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Sapphire is one of the most widely used electronic substrate materials in the industry. The manufacturing process of sapphire and such hard and brittle materials is extremely time and energy consuming because of their superior material properties in physical and chemical behaviors. In this study, the ultraviolet-curable resin is introduced into the fabrication of the diamond abrasive lapping plate as a bonding agent. A practical manufacturing process is established in the laboratory to develop an ultraviolet-curable resin bond fixed abrasive lapping plate for the precision machining of sapphire substrates, the machining performance of which is examined through a series of comparative experiments among the conventional fixed-abrasive lapping, the slurry-based lapping and this originally developed plate involved lapping. The surface topography and surface roughness of the machined sapphire workpieces are measured to evaluate the surface quality, and the weight loss of the workpieces in each machining process is recorded to estimate the respective machining efficiency. The promising results achieved from the ultraviolet-curable resin plate lapping process, in terms of a relatively higher material removal rate and better surface quality, indicate that the occurrence of a corporate action integrating both the advantages of the fixed abrasive grains and loose abrasive grains. A summarized hypothesis is drawn to describe the dynamically balanced state of the hybrid precision abrasive machining process, in which the 2-body abrasion and 3-body abrasion material removal mechanism participate simultaneously and interconvert to each other continuously.

In this article I try to present a different side of geography, the military geography. Military geography role is to study the characteristics of land in military terms and relief the importance of knowledge elements in organizing the fight. Knowledge of the field strengths can make the difference between victory and defeat, and applying appropriate tactics can change the tide of battle.

The article focuses on the chemistry of kaimoana shellfish in New Zealand, specifically their phospholipid composition and potential biological functions. The topics include the value of shellfish in traditional Māori diet, the significance of phospholipids and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in shellfish, and the use of analytical techniques to study phospholipid profiles.

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