrusor overactivity, detrusor underactivity or detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility patients is characterized by detrusor i...

To assess whether quantitative T1 relaxometry can measure permeability, chronic inflammation and mural thickening of mouse bladder wall. Adult female C57BL6 mice unexposed to radiation (controls) or 40 wk postirradiation of 10 Gy were scanned at 9.4 T before and after instillation (0.1 mL) of aqueous, novel contrast mixture (NCM) containing 4 mM gadobutrol and 5 mM ferumoxytol. Rapid acquisition with refocused echo (RARE) sequence was used with variable repetition times (TR). Pixel-wise maps of T1 relaxation times for the segmented bladder wall layers were generated from voxel-wise, nonlinear least square data fitting of TR-dependent signal intensity acquired with TR array of 0.4–10 s followed by the histology of harvested bladder. Significant differences between precontrast and postcontrast T1 (ΔT1) were noted in urothelium and lamina propria of both groups but only in detrusor of irradiated group ( P < 0.001; 2-way ANOVA). Nearly twofold higher gadobutrol permeability (550 ± 73 vs. 294 ± 160 μM; P < 0.01) derived as per 1/ΔT1 = r1. [C] in urothelium of irradiated group. Inflammation and bladder wall thickening (0.75 ± 0. vs. 0.44 ± 0.08 mm; P < 0.001) predicted by MRI was subsequently confirmed by histology and altered expression of CD45 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) relative to controls. NCM enhanced MRI relies on the retention of large molecular weight ferumoxytol in lumen for negative contrast, while permeation of the non-ionic, small molecular weight gadobutrol through ZO-1 generates positive contrast in bladder wall for virtual measurement of paracellular permeability and assessment of chronic inflammation in thin and distensible bladder wall, which is also defined by its variable shape and location within pelvis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Radiation-induced cystitis (RC) is a progressive debilitating disorder and its most prevalent phase is the chronic phase that occurs months and years after radiation expo...

Loss of bladder control is a challenging outcome facing patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). We report that systemic blocking of pro–nerve growth factor (proNGF) signaling through p75 with a CNS-penetrating small-molecule p75 inhibitor resulted in significant improvement in bladder function after SCI in rodents. The usual hyperreflexia was attenuated with normal bladder pressure, and automatic micturition was acquired weeks earlier than in the controls. The improvement was associated with increased excitatory input to the spinal cord, in particular onto the tyrosine hydroxylase–positive fibers in the dorsal commissure. The drug also had an effect on the bladder itself, as the urothelial hyperplasia and detrusor hypertrophy that accompany SCI were largely prevented. Urothelial cell loss that precedes hyperplasia was dependent on p75 in response to urinary proNGF that is detected after SCI in rodents and humans. Surprisingly, death of urothelial cells and the ensuing hyperplastic response were beneficial to functional recovery. Deleting p75 from the urothelium prevented urothelial death, but resulted in reduction in overall voiding efficiency after SCI. These results unveil a dual role of proNGF/p75 signaling in bladder function under pathological conditions with a CNS effect overriding the peripheral one.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether approved gastroprokinetic agent, acotiamide exerts a direct excitatory effect in bladder to help explain the reported meaningful reduction of post-void residual urine volume (PVR) in detrusor underactivity (DU) patients after thrice daily oral intake of acotiamide 100 mg for 2 weeks. METHODS: Effect of acotiamide [1–16μM] was assessed on nerve-mediated contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) for 5s with 5ms pulse trains of 10V in longitudinal, mucosa intact rat and human bladder strips to construct frequency response curve (1–32Hz) and repeat 10Hz stimulation at 60s interval. Effect of acotiamide 2μM on spontaneous and carbachol evoked contractions was also assessed. RESULTS: Acotiamide 2μM significantly enhanced the Atropine and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive EFS evoked contractions of rat and human bladder at 8–32Hz (Two-way ANOVA followed Sidak’s multiple comparison; *p

Aims: To determine the role of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and the therapeutic effect of the selective small molecule p75NTR modulator, LM11A-31, in spinal cord injury (SCI) induced lower urinary tract dysfunction (LTUD) using a mouse model. Methods: Adult female T8-T9 transected mice were gavaged daily with LM11A-31 (100mg/kg) for up to 6 weeks, starting 1 day before, or 7 days following injury. Mice were evaluated in vivo using urine spot analysis, cystometrograms (CMGs), and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyograms (EMGs); and in vitro using histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Results: Our studies confirm highest expression of p75NTRs in the detrusor layer of the mouse bladder and lamina II region of the dorsal horn of the lumbar-sacral (L6-S1) spinal cord which significantly decreased following SCI. LM11A-31 prevented or ameliorated the detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) and detrusor overactivity (DO) in SCI mice, significantly improving bladder compliance. Furthermore, LM11A-31 treatment blocked the SCI-related urothelial damage and bladder wall remodeling. Conclusion: Drugs targeting p75NTRs can moderate DSD and DO in SCI mice, may identify pathophysiological mechanisms, and have therapeutic potential in SCI patients.

While urothelial signals, including sonic hedgehog (Shh), drive bladder mesenchyme differentiation, it is unclear which pathways within the mesenchyme are critical for its development. Studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr)2 is necessary for kidney and ureter mesenchymal development. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of Fgfr2 in the bladder mesenchyme. We used Tbx18cre mice to delete Fgfr2 in the bladder mesenchyme ( Fgfr2 BM−/−). We performed three-dimensional reconstructions, quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, immunolabeling, ELISAs, immunoblot analysis, void stain on paper, ex vivo bladder sheet assays, and in vivo decerebrated cystometry. Compared with control bladders, embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) Fgfr2 BM−/− bladders had thin muscle layers with less α-smooth muscle actin and thickened lamina propria with increased collagen type Ia and IIIa that intruded into the muscle. The reciprocal changes in mutant layer thicknesses appeared partly due to a cell fate switch. From postnatal days 1 to 30, Fgfr2 BM−/− bladders demonstrated progressive muscle loss and increased collagen expression. Postnatal Fgfr2 BM−/− bladder sheets exhibited decreased agonist-mediated contractility and increased passive stretch tension versus control bladder sheets. Cystometry revealed high baseline and threshold pressures and shortened intercontractile intervals in Fgfr2 BM−/− versus control bladders. Mechanistically, whereas Shh expression appeared normal, mRNA and protein readouts of hedgehog activity were increased in E16.5 Fgfr2 BM−/− versus control bladders. Moreover, E16.5 Fgfr2 BM−/− bladders exhibited higher levels of Cdo and Boc, hedgehog coreceptors that enhance sensitivity to Shh, compared with control bladders. In conclusion, loss of Fgfr2 in the bladder mesenchyme leads to abnormal bladder morphology and decreased compliance and contractility.

The isolated bladder shows autonomous micromotions, which increase with bladder distension, generate sensory nerve activity, and are altered in models of urinary dysfunction. Intravesical pressure resulting from autonomous activity putatively reflects three key variables; the extent of micromotion initiation, distances over which micromotions propagate, and overall bladder tone. In vivo, these variables are subordinate to the efferent drive of the central nervous system. In the micturition cycle storage phase, efferent inhibition keeps autonomous activity generally at a low level, where it may signal 'state of fullness', whilst maintaining compliance. In the voiding phase, mass efferent excitation elicits generalised contraction (global motility initiation). In lower urinary tract dysfunction, efferent control of the bladder can be impaired, for example due to peripheral 'patchy' denervation. In this case, loss of efferent inhibition may enable unregulated micromotility, and afferent stimulation, predisposing to urinary urgency. If denervation is relatively slight, the detrimental impact on voiding may be low, as the adjacent innervated areas may be able to initiate micromotility synchronous with the efferent nerve drive, so that even denervated areas can contribute to the voiding contraction. This would become increasingly inefficient the more severe the denervation, such that ability of triggered micromotility to propagate sufficiently to engage the denervated areas in voiding declines, so the voiding contraction increasingly develops the characteristics of underactivity. In summary, reduced peripheral coverage by the dual efferent innervation (inhibitory and excitatory) impairs regulation of micromotility initiation and propagation, potentially allowing emergence of overactive bladder and, with progression, detrusor underactivity.

Introduction Neural stimulation has become an established minimally invasive treatment for various lower urinary tract symptoms. The results both short- and long-term are encouraging, however, there is still a lack of knowledge of obvious risk factors, which may affect the outcome of treatment. Although neural stimulation has been embraced by healthcare professionals and patients, the exact mechanism by which neural stimulation works is still unclear. Discussion A condense review of knowledge available on this topic is presented. Several research questions are raised. Outlines of research studies, both clinical and basic science, are suggested. Conclusions Further studies are necessary to understand mechanism of action of neural stimulation and its implications on treatment outcomes. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:618–621, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Aims To present a brief review on discussions from “Do we understand any more about lower urinary tract interstitial cells?” session at the 2013 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS) meeting in Bristol, UK. Methods Discussion focused on bladder interstitial cell (IC) subtypes, their localization and characterization, and communication between themselves, the urothelium, and detrusor smooth muscle. The role of ICs in bladder pathologies and new methods for studying ICs were also addressed. Results ICs have been studied extensively in the lower urinary tract and have been characterized based on comparisons with ICs of Cajal in the gastro-intestinal tract. In fetal bladders it is believed that ICs drive intrinsic contractions to expel urine through the urachus. These contractions diminish postpartum as bladder innervation develops. Voiding in human neonates occurs when filling triggers a spinal cord reflex that contracts the detrusor; in rodents, maternal stimulation of the perineum triggers voiding. Following spinal cord injury, intrinsic contractions, and spinal micturition reflexes develop, similar to those seen during neonatal development. These enhanced contractions may stimulate nociceptive and mechanosensitive afferents contributing to neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence. The IC-mediated activity is believed to be initiated in the lamina propria by responding to urothelial factors. These IC may act syncytially through gap junction coupling and modulate detrusor activity through unknown mechanisms. Conclusion There has been a great deal of information discovered regarding bladder ICs, however, many of their (patho)physiological functions and mechanisms are still unclear and necessitates further research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:573–576, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNTA), which alleviates overactive bladder symptoms, is thought to act predominantly via the inhibition of transmitter release from parasympathetic nerves. However, actions at other sites such as afferent nerve terminals are possible. Objective To evaluate the effects of BoNTA on bladder afferent neuropeptide release and firing. Design, setting, and participants One side of the bladder of control and chronic (1–2 wk) spinal cord transected (SCT; T 8 -T 9 ) adult female mice was injected with BoNTA (0.5 U/5μl saline). After 48h, bladders with L 6 -S 2 spinal nerves were prepared for in vitro recordings. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis In bladder preparations, tension and optical mapping of Ca 2+ transients were used to measure intrinsic contractions, those evoked by capsaicin or the electrical stimulation of spinal nerves. Afferent firing was evoked by stretch or intrinsic bladder contractions. The numbers of responding units and firing rates were measured. Animal numbers were used to detect moderate to large between-group differences based on Cohen's criteria. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test spatial/temporal differences in Ca 2+ signals as mean plus or minus standard deviation. Differences between data sets were tested with the student t test and skewed data sets with a Mann-Whitney U test (significant when p Results and limitations In control and SCT bladders, BoNTA treatment decreased the contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of spinal nerves without altering intrinsic contractions. Afferent firing on untreated sides in response to stretch/intrinsic contractions was increased in SCTs versus controls. On BoNTA-treated sides, afferent firing rates were greatly attenuated in response to mechanical stimulation as were the capsaicin-evoked optical signals mediated by neuropeptide release. Conclusions SCT caused an increased sensitivity of afferent nerves to mechanical stimulation that was reduced by BoNTA treatment. Increased intrinsic activity after SCT was unaffected by the toxin. Thus BoNTA suppresses neurogenic detrusor overactivity by targeting afferent as well as efferent pathways in the bladder.

Background Botulinum neurotoxins type A (BoNT/A), β3-adrenergic receptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are promising agents that mitigate lower urinary tract symptoms by attenuating the sensory system. However, whether they act directly on afferent nerves or indirectly through the other cell types is unclear. Methods Spinal cord transected female mice were used as a model for neurogenic bladder overactivity. In vivo methods utilized decerebrate mouse cystometry. In vitro approaches included optical mapping of Ca2+ transient, single unit afferent nerve recordings and tension measurements from bladder sheets and wall cross-sections. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of β3-adrenergic receptors on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Results Our unique approaches revealed the direct effects of BoNT/A in inhibiting neuropeptide release and firing rates in afferents following bladder injections. β3-adrenergic receptor agonists are demonstrated to directly inhibit afferent nerve firing independent of the relaxing effects on bladder smooth muscle. Moreover, data suggest the expression of these receptors on DRG neurons that send projections to the bladder. The mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors on bladder overactivity is discussed. Discussion The questions raised during the plenary session of the 2011 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society meeting regarding the benefits of BoNT/A, β3-adrenergic receptor agonist and PDE5 inhibitor treatments of overactive bladder are addressed. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the abovementioned agents, in low enough concentrations, can directly inhibit afferent excitability without decreasing detrusor contractility. Accordingly, they have considerable potential for treating the sensory component of lower urinary tract dysfunctions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:300–308, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Common methods for inducing neurogenic bladder overactivity include: (1) spinal cord transection or contusion injury, (2) supraspinal injury (decerebration, local lesions, middle cerebral artery occlusion and (3) systemic (e.g., cyclophosphamide) or intravesical administration of irritant or inflammatory agents (e.g., acrolein, acid, lipopolysaccharide). These insults can cause peripheral, spinal and supraspinal effects which are difficult to resolve using traditional cystometry alone. To address this problem, we have developed new methods as well as new highly reproducible models to study neurogenic bladder dysfunction in the mouse. These models include direct sensitization of the bladder using ionizing radiation or indirect sensitization through colonic irradiation (figure 1). The classic model for neurogenic bladder overactivity is spinal cord injury which results in non-voiding contractions during the filling phase. However, there is also an intrinsic myogenic component that is present when studied in vitro. Our radiation models are purely neurogenic and do exhibit overactivity in isolated tissues. Figure: 1 New in vitro studies utilize bladder-urethra sheets, spinal cord slices and in-line cultured cells. Bladder-urethra sheets can be isolated with the hypogastric (T11-L2) and pelvic (L6-S2) nerves and imaged for the propagation of optical activity along the bladder wall simultaneously with afferent nerve and tension recordings. Alternatively, bladder sheets can be mounted vertically as cross-sections for measuring the spread of activity across the wall from mucosa to serosa. Spinal cord slices are sectioned 0.5 to 1 mm thick to include the dorsal and ventral roots which can be stimulated to optically map pathologically-induced changes in spinal cord circuitry. In-line cultured cells, on the other hand, allow for different linear arrangements of urothelial, interstitial, smooth muscle and dorsal root ganglion cells to map alterations in the flow of information in cell-to-cell communication. In vivo studies utilize cystometry which can be combined with cerebro-cortical imaging of optical activity during bladder filling and emptying. The new models of neurogenic overactivity are induced by irradiation of the bladder (direct sensitization) or colon (indirect cross-sensitization) both of which result in inflammation and urothelial damage leading to bladder overactivity. The changes induced by these models have been compared to those induced by the well established models of chronic spinal cord transection at the thoracic (T8-T9) and lumbar (L4-L5) levels.

A substantial portion of the current research on lower urinary tract dysfunction is focused on afferent mechanisms. The main goals are to define and modulate the signaling pathways by which afferent information is generated, enhanced and conveyed to the central nervous system. Alterations in bladder afferent mechanisms are a potential source of voiding dysfunction and an emerging source for drug targets. Established drug therapies such as muscarinic receptor antagonists, and two emerging therapies, beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists and botulinum toxin type-A, may act partly through afferent mechanisms. This review focuses on these two new principles and new and established methods for determining their sites of action. It also provides brief information on the innervation of the bladder, afferent receptors and transmitters and how these may communicate with the urothelium, interstitial cells and detrusor smooth muscle to regulate micturition. Peripheral and central mechanisms of afferent sensitization and myogenic mechanisms that lead to detrusor overactivity, overactive bladder symptoms and urgency sensations are also covered. This work is the result from 'Think Tank' presentations, and the lengthy discussions that followed, at the 2010 International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society meeting in Bristol, UK. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:684-691, 2011.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Many urologic conditions are associated with dysfunction of autonomic bladder innervation. A precise understanding of the anatomical relationship of the bladder neck and its autonomic nervous system could substantially improve treatment modalities. Currently there is no comprehensive model that provides a detailed three-dimensional (3D) view of bladder neck innervation. Therefore, we sought to create a 3D reconstruction of autonomic nervous tissue innervating the bladder neck using male and female cadaver histopathology. METHODS: We obtained intact pelvic tissues from a male and female cadaver. Axial cross-sections of the bladder neck were generated at 3e5mm intervals and stained for S100 protein. Distances between autonomic nerves and bladder mucosa were recorded. Nerve tracings were manually demarcated and imported into SolidWorks (Waltham, MA, USA) and Blender (Amsterdam, Netherlands) software programs to generate 3D reconstructions of autonomic nerve anatomy. RESULTS: Longitudinal and circular nerve tracings were successfully demarcated and converted into a 3D image reconstruction. We successfully precisely characterized anatomic nerve distributions. Axial cross-sections and 3D images showed that autonomic innervation was highly concentrated in the posterior aspect of the bladder neck in both male and female bladder specimens (Figures 1 and 2). The mean distances between autonomic nerve tissue and the bladder mucosa was 1.15mm posteriorly and 4.0mm anteriorly in the male bladder (0.27-2.87 vs. 2.03-6.20, p

Changes in myocardium were studied during oxidative stress induced by infusion of hydrogen peroxide in the coronary vessels of isolated rat heart. Moderate concentrations of H2O2 increased the heart rate but decreased the contractile force, whereas higher concentrations of H2O2 decreased both parameters and increased the end diastolic pressure. The effect of H2O2 was stable, cumulative, and was associated with disturbance in respiration of mitochondria, increased production of ROS in them, and decrease in activities of antioxidant enzymes in the myocardium. Changes in the antioxidant status of the myocardium induced by long-term addition of coenzyme Q10 into food was accompanied by decrease in the negative inotropic effect of H2O2, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase after oxidative stress were virtually unchanged. The activities of these enzymes displayed a high positive correlation with the cardiac function. The findings suggest that coenzyme Q10 should increase resistance of the myocardium to oxidative stress not only by a direct antioxidant mechanism but also indirectly, due to increased protection of antioxidant enzymes.

It is shown that dinitrosyl-iron complexes (DNIC) with glutathione can reduce oxoferrylmyoglobin forming on interaction of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and metmyoglobin. A rapid decrease in the DNIC concentration was observed under the conditions of production of tert-butyl free radicals; however, destruction of DNIC in the presence of oxoferrylmyoglobin alone was negligible. It is demonstrated that DNIC reduces oxoferrylmyoglobin more than an order more efficiently than S-nitrosoglutathione and glutathione. DNIC also inhibits formation of the thiyl radicals of glutathione in a medium containing metmyoglobin and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. A mechanism of the antioxidant action of DNIC based on regeneration of the nitrosyl complexes from the products of their interaction with oxoferrylheme is proposed.

To present a brief review on discussions from "Do we understand any more about lower urinary tract interstitial cells?" session at the 2013 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS) meeting in Bristol, UK.Discussion focused on bladder interstitial cell (IC) subtypes, their localization and characterization, and communication between themselves, the urothelium, and detrusor smooth muscle. The role of ICs in bladder pathologies and new methods for studying ICs were also addressed.ICs have been studied extensively in the lower urinary tract and have been characterized based on comparisons with ICs of Cajal in the gastro-intestinal tract. In fetal bladders it is believed that ICs drive intrinsic contractions to expel urine through the urachus. These contractions diminish postpartum as bladder innervation develops. Voiding in human neonates occurs when filling triggers a spinal cord reflex that contracts the detrusor; in rodents, maternal stimulation of the perineum triggers voiding. Following spinal cord injury, intrinsic contractions, and spinal micturition reflexes develop, similar to those seen during neonatal development. These enhanced contractions may stimulate nociceptive and mechanosensitive afferents contributing to neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence. The IC-mediated activity is believed to be initiated in the lamina propria by responding to urothelial factors. These IC may act syncytially through gap junction coupling and modulate detrusor activity through unknown mechanisms.There has been a great deal of information discovered regarding bladder ICs, however, many of their (patho)physiological functions and mechanisms are still unclear and necessitates further research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:573-576, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Botulinum neurotoxins type A (BoNT/A), β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are promising agents that mitigate lower urinary tract symptoms by attenuating the sensory system. However, whether they act directly on afferent nerves or indirectly through the other cell types is unclear.Spinal cord transected female mice were used as a model for neurogenic bladder overactivity. In vivo methods utilized decerebrate mouse cystometry. In vitro approaches included optical mapping of Ca(2+) transient, single unit afferent nerve recordings and tension measurements from bladder sheets and wall cross-sections. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of β(3)-adrenergic receptors on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.Our unique approaches revealed the direct effects of BoNT/A in inhibiting neuropeptide release and firing rates in afferents following bladder injections. β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists are demonstrated to directly inhibit afferent nerve firing independent of the relaxing effects on bladder smooth muscle. Moreover, data suggest the expression of these receptors on DRG neurons that send projections to the bladder. The mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors on bladder overactivity is discussed.The questions raised during the plenary session of the 2011 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society meeting regarding the benefits of BoNT/A, β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist and PDE5 inhibitor treatments of overactive bladder are addressed.Our findings suggest that the abovementioned agents, in low enough concentrations, can directly inhibit afferent excitability without decreasing detrusor contractility. Accordingly, they have considerable potential for treating the sensory component of lower urinary tract dysfunctions.

Adverse effects of ionizing radiation are mediated through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Mitochondria are the principal source of these species in the cell and play an important role in irradiation-induced apoptosis. The use of free radical scavengers and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors has proven to protect normal tissues and, in some cases, to sensitize tumor tissues to radiation damage. Dual molecules that combine radical-scavenging and NOS-inhibitory functions may be particularly effective. Drugging strategies that target mitochondria can enhance the effectiveness of such agents, in comparison to systemic administration, and circumvent side effects.

Afferent nerve firing has been linked to spontaneous bladder contractions in a number of lower urinary tract pathologies and it may lead to urgency and incontinence. Using optical mapping, single unit recording and tension measurements we investigated the correlation between afferent nerve firing and spontaneous bladder contractions in spinal cord transected mice.Bladder-nerve preparations (bladder sheets and the associated L6-S2 pelvic nerves) were dissected from normal and spinal cord transected mice showing overactivity on cystometry and opened along the ventral aspect from base to dome. Bladder sheets were mounted horizontally in a temperature regulated chamber to simultaneously record Ca(2+) transients across the mucosal surface, single unit afferent nerve firing and whole bladder tension.Single unit afferent fibers were identified by probing their receptive fields. Fibers showed a graded response to von Frey stimulation and a frequency of afferent firing that increased as a function of the degree of stretch. Optical maps of Ca(2+) transients in control bladders demonstrated multiple initiation sites that resulted in high frequency, low amplitude spontaneous contractions. Alternatively in maps of the bladders of spinal cord transected mice Ca(2+) transients arose from 1 or 2 focal sites, resulting in low frequency, high amplitude contractions and concomitant afferent firing.Large amplitude, spontaneous bladder contractions evoke afferent nerve activity, which may contribute to incontinence.

Ionizing radiation activates a mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, leading to inhibition of the respiratory chain, generation of excess superoxide, peroxynitrite production and nitrosative damage. We have measured the radioprotective effects of a nitric oxide synthase antagonist (AMT) versus a free radical scavenger (4-amino-TEMPO) using electrochemical detection of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. To enhance their efficacy, we have conjugated these compounds to peptides and peptide isosteres--derived from the antibiotic gramicidin S--that target the mitochondria. The targeting ability of these peptidyl conjugates was measured using quantitative mass spectrometry.

This study examined the origin of spontaneous activity in neonatal and adult rat bladders and the effect of stretch and muscarinic agonists and antagonists on spontaneous activity. Rats were anesthetized and their bladders were excised, cannulated, and loaded with voltage- and Ca2+-sensitive dyes. Intracellular Ca2+ and membrane potential transients were mapped using photodiode arrays in whole bladders, bladder sheets, or cross-section preparations at 37°C. Intravesical pressure was recorded from whole bladders. In neonatal bladders and sheets, spontaneous Ca2+ and electrical signals arose at a site near the dome and spread in a coordinated manner throughout the bladder with different dome-to-neck conduction velocities (Ca2+: 3.7 ± 0.4 mm/s; membrane potential: 46.2 ± 3.1 mm/s). In whole bladders, optical signals were associated with spontaneous contractions (10–20 cmH2O). By contrast, in adult bladders spontaneous Ca2+ and electrical activity was uncoordinated, originating at multiple sites and was associated with smaller (2–5 cmH2O) contractions. Spontaneous contractions and optical signals were insensitive to tetrodotoxin (2 μM) but were blocked by nifedipine (10 μM). Stretch or low carbachol concentrations (50 nM) applied to neonatal whole bladders enhanced the amplitude (to 20–35 cmH2O) of spontaneous activity, which was blocked by atropine. Bladder cross sections revealed that Ca2+ and membrane potential transients produced by stretch or carbachol began near the urothelial-suburothelial interface and then spread to the detrusor. In conclusion, spontaneous activity in neonatal bladders, unlike activity in adult bladders, is highly organized, originating in the urothelium-suburothelium near the dome. Activity is enhanced by stretch or carbachol and this enhancement is blocked by atropine. It is hypothesized that acetylcholine is released from the urothelium during bladder filling to enhance spontaneous activity.

Ubiquinone Q(10) (coenzyme Q) is an important component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and an antioxidant. The purpose of this work was to find out whether an increase in the level of coenzyme Q in the heart changes its maximal working capacity and resistance to oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats were treated with coenzyme Q (10 mg/kg body weight per day) for six weeks, and this increased its content in the myocardium by 63%. The myocardial content of malonic dialdehyde and activities of key antioxidant enzymes were unchanged, except nearly 2.5-fold decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase. The maximal working capacity of the isolated isovolumic heart did not change, but under conditions of oxidative stress induced by 45-min infusion of hydrogen peroxide (70 micro M) into coronary vessels the contractile function of these hearts decreased significantly more slowly. This was associated with less pronounced lesions in the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes and lesser disorders in the oxidative metabolism of mitochondria that suggested increased antioxidant protection of the myocardium.