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The Sarcoidosis Diagnostic Score (SDS) has been established to quantitate the clinical features consistent with sarcoidosis in a monocentric study.We aimed to confirm the diagnostic value of SDS in a large, multicontinental study and to assess the utility of SDS in differentiating sarcoidosis from alternative diagnosis including infectious and non-infectious granulomatous diseases.We included patients with biopsy-confirmed sarcoidosis at nine centers across the world. Patients without sarcoidosis seen at the same sites served as control patients. Using a modified World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders organ assessment instrument, we scored all patients for presence of granuloma on biopsy, highly probable symptoms, and least probable symptoms for each area. Two sarcoidosis scores were generated: SDS Biopsy (with biopsy) and SDS Clinical (without biopsy). SDS Clinical and Biopsy were calculated for all patients. We calculated and compared the Area Under Curve (AUC) for SDS Clinical and Biopsy according to different diagnosis scenarios.A total of 1041 patients with sarcoidosis and 1035 without sarcoidosis were included. SDS Clinical (AUC=0.888, 95%CI: 0.874-0.902) and SDS Biopsy (AUC=0.979, 95%CI: 0.973-0.985) according to AUC were good to excellent for differentiating sarcoidosis from alternative diagnosis. SDS Clinical was less discriminatory in male (p=0.01) and in "high tuberculosis prevalence" centers (p0.001). However, SDS Clinical (AUC=0.684, 95%CI: 0.602-0.766) and SDS Biopsy (AUC=0.754, 95%CI: 0.673-0.835) were not sufficiently discriminative for non-infectious granulomatous diseases, but both SDS could differentiate sarcoidosis from infectious granulomatous diseases. Algorithms were proposed for the SDS Clinical and SDS Biopsy to assist the clinician in the diagnostic process, and proposed cut-off values for the SDS Clinical and SDS Biopsy allowing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis to be safely confirmed or rejected in most cases except non-infectious granulomatous disease.This multicontinental study confirms that both SDS Clinical and SDS Biopsy have good to excellent performance to discriminate sarcoidosis from alternative diagnoses. Differences in the AUC were seen for "high tuberculosis prevalence" versus "low tuberculosis prevalence" centers and males versus females. Both SDSs had good discriminatory function for infectious granulomatous disease but failed in case of non-infectious granulomatous disease such as berylliosis.

Supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis (GNT1116371), and by foundation partner, Boehringer Ingelheim, and program partners, Roche and Galapagos. Rationale : The interstitial lung disease (ILD) multidisciplinary meetings (MDM), composed of pulmonologists, radiologists, and pathologists, is integral to the rendering of an accurate ILD diagnosis. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the conduct of ILD MDMs, and questions regarding their best practices remain unanswered. Objectives : To achieve consensus among ILD experts on essential components of an ILD MDM. Methods : Using a Delphi methodology, semi-structured interviews with ILD experts were used to identify key themes and features of ILD MDMs. These items informed two subsequent rounds of online questionnaires that were used to achieve consensus among a broader, international panel of ILD experts. Experts were asked to rate their level of agreement on a five-point Likert scale. An a priori threshold for consensus was set at a median score 4 or 5 with an interquartile range of 0. Results : We interviewed 15 ILD experts, and 102 ILD experts participated in the online questionnaires. Five items and two exploratory statements achieved consensus on being essential for an ILD MDM following two questionnaire rounds. There was consensus that the presence of at least one radiologist, a quiet setting with a visual projection system, a high-quality chest high-resolution computed tomography, and a standardized template summarizing collated patient data are essential components of an ILD MDM. Experts also agreed that it would be useful for ILD MDMs to undergo an annual benchmarking process and a validation process by fulfilling a minimum number of cases annually. Twenty-seven additional features were considered to be either highly desirable or desirable features based on the degree of consensus. Although our findings on desirable features are similar to the current literature, several of these remain controversial and warrant further research. The study also showed an agreement among participants on several future concepts to improve the ILD MDM, such as performing regular self-assessments and conducting research into shared practices to develop an international expert guideline statement on ILD MDMs. Conclusions : This Delphi study showed consensus among international ILD experts on essential and desirable features of an ILD MDM. Our data represent an important step toward potential collaborative research into future standardization of ILD MDMs. Postprint

Introduction: Pulmonary fibrosis includes a spectrum of diseases and is incurable. There is a variation in disease course, but it is often progressive leading to increased breathlessness, impaired quality of life, and decreased life expectancy. Detection of pulmonary fibrosis is challenging, which contributes to considerable delays in diagnosis and treatment. More knowledge about the diagnostic journey from patients' perspective is needed to improve the diagnostic pathway. The aims of this study were to evaluate the time to diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, identify potential reasons for delays, and document patients emotions.Methods: Members of European patient organisations, with a self-reported diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, were invited to participate in an online survey. The survey assessed the diagnostic pathway retrospectively, focusing on four stages: (1) time from initial symptoms to first appointment in primary care; (2) time to hospital referral; (3) time to first hospital appointment; (4) time to final diagnosis. It comprised open-ended and closed questions focusing on time to diagnosis, factors contributing to delays, diagnostic tests, patient emotions, and information provision.Results: Two hundred and seventy three participants (214 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 28 sarcoidosis, 31 other) from 13 countries responded. Forty percent of individuals took ≥1 year to receive a final diagnosis. Greatest delays were reported in stage 1, with only 50.2% making an appointment within 3 months. For stage 2, 73.3% reported a hospital referral within three primary care visits. However, 9.9% reported six or more visits. After referral, 76.9% of patients were assessed by a specialist within 3 months (stage 3) and 62.6% received a final diagnosis within 3 months of their first hospital visit (stage 4). Emotions during the journey were overall negative. A major need for more information and support during and after the diagnostic process was identified.Conclusion: The time to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis varies widely across Europe. Delays occur at each stage of the diagnostic pathway. Raising awareness about pulmonary fibrosis amongst the general population and healthcare workers is essential to shorten the time to diagnosis. Furthermore, there remains a need to provide patients with sufficient information and support at all stages of their diagnostic journey.

Background/Aim: Thymic lipofibroadenoma is a benign growth of unknown etiology extremely rarely described in the literature, morphologically resembling lipofibroadenoma of the breast. The diagnosis is usually a postoperative surprise and is made by the anatomopathologist. Surgical resection is curative. Case Report: The presented case is the first reported in a woman, to date. The patient was successfully submitted to surgery and complete resection of the giant intrathoracic tumor was performed. The histopathological and immunohisto-chemical studies came to demonstrated the presence of a thymic lipofibroadenoma while the postoperative outcomes were favorable. Conclusion: In cases presenting large intrathoracic tumors complete resection is able to provide a significant improvement of the general condition of the patient, as well as a chance for cure.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), tools to assess patient self-report of health status, are now increasingly used in research, care and policymaking. While there are two well-developed disease-specific PROMs for interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), many unmet and urgent needs remain. In December 2019, 64 international ILD experts convened in Erice, Italy to deliberate on many topics, including PROMs in ILD. This review summarises the history of PROMs in ILD, shortcomings of the existing tools, challenges of development, validation and implementation of their use in clinical trials, and the discussion held during the meeting. Development of disease-specific PROMs for ILD including IPF with robust methodology and validation in concordance with guidance from regulatory authorities have increased user confidence in PROMs. Minimal clinically important difference for bidirectional changes may need to be developed. Cross-cultural validation and linguistic adaptations are necessary in addition to robust psychometric properties for effective PROM use in multinational clinical trials. PROM burden of use should be reduced through appropriate use of digital technologies and computerised adaptive testing. Active patient engagement in all stages from development, testing, choosing and implementation of PROMs can help improve probability of success and further growth.

Introduction: Differential diagnosis of IPF is complex and may impact trial recruitment. In the EMPIRE registry (n=3,315; 11 largely Central/Eastern European countries) ~70% of IPF patients had definite usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).1 PINTA (NCT03725852) is an ongoing randomized Phase 2 trial of GLPG1205 (GPR84 antagonist) on top of standard of care (nintedanib/pirfenidone/neither) in 69 IPF patients recruited in Central/Eastern Europe and Oman. Aim: To evaluate regional differences in recruitment and screen failures in PINTA. Methods: In PINTA, eligible patients (≥40 years old) had an IPF diagnosis within 5 years of screening, confirmed by central review of chest high-resolution computed tomography images and lung biopsy, if available. Results: Of 165 patients screened, 69 (42%) were randomized. Overall screen failure rate was 58%, varying between countries (Fig). Non-confirmation of UIP pattern by central reading accounted for approximately 2/3 of screen failures. Conclusions: PINTA suggests IPF trial recruitment is feasible in Central/Eastern Europe and Oman; non-confirmation of IPF diagnosis by central reading is an important finding. Reference: 1. Summary report, 17 Dec 2019. http://empire.registry.cz Acknowledgments: PINTA is sponsored by Galapagos NV (Mechelen, Belgium). Writing support from Hannah Mace, CMPP (Aspire Scientific Ltd, Bollington, UK); funded by Galapagos NV.

Medical guidelines on diagnosis and management of relevant diseases aim to recommend clinical practice while standardising patient care. However, evidence-based guideline development is laborious and challenging, the recommendations require nuanced wording, and the optimal approach remains controversial. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Conflict of interest: Dr. Funke-Chambour reports grants from roche, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work;. Dr. Funke-Chambour reports grants from roche, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Albera reports personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Boheringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Fibrogen, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from GSK, grants from Roche, grants from Boheringer Ingelheim, during the conduct of the study;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Bendstrup reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Hoffmann la Roche, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Costabel reports personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer, personal fees and non-financial support from Roche, personal fees from Fibrogen, personal fees from Pliant Therapeutics, personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Grutters has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Harari reports personal fees from Roche, grants and personal fees from Actelion and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Johannson reports personal fees, non-financial support and other from Boehringer-Ingelheim, personal fees from Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., grants from The Chest Foundation, grants from University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, personal fees from Blade Therapeutics, personal fees from Theravance, personal fees and non-financial support from Three Lakes Foundation, grants from UCB Biopharma SPRL, grants from Pulmonary Fibrosis Society of Calgary, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Kreuter reports grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Galapagos, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Strambu reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Roche Pharma, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Galapagos, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Vancheri reports grants and personal fees from Roche, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Varone reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr. Vitulo has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. wuyts reports grants from roche, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work and payed to my institution;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Martinez reports personal fees, non-financial support and other from AtraZeneca, other from Afferent/Merck, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Boheringer Ingelheim, other from Bristol Myers Squibb, other from Chiesi, personal fees and non-financial support from Canadian Respiratory Society, personal fees and non-financial support from CME Outfitters, personal fees and non-financial support from CSL Behring, personal fees from Dartmouth University, personal fees from France Foundation, personal fees from Gala, personal fees and non-financial support from Genentech, grants, personal fees, non-financial support and other from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees and non-financial support from Inova Fairfax, personal fees and non-financial support from MDMagazine, personal fees and non-financial support from NYP Methodist Hospital Brooklyn, personal fees and non-financial support from Miller Communications, personal fees and non-financial support from National Association for Continuing Education, other from Nitto, personal fees and non-financial support from Novartis, personal fees from New York University, personal fees and non-financial support from Patara/Respivant, personal fees from Pearl, personal fees and non-financial support from Peer View, personal fees from Physicians Education Resource, personal fees from ProMedior, personal fees and non-financial support from Rare Diseases Healthcare Communications, personal fees from Rockpointe Communications, personal fees and non-financial support from Sanofi/Regeneron, other from Biogen, personal fees and non-financial support from Sunovion, personal fees and non-financial support from Teva, other from twoXR, personal fees from University of Birmingham Alabama, personal fees from UpToDate, non-financial support from Veracyte, personal fees from Vindico, personal fees and non-financial support from WebMD/MedScape, non-financial support and other from Zambon, non-financial support from ProTerrix Bio, personal fees from IQVIA, outside the submitted work;. Conflict of interest: Dr. Raghu reports personal fees and other from Boerhinger Ingelheim, Roche, Respivant and Veracyte ;other from Avalyn, BMS, Biogen, Blade therapeutics Bellerophan, Fibrogen, Gilead, Genentech, Nitto, Promedior, and grants from NIH, outside the submitted work.

Introduction. Registries are necessary particularly for rare diseases. The REGIS registry was developed to improve scientific research in the field of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Material and Method. We analysed 144 patients with interstitial lung diseases enrolled during a three year period, selected the sarcoidosis cases and analysed the data with Excel 2007 Software. Results. A number of 26 sarcoidosis patients were included (18.06% out of the total), of which 46.15% were female, with an average age of 41.34±9.84 years; 23.08% were smokers. 88.46% pf patients had mediastinum pulmonary involvement: stage II in 17 patients, stage III in 5 patients and stage IV in one patient; only 3 patients had extra thoracic involvement. The medical investigations performed were: chest X-ray (96.15%), thoracic HRCT (96.15%) that identified hilar adenopathy (96%), nodules (68%), with peribronchovascular localization (44%); spirometry (96.15%) that revealed an average CV of 94.99±23.07% out of the predicted value, DLCO 78.41±19.39% out of the predicted value; bronchoalveolar lavage (38.46%); serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (73.08%) and pulmonary or lymph node biopsy (80.77%). The patients that needed treatment (46.15%) were administered oral corticosteroids (10 patients), acetylcysteine (1 patient) and pirfenidone (1 patient). Conclusions. The number of patients enrolled is low as a result of the voluntary reporting, especially in severe cases and with access to all investigations needed for diagnosing.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (mdrtb) refers to TB infection resistant to at least two most powerful anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampincin. It has been estimated that globally 3.5% (which can be much higher in some regions) of newly diagnosed TB patients, and 20.5% of previously treated patients had mdrtb. Extensively drug-resistant TB (xdrtb) has resistance to rifampin and isoniazid, as well as to any member of the quinolone family and at least one of the second line injectable drugs: kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin. xdrtb accounts for 4-20% of mdrtb. Early detection and targeted treatment are priorities for mdrtb/xdrtb control. The suspicion of mdr/xdr -pulmonary TB (mdrptb or xdrptb) by chest imaging shall suggest intensive diagnostic testing for mdrptb/xdrptb. We hypothesize that multiple nodular consolidation (NC) may serve one of the differentiators for separating dsptb vs mdrptb/xdrptb cases. For this study, mdrptb cases (n=310) and XDR-PTB cases (⋂=I58) were from the NIAID TB Portals Program (TBPP) . Drug sensitive pulmonary TB (dsptb) cases were from the TBPP collection (n=112) as well as the Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control (n=111), Shenzhen, China, and we excluded patients with HIV(+) status. Our study shows NC, particularly multiple NCs, is more common in mdrptb than in dsptb, and more common in xdrptb than in mdrptb. For example, 2.24% of dsptb patients, 13.23% of mdrptb patients, and 20.89% of xdrptb patients, respectively, have NCs with diameter >= 10mm equal or more than 2 in number.

To study how demographic differences impact disease manifestation of sarcoidosis using the WASOG tool in a large multicentric study.Clinical data regarding 1445 patients with sarcoidosis from 14 clinical sites in 10 countries were prospectively reviewed from Feb 1, 2020 to Sep 30, 2020. Organ involvement was evaluated for the whole group and for subgroups differentiated by sex, race, and age.The median age of the patients at diagnosis was 46 years old; 60.8% of the patients were female. The most commonly involved organ was lung (96%), followed by skin (24%) and eye (22%). Black patients had more multiple organ involvement than White patients (OR = 3.227, 95% CI: 2.243-4.643) and females had more multiple organ involvement than males (OR = 1.238, 95% CI: 1.083-1.415). Black patients had more frequent involvement of neurologic, skin, eye, extra thoracic lymph node, liver and spleen than White and Asian patients. Women were more likely to have eye (OR = 1.522, 95%CI: 1.259-1.838) or skin involvement (OR = 1.369, 95%CI: 1.152-1.628). Men were more likely to have cardiac involvement (OR = 1.326, 95%CI: 1.096-1.605). A total of 262 (18.1%) patients did not receive systemic treatment for sarcoidosis. Therapy was more common in Black patients than in other races.The initial presentation and treatment of sarcoidosis was related to sex, race, and age. Black and female individuals are found to have multiple organ involvement more frequently. Age at diagnosis45, Black patients and multiple organ involvement were independent predictors of treatment.

The TB Portals program is an international consortium of physicians, radiologists, and microbiologists from countries with a heavy burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis working with data scientists and information technology professionals. Together, we have built the TB Portals, a repository of socioeconomic/geographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and genomic data from patient cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis backed by shareable, physical samples. Currently, there are 1,299 total cases from five country sites (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, and Romania), 976 (75.1%) of which are multidrug or extensively drug resistant and 38.2%, 51.9%, and 36.3% of which contain X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, and genomic data, respectively. The top Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages represented among collected samples are Beijing, T1, and H3, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that confer resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin occur the most frequently. These data and samples have promoted drug discovery efforts and research into genomics and quantitative image analysis to improve diagnostics while also serving as a valuable resource for researchers and clinical providers. The TB Portals database and associated projects are continually growing, and we invite new partners and collaborations to our initiative. The TB Portals data and their associated analytical and statistical tools are freely available at https://tbportals.niaid.nih.gov/ .

Background The Airways Disease Endotyping for Personalized Therapeutics (ADEPT) study profiled patients with mild, moderate, and severe asthma and nonatopic healthy control subjects. Objective We explored this data set to define type 2 inflammation based on airway mucosal IL-13–driven gene expression and how this related to clinically accessible biomarkers. Methods IL-13–driven gene expression was evaluated in several human cell lines. We then defined type 2 status in 25 healthy subjects, 28 patients with mild asthma, 29 patients with moderate asthma, and 26 patients with severe asthma based on airway mucosal expression of (1) CCL26 (the most differentially expressed gene), (2) periostin, or (3) a multigene IL-13 in vitro signature (IVS). Clinically accessible biomarkers included fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) values, blood eosinophil (bEOS) counts, serum CCL26 expression, and serum CCL17 expression. Results Expression of airway mucosal CCL26, periostin, and IL-13–IVS all facilitated segregation of subjects into type 2–high and type 2–low asthmatic groups, but in the ADEPT study population CCL26 expression was optimal. All subjects with high airway mucosal CCL26 expression and moderate-to-severe asthma had Feno values (≥35 ppb) and/or high bEOS counts (≥300 cells/mm 3 ) compared with a minority (36%) of subjects with low airway mucosal CCL26 expression. A combination of Feno values, bEOS counts, and serum CCL17 and CCL26 expression had 100% positive predictive value and 87% negative predictive value for airway mucosal CCL26–high status. Clinical variables did not differ between subjects with type 2–high and type 2–low status. Eosinophilic inflammation was associated with but not limited to airway mucosal type 2 gene expression. Conclusion A panel of clinical biomarkers accurately classified type 2 status based on airway mucosal CCL26, periostin, or IL-13–IVS gene expression. Use of Feno values, bEOS counts, and serum marker levels (eg, CCL26 and CCL17) in combination might allow patient selection for novel type 2 therapeutics.

Introduction: The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is often delayed because of the reasons is the diverse presentation of sarcoidosis. Recently the Cincinnati team developed a Sarcoidosis Diagnostic Score(SDS) based on a modified WASOG organ assessment instrument (1). The aim of this study was to confirm the diagnostic value of SDS in a large multinational study, including patients with granulomatous lung diseases not due to sarcoidosis. Methods: This study was conducted in two sites in India (Kolkata, Noida), one in US (Cincinnati) and two in Europe (Belgrade, Greater Paris). There were 1341 cases including 567 with biopsy-confirmed sarcoidosis, 173 with other granulomatous disorders and 601 with non-granulomatous lung disorders. SDS biopsy and SDS clinical (without biopsy) scores were calculated. Positive cutpoint values were defined as ≥4 for clinical and ≥7 for SDS biopsy. Results: In the total sarcoidosis and non-sarcoid granulomatous populations, sensitivity and specificity for SDS biopsy were 100% and 28.9% and for SDS clinical 72.3% and 98.6%, respectively. Considering sarcoidosis and non-granulomatous disorders, Sensitivity and specificity in the sarcoid and non-granulomatous populations for SDS biopsy were 100% and 99.2% and for SDS clinical 73.2% and 91.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The SDS system provides a good discrimination between sarcoidosis and other non-granulomatous diseases similar to the previous report (1). For patients with non-sarcoidosis granulomatous disease, the SDS biopsy was not specific. However, patients with SDS clinical scores of ≥4 had a greater than 90% chance of being diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Higher scores were more likely to be sarcoidosis. Reference: 1) Bickett et al.Chest 2018,154(5)1052–60

Tuberculosis is a major health problem worldwide. The emergence of MDR and XDR-TB impacts the mortality, costs and future perspectives of TB epidemic. Chest X-ray is the first screening and diagnostic tool for TB, being accessible, cheap and valuable for the presence and severity of pulmonary TB. No specific features for MDR were described. The radiologic extension can be quantified using a scoring system. This study aimed to compare an established score (Timika, 1-140 points) with the proposed simplified score (SRS-TB, 1-8 points) for analyzing chest X-rays of patients with susceptible and MDR tuberculosis, to assess the validity of SRS-TB, and to try to suspect MDR-TB at the time of initial diagnosis. Both scores were applied to chest X-rays at diagnosis from 132 patients (susceptible TB) and 102 patients (MDR-TB). Results were correlated to treatment outcome. Mean Timika score was 55.9% for susceptible TB and 81.17% for MDR-TB. Mean SRS-TB was 5.24 for susceptible TB and 6.73 for MDR-TB. Most MDR-TB cases scored 7 and 8. The results have a good overlap between the two scores for very low scores: 91.4% (mild disease) and very high scores (extensive disease): 94%, but only 39.2% for the medium scores. For SRS-TB, good outcome of treatment for susceptible TB (111 pts) and MDR-TB (54 pts) correlated with a score lower than 7 in 70.5%, and 33,3% respectively. For Timika score, a score less than 80 was in 76.3% and 47% respectively. SRS-TB evaluates TB extension similar to Timika score, with a better prediction of unfavourable outcome (death, failure) for high scores. A high radiology score can be considered a biomarker of suspicion of MDR-TB.

Background/aim: The aim of this paper was to present our 3-year multicenter experience in creating a vascular access using the basilic vein. The third choice in creating vascular access is the brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula (AVFs) with transposition of the basilic vein. Materials and methods: During 2010-2012, out of a total of 874 AVFs that were performed in our two centers, 54 were brachiobasilic fistulas (6.71%), performed on 54 patients. All surgical procedures were performed by two surgical teams, one for each center. There were no significant differences regarding the patients' age, sex, and comorbidities between the two centers. Results: We reported a total of six postoperative complications (11.10%): two wound infections, two arm edemas, one hematoma, and one bleeding (due to a collateral ligature slippage), which required surgical intervention the same day. None of the other complications required another surgery. The first year patency rate was 89.79% (four fistulas failed due to thrombosis and one due to perforation) and the second year patency rate was 62.12%. Conclusion: The brachiobasilic AVF with transposition of the basilic vein, according to the latest guidelines, remains a well-documented and feasible third option in creating vascular access with better results than graft fistulas.

Sarcoidosis is a complex disease with variable phenotypes that will require a multisystem approach to understand pathophysiology. One of the most challenging problems in sarcoidosis research is the absence of valid and widely accepted experimental models that accurately simulate human disease. The Foundation of Sarcoidosis Research (FSR) has funded five projects for the development of novel experimental models for sarcoidosis, presented and discussed in a workshop organized during the European Respiratory Society Congress held in Milan from September 9th to 13th. The experimental, in vivo or in sillico models presented may be quite helpful for investigating specific pathogenic and therapeutic questions, addressing especially severe forms of sarcoidosis. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2018; 35: 2-4)

REGIS was developed by the Working Group for interstitial lung diseases (ILD) within the Romanian Society of Pneumology. The inclusion of patients was performed voluntarily by designated physicians in 4 centers. In 3 years, 104 patients were registered. The investigations performed for diagnosis were: chest X-ray (100%), CT scan (99.04%), spirometry (95.19%), DLCO (80.77%), broncho-alveolar lavage (49.04%), biopsy (40.38%), serum biomarkers: angiotensin-converting enzyme (32.39%), autoantibodies (16.35%). The diagnosis were: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) 26 pts (25%), sarcoidosis 25 pts (24.04%), collagen disease associated ILD 13 pts (12.5%), hypersensitivity pneumonitis 12 pts (11.54%), eosinophilic pneumonia 3 pts (2.88%), NSIP and undefined ILD each 7 pts (6.73%), drug induced ILD and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and polyangeitis granulomatosis each 2 pts (1.92%), one case each: bronchiolitis related ILD, lymphangioleyomyomatosis, Langerhans hystiocitosis, and alveolar proteinosis. The 26 IPF patients were most male (69.23%) and smokers (65,38%), mean age 63. Disease was mostly severe, with a mean FVC of 60.26% predicted and mean DLCO 42.89% predicted. All had UIP pattern on HRCT. In 4 patients (15.38%) lung biopsy was performed. The 24 sarcoidosis patients had mean age 40.52, 19 (76%) were nonsmokers, 88% had mediastino-pulmonary involvement. Mean FVC was 94,08% predicted, mean DLCO 78.06%. In 20 pts (80%) biopsy was performed. In Romania, ILDs are generaly underdiagnosed and underreported. Diagnosis is made in advanced stages of disease. In dedicated centers, all the needed investigations are available.

Rationale: The ADEPT study aimed to correlate clinical features and accessible biomarkers with molecular characteristics by profiling asthmatics across severities and healthy nonatopic volunteers (HVs). This report focuses on the identification of mucosal Th2 phenotype (based on IL-13 driven gene expression), using accessible biomarkers, such as exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), blood eosinophils (bEOS) and serum analytes. Methods: Assessments included questionnaires, pulmonary function tests, airway hyperresponsiveness, FENO, and biomarkers from sputum, blood, and endobronchial biopsy (EBBX). Th2 phenotype was evaluated by EBBX gene expression of CCL26, periostin, or an IL-13 in vitro gene signature (IVS). Results: Relative to HVs, EBBX gene expression of CCL26 provided the best segregation into Th2-high and Th2-low asthmatics compared to periostin or IL-13 IVS. Most EBBX-Th2-CCL26-high subjects with moderate-severe asthma were FENO≥35ppb (69%) and bEOS≥300/ul (77%), compared to a minority of EBBX-Th2-CCL26-low subjects (24% for each). Classifying subjects to EBBX-Th2-CCL26-high status based on FENO-high or bEOS-high status gave 100% sensitivity but only 64% specificity. Serum CCL17-high status added to FENO/bEOS model improved specificity to 93% for identification of Th2 status, with 85% sensitivity. Conclusions: Combinations of accessible biomarkers (FENO, bEOS, and serum CCL17) can accurately predict Th2 status measured by EBBX expression of CCL26. Eosinophilic inflammation was associated with but not limited to persistent airway Th2 gene expression. The ability to identify distinct asthma phenotypes using accessible biomarkers will be important in developing novel therapeutic agents.

How patients relate to the experience of their illness has a direct impact over their behavior. We aimed to assess illness perception in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by means of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) in correlation with patients’ demographic features and clinical TB score. Our observational questionnaire based study included series of consecutive TB patients enrolled in several countries from October 2008 to January 2011 with 167 valid questionnaires analyzed. Each BIPQ item assessed one dimension of illness perceptions like the consequences, timeline, personal control, treatment control, identity, coherence, emotional representation and concern. An open question referred to the main causes of TB in each patient’s opinion. The over-all BIPQ score (36.25 ± 11.054) was in concordance with the clinical TB score (p ≤ 0.001). TB patients believed in the treatment (the highest item-related score for treatment control) but were unsure about the illness identity. Illness understanding and the clinical TB score were negatively correlated (p

Background Asthma is a heterogeneous disease and development of novel therapeutics requires an understanding of pathophysiologic phenotypes. The purpose of the ADEPT study was to correlate clinical features and biomarkers with molecular characteristics, by profiling asthma (NCT01274507). This report presents for the first time the study design, and characteristics of the recruited subjects. Methods Patients with a range of asthma severity and healthy non-atopic controls were enrolled. The asthmatic subjects were followed for 12 months. Assessments included history, patient questionnaires, spirometry, airway hyper-responsiveness to methacholine, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), and biomarkers measured in induced sputum, blood, and bronchoscopy samples. All subjects underwent sputum induction and 30 subjects/cohort had bronchoscopy. Results Mild (n = 52), moderate (n = 55), severe (n = 51) asthma cohorts and 30 healthy controls were enrolled from North America and Western Europe. Airflow obstruction, bronchodilator response and airways hyperresponsiveness increased with asthma severity, and severe asthma subjects had reduced forced vital capacity. Asthma control questionnaire-7 (ACQ7) scores worsened with asthma severity. In the asthmatics, mean values for all clinical and biomarker characteristics were stable over 12 months although individual variability was evident. FENO and blood eosinophils did not differ by asthma severity. Induced sputum eosinophils but not neutrophils were lower in mild compared to the moderate and severe asthma cohorts. Conclusions The ADEPT study successfully enrolled asthmatics across a spectrum of severity and non-atopic controls. Clinical characteristics were related to asthma severity and in general asthma characteristics e.g. lung function, were stable over 12 months. Use of the ADEPT data should prove useful in defining biological phenotypes to facilitate personalized therapeutic approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0299-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.