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This article uses a survey of Development Studies (DS) professors and students in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom to answer three questions about academic DS. DS is defined in part by a commitment to improve the world, and the first questions ask if the respondents believe that DS lives up to this defining criteria. The second group of questions asks about the ethical commitments of DS academics and how these commitments inform our research and teaching. Finally, I explore cross-national variation in how we practice DS. I ask about the methods, training, and disciplinary norms of DS academics across the three countries. In asking about beliefs, values, and practices and in exploring cross-national variation in our answers, I seek to both build self-knowledge about DS academics as a cross-national epistemic community and also to encourage self-reflection about how we can harmonise our empirical beliefs, ethical commitments, and professional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept of recovery capital refers to the sum of resources that a person has available to initiate and continue a recovery process. This concept has not been greatly explored with people with persistent substance use disorder (SUD), whose recovery is often quite long. Method: We conducted 19 qualitative interviews with 19 people (9 men, 10 women) with persistent SUD to understand the personal strengths they use in their recovery. A gender-differentiated thematic analysis of the transcripts was conducted. Findings: The analysis paints a portrait of people who, despite their difficulties, managed to use their skills and develop new ones to confront their problems: introspection, perseverance, self-belief, knowledge about recovery, etc. For women in particular, the ability to assert themselves appears to have been a survival tool in their trajectory. For most of the participants, material and financial resources were most lacking in their recovery process. Faced with a precarious financial situation, several women spoke of the need to get organized and be proactive in finding ways to support themselves. Conclusion: Contrary to a deficit-focused perspective, the concept of recovery capital leads us to focus on what is going well in these people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of addressing racism in bioethics education by critically examining both the content and the pedagogical approaches used in teaching. Topics include the need to center diverse human experiences beyond trauma; the significance of creating inclusive learning environments; and the role of lived experiences and knowledge systems of marginalized communities in shaping bioethics curricula.

Forty years ago, Gallup proposed that theory of mind presupposes self‐awareness. Following Humphrey, his hypothesis was that individuals can infer the mental states of others thanks to the ability to monitor their own mental states in similar circumstances. Since then, advances in several disciplines, such as comparative and developmental psychology, have provided empirical evidence to test Gallup's hypothesis. Herein, we review and discuss this evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The communication classroom has long explored various matters of speech. More recently, conversations about hate speech have emerged here. However, less attention has been paid to how hate is mobilized through communication. Thus, this course explores the communicative nature of hatred by interrogating its role in the formation of social identity and perpetuation of exclusionary discourses in our rhetorical landscape. Students engage in self-reflection by embracing theories of social identity, intergroup communication, and rhetoric to examine the concept of hatred while assignments improve students' comprehension of hate's communicative power, mobilizing potential, and constituting capacities. Course: This course is an upper-level undergraduate special topics course titled "The Mobilization of Hate." It can be situated in the recurring communication curriculum. Alternatively, content could be modified to serve as a themed version of other courses. Objectives: Students should be better equipped to: (1) recognize how intergroup formation centered on hate helps to constitute individuals' social identities; (2) comprehend how discourses of hate proliferate in public spaces; (3) understand various communicative processes that give rise to acts of hate; (4) articulate the individual, group-based, and rhetorical features of hate; and (5) recognize the personal, social, and rhetorical implications of the mobilization of hate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many organizations are adopting multiple team membership (MTM) as a job model to enhance competitiveness in the digital era. However, studies on MTM in management are still limited and there are few studies on how and when MTM stimulates employee creativity. Research has confirmed that psychological factors are key drivers of employee creativity. Therefore, we propose that MTM enhances creativity by increasing employee self-reflection. We propose that need for cognition moderates the positive effect of MTM on self-reflection and further moderates the above mediating effect. Drawing on the Software Process Hayes, model 4 is adopted to test the mediation, and model 7 is adopted to test the moderated mediation. The results show that MTM does not directly trigger creativity, but indirectly stimulates creativity through self-reflection. Furthermore, need for cognition strengthens the positive relationship between MTM and self-reflection and enhances the above mediating effect. Our study further riches the understanding of the relationship between MTM and creativity. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionWhile the stigma experienced by non-drinkers is well-documented, little is known about the factors that influence it. This study aims to test a sequential mediation model in which the amount of alcohol consumed by a drinker, predicts their experienced alcohol-related harm, which in turn predicts the concern they have for drinking and their negative attitudes towards non-drinkers.A sample of 787 Australian drinkers (Mage = 38.4 years, SD = 11.4) completed online measures of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, concern for drinking and the Cheers Attitudes towards Non-drinker Scale (CANS): a scale that measures the negative attitudes toward non-drinkers via three threats non-drinkers are perceived to pose to drinkers (Threat to Fun, Connection, and Self).The model was shown to be a good fit and demonstrated a sequential mediation with significant indirect effects from alcohol consumption via experienced alcohol-related harms and concern, to each CANS subscale: Threat to Self (β = 0.402, p < 0.001), Fun (β = 0.096, p = 0.006) and Connection (β = 0.165, p < 0.001).The findings suggest that the stigma directed at non-drinkers may be enacted as a defence against an unwanted self-reflection from a drinker’s concern for their own drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GI fellowships do not mandate curricula in career development. Often, fellows resort to peer mentorship for guidance. Fellows should recognize that the path to a successful career varies greatly based on how one defines and measures success. Through introspection, fellows will be able to craft their ideal post-fellowship position that balances wants versus needs. In this article, we cover the breadth of post-fellowship opportunities available with a focus on unique considerations for LGBTQ+ and IMG trainees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Liang Qichao and Zhu Guangqian have carried out in-depth research on Tao Yuanming. Their interpretation of Tao showed many commonalities. They both paid attention to Tao Yuanming's era, personality and status; they both interpreted Tao Yuanming and his works from the perspective of emotion theory"; they both emphasize that Tao Yuanming's thoughts are more Confucian than Daoist. Their interpretations provide a more comprehensive material support for shaping a three-dimensional image of Tao Yuanming. These commonalities arise from their attention to the interpretation of Tao Qian and his works from a literary perspective and their implicit self-reflection in the process of interpreting Tao. This reminds future scholars to explore Tao Yuanming and his works from multiple perspectives and layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent theoretical perspectives have advanced that autobiographical memory processes are supported by interoception, the perception of internal bodily sensations. Yet, this relationship remains largely underexplored. The present study addressed this critical gap in the literature by systematically investigating the association between self-reported Interoceptive Sensibility and various individual differences measures of autobiographical memory. In Study 1, using a correlational approach in a large sample of participants (N = 247), we identified significant correlations between standardised measures of interoception and the general experience of autobiographical memory and the frequency of involuntary mental time travel. These associations remained significant even after controlling for potential confounding factors in terms of age, gender, and trait affectivity, underscoring their robustness. Study 2 replicated and extended the associations identified in Study 1 in another large participant sample (N = 257), further validating them by accounting for the potential confounding effect of well-being. Our findings demonstrate that individuals' ability to perceive and understand bodily signals robustly relates to how they experience autobiographical memories. By adopting an exploratory approach based on individual differences, our results provide novel and concrete insights into the association between interoception and autobiographical memory, providing a strong foundation for future investigations into the causal mechanisms connecting these two constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores reflexivity in qualitative research, challenging conventional perspectives that revolve around the binary of 'insider' and 'outsider' positioning. While traditionally reflexivity has been understood through the lens of a researcher's socio-historical positionality, we argue for a more dynamic understanding, emphasizing that academic self-formation is an ongoing process of self-creation. Drawing inspiration from the ancient Akadēmía, where writing was a method of self-reflection, we recontextualize reflexive qualitative writing, aligning it with Foucault's interpretations of Ancient Greek and Renaissance concepts. We posit that writing, especially in doctoral research, is not just a tool for communication but a means of self-formation. This perspective redefines reflexivity as a transformative intellectual and existential process. The paper critically examines the prevailing insider/outsider binary in the research literature, suggesting that researcher identities are fluid and constantly shaped by interactions. By integrating Foucault's later work on ethics, we explore the ethical dimensions of reflexivity and the formation of the ethical subject. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the academic discourse on reflexivity, offering a more fluid, transformative view of the doctoral process and reflexive writing in qualitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective requirements elicitation is crucial for the success of large-scale software projects. However, challenges arise when customers are unavailable or unable to express their needs clearly. This research presents a cost-effective model to address these challenges and facilitate efficient requirements elicitation in such scenarios. The survey is used to investigate the significance of the requirements elicitation process and its impact on software project outcomes. The key themes that emerged from the survey analysis are the importance of the elicitation process, the value of prior experience, the impact of poor requirements definition, customer engagement and communication, schedule adherence, and previous success and confidence. Based on these findings, the proposed model provides a systematic framework for requirements elicitation. It encompasses essential components such as determining customer availability, gathering domain understanding, defining project scope and objectives, conducting personal and collective introspection, consolidating requirements, refining and prioritizing requirements, developing an initial Software Requirements Specification (SRS) version, and validating requirements. This research article contributes valuable insights into the requirements elicitation process and presents a practical model that enhances understanding and capturing stakeholder needs when customer involvement is challenging, accelerates elicitation and analysis processes, improves requirements documentation accuracy and completeness, and offers competitive market advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple self-experiment allows for the measurement of individual pedestrian movements, aiming to understand the deviations from intended directions seen in heterogeneous human crowds. The method involves pedestrian self-observations using the GPS sensor of a smartphone, providing a unique perspective on individual behavior within a crowd and offering a means to evaluate average pedestrian speed. The study is focused on individual mobility in the context of a heterogeneous crowd rather than the behavior of a crowd composed of similar types of people. With this study, an important contribution to the understanding of interpersonal distances in heterogeneous crowds is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note discusses the relationship between AU Introspection (i.e., an agent is unaware of some event, then she is unaware of that she is unaware of the event) and Symmetry (i.e., an agent is unaware of some event if and only if she is unaware of the complement set) for non-trivial unawareness (i.e., there is an event an agent is unaware of). without Negative Introspection using a set-theoretical approach in standard state-space models. Previous studies have explored the equivalence between Negative Introspection and AU Introspection, or the equivalence between Negative Introspection and Symmetry, by assuming Necessitation of the knowledge operator. As a corollary, AU Introspection is equivalent to Symmetry. However, no studies have shown the relationship between AU Introspection and Symmetry without Necessitation. Therefore, we explore this issue. Our main result shows that if the knowledge operator satisfies Monotonicity, Truth, and Positive introspection, then Modica and Rustichini's definition of unawareness leads to the equivalence of AU Introspection and Symmetry. In other words, we show that both AU Introspection and Symmetry hold without clashing with non-trivial unawareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are we acquainted with the self in experience? It may seem so. After all, we tend to be confident in our own existence. A natural explanation for this confidence is that the self somehow shows up in experience. Yet philosophers in both the Eastern and Western philosophical traditions have been sceptical of self-acquaintance. Despite centuries of debate, the matter remains controversial. But the persistence of this dispute is puzzling. Why can we not simply settle this question by introspection? Here, many philosophers hold that the self is elusive. Hence, to address this question we need to use a more indirect method. To this end, philosophers have turned to pathologies of self-awareness such as depersonalization and thought insertion to argue for self-acquaintance, a strategy I label the Pathology Argument. In this paper, I criticize the Pathology Argument on the grounds that we can better explain the symptoms of these disorders without appeal to self-acquaintance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Students' self-regulation skills and self-efficacy are linked to performance and are considered essential for lifelong learning. Understanding these skills and their development is crucial for educational success and long-term personal growth. Methods: In this study, 60 students attending a university-level collaborative design course were recruited as participants. They were initially classified into three groups [high, mixed, and low self-efficacy (SE)] based on the initial test results. Students' written reflections were then analyzed using epistemic network analysis (ENA), aiming to explore the characteristics and developmental trajectories of self-regulated learning (SRL). Results: Comparing with the other two groups, the high self-efficacy (HSE) group demonstrated: (1) more behavioral characteristics of SRL in the performance and self-reflection stages, (2) an earlier development of interest 91 in the task and recognition of its value during collaborative design activities, 92 followed by the utilization of more cognitive and metacognitive strategies; and (3) an "anticipation-behavior-reflection" loop in the self-regulation process. Discussion: These findings highlight the importance of fostering high self-efficacy among students to enhance their self-regulated learning capabilities and overall academic performance. Strategies for improving learners' SRL and future research directions were provided accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether delusions of thought insertion constitute a counterexample against the so-called principle of immunity to error through misidentification. After distinguishing different formulations of the principle in the literature, we suggest that thought insertion does not undermine it. After, we clarify the concept of psychological self-adscription in its use relative to first-person pronouns in the context of the debate about the relationship between thought insertion and immunity to error through misidentification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe focus of the tourism industry has shifted to travel experiences that transform self-values, perspectives, and behaviors to positively contribute to an individual’s well-being and society. This study aims to explore the transformative travel experiences of Southeast Asian female solo travelers. It focuses on understanding how transformation happens from the perspectives of female solo travelers. This study adopted a qualitative semi-structured interview method to explore the perspectives of 15 Southeast Asian female solo travelers. Three themes were identified: the need for solitude, differences as a transforming catalyst, and self-realization and self-improvement. The findings of this study not only contribute to the growing research on travel transformation and Southeast Asian female solo travelers but also highlight critical factors of transformative solo travel experiences to assist practitioners in designing tourism experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents reflections on our pre-Covid-19 exhibition Care and Control, and our interdisciplinary collaboration between artist Alice Tatton Brown and social scientists Maud Perrier and Junko Yamashita. The reflections expand current feminist debates about self-care and collective care by centring the importance of public space, refusals and contracts. Care and Control was designed as both an exhibition and a meeting place, created through our ongoing collaboration. It took place in a shopping centre in Bristol (UK) in June 2019. The exhibition was a collage of feminist archival objects and print, contemporary installation and community engagement. Care and Control began broadly as an experiment to seek out alternatives to an individualist approach to self-care, by researching how Women's Liberation Activists practised self-care and collective care beyond the household, and within protest, friendship and public space. In this article, we make a methodological contribution to feminist discussions of collective care by showing how our strategy of a) making a public exhibition and b) writing a Contract of Care is a significant technique for enacting some of the promise of Audre Lorde's 'self-care as warfare'. We show how Care and Control, drawing from the legacy of the Women's Liberation Movement, generated resources for countering definitions of self-care that predominate. Reflecting on how the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated classed, racialised and gendered divisions in reproductive labour, our article suggests that self-care and collective care need to be conceptualised drawing on social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how—and the extent to which—news organizations covered allegations of sexual misconduct in instances of their own employees being caught in the #MeToo spotlight. The study applies Benoit's image repair theory to investigate what repair strategies—if any—were reflected in the news coverage. It also examines media self-criticism, exploring whether organizations engaged in self-reflection. Content analysis of 138 news items published April 2017–October 2018 included coverage of 55 accused journalists at 33 organizations. In all, 35% of news organizations did not produce any stories about their accused journalist. For those that did, news stories emphasized corrective actions and attempts to reduce offensiveness. Accused journalists were sourced more frequently than their accusers, with the former denying allegations in 42% of stories. Accused journalists also employed the strategy of attacking their accusers. Organizational self-criticism or reflection was evidenced in just over one-third of the stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking inside themselves is the best way for young planners to grow their practice. Practical advice is given about the importance of self-reflection and mentoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counsellors as peace educators are to foster a peaceful mindset to students. However, not every peace counsellor shares peaceful thinking with clients or students with problems as a gap. Peace group leaders can integrate counselling as a science with religion through the design and stages of peace group counselling (PGC). This research aims to design and organize PGC stages to facilitate peaceful thinking patterns in peace counsellors/educators (PC/E) to foster peaceful thinking patterns. Integrative literature review as a research model by collecting data through documentation with relevant books and journals, then analyzing it descriptively and qualitatively. The research findings found that the PC/E's duties as imams (group leaders) and kaffah individuals have therapeutic abilities. PC/E combines peaceful thinking with help from God. The PGC process has three stages: initial, work, and the final. The work stages combine the sub-stages of peace counselling, starting from rational, exploring the root causes of peaceful thoughts, self-reflection, seeking, and searching for peaceful thought patterns, looking for different forms and behaviors of peaceful thought patterns towards God's teachings as a novelty, and ending with evaluation and follow-up. PC/E implements the PGC design and stages so that individuals can cultivate a peaceful mindset through training and experimental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the effect of narcissism on consumers' affective reaction to advertising. Narcissists are burdened with the duality of the overinflated self-view and the vulnerability of the unrealistic ego. They tend to be paranoid of the mere introspection of self-image, because such introspection can expose the vulnerability they have been diligent to avoid. Therefore, ads that are closely relevant to the viewer's self-image can lead to a negative affective response. Several experiments show support for this hypothesis and illustrate implications for advertising practice. Taking into consideration reports that narcissism is on the rise within the population, promotional ads that expect to encounter narcissistic consumers should consider the appeal relevant to self-image with caution, while preventive ads, such as those based on fear appeal, can benefit from enhanced relevance to this audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the large-scale L. I. Petrazyski’s theory of law, which is filled with new ideas that introduced into methodology, psychology and philosophy of law. The article is targeted to explore the mental structure of consciousness developed by Petrazyski, which is adaptable to a wide range of legal norms and subjective standards for assessing the content of legal experience. Methodology and methods. The dialectical method of discussion was used, supplemented by the deductive method and the method of critical analysis. Results. According to Petrazyski, law itself contains a dichotomy of individual imperative and external instructions for fulfilling duties. Understanding of internal imperative is formed in the mind under the influence of legal experience gained in everyday life. On this basis, an intuitive right is formed that determines a person’s attitude to social activities and personal behavior. The idea of ​​intuitive law runs through all of Petrazycki’s works, which gives him the opportunity to build the concept of a historically inextricable connection between morality and law, resulting in the correct formation of legal norms, changes in social life, and movement towards the common good and justice. It is concluded that Petrazyski’s main contribution to the theory and philosophy of law lies in his firm belief in the unity of law, morality and psychology, as a distinctive characteristic of intuitive law from positive law. Practical implication. The results of the work can be used for further research into Petrazyski’s philosophical and legal ideas of law.

The central focus of this paper is on the concept of Digital Wisdom, which is defined as the degree to which a person is in conscious relationship with digital environments and technologies. The author identifies and discusses the three domains of Digital Wisdom: “know thyself,” “know the humans,” and “know the machines.” Through a comprehensive analysis of literature, tools, and processes, the author provides insights into how netizens – individuals in online environments – can develop Digital Wisdom within each of these domains. The article also explores the interplay between the three domains and highlights the potential consequences of AI advancements on human cognition and mental well-being. By offering a detailed framework for cultivating Digital Wisdom, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on fostering a more balanced and holistic approach to understanding and engaging with the digital world amidst the rapidly advancing AI landscape, and in doing so create a Deep Future.

Critical thinking (CT) is frequently mentioned as a key competence in sustainability curricula. In this context our era is often diagnosed as being 'post-truth', indicating an epistemic concern. However, emerging 'post-sustainable' views in education indicate that environmental crises are posing increasingly existential concerns, which might partly explain why simple consciousness-raising sometimes faces denial or fails to promote sustainable action. To overcome this challenge, we undertake a philosophical critique of modern (individual, rational, autonomous) subjectivity assumed in CT and much of curricular thinking. We follow the 'ontological turn' where criticality means self-reflective questioning of one's own being-in-the-world. One acute question concerns energy, especially fossil fuels, which constitute much of the autonomous experience of modern, critical subjectivity, while simultaneously endangering the future horizon of that same subjectivity. Climate strikes at schools and the yellow vest movements indicate, in their own ways, how ecologically problematic fossil fuels are bending modern rationality into unpredicted directions. Metaphoric Archimedes and his 'circles in the sand' demonstrate the vulnerability of critical thought facing post-sustainability. This vulnerability should be addressed in curriculum theory, since it is interdependent persons—rather than independent subjects—who are open to sustainable transformation and action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Self-reflection competence is recognized as a key leadership skill that leads to learning from one's own experiences, drawing conclusions, and shaping one's actions in the future with a sense of job satisfaction. At the same time, research in the field of leadership is insufficient on this topic. Therefore, this article aims to determine the significance of the self-reflection competence of a leader for organizational commitment, well-being, and organizational performance, which can be a measure of good leadership. Design/methodology/approach: The research was conducted among 200 managers of Polish enterprises from October 2022 to January 2023. In this study, the online questionnaire and convenience sampling were used. Findings: The analysis results indicate a positive and significant impact of self-reflection competence on well-being, commitment, and organizational results, contributing to the development of a comprehensive approach to leadership. Research limitations: Firstly, the research sample is not large. Secondly, the study used a self-reflection competence scale that included general statements about reflection. It was not asked how often the leader practices reflection and whether it concerns positive or negative aspects. Practical implications: Leaders in organizations should remember to practice reflections, which should not be an activity only in exceptional circumstances, but rather a part of the routine of everyday professional duties. Leaders should also engage employees in reflection practices, as collective reflection brings value to the organization. Originality/value: The significance of self-reflection competency contributes to theory and practice toward a comprehensive approach to leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to indicate the direction of changes in the instruments of people management, which will correspond to greater interactivity, strengthening the creativity of thinking and flexibility of action of managers and employees by incorporating constructive dialogue into coaching practice. Design/methodology/approach: The article is theoretical and based on literature studies on the subject. Findings: Coaching is, next to mentoring, the most mature form of supporting human potential, bringing out the best in people. Constructive dialogue is at the heart of a coaching relationship, based on respect and trust, constructive communication, strong questions, feedback and self-reflection. The article presents the essence, models, conditions and benefits of using constructive dialogue in coaching and tips for the use of the DIALOG tool. Practical and social implications: Analyses have shown that not every supervisor can and should be a coach. In order for a manager to use the key element of the coach's work – constructive dialogue, in his cooperation with subordinates, he should be a participant in the coaching process, learning and practicing this way of communicating and shaping a strong superior-subordinate relationship. It is a ground for changing old habits, readiness to take on challenges, acquiring new competences based on the potential and strengths of the manager and employee. Orginality/value: The article is aimed at managers to increase the effectiveness of people management by creating a safe, creative space for development, building relationships of partnership, trust, respect and openness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Recent proprietary large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4, have achieved a milestone in tackling diverse challenges in the biomedical domain, ranging from multiple-choice questions to long-form generations. To address challenges that still cannot be handled with the encoded knowledge of LLMs, various retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods have been developed by searching documents from the knowledge corpus and appending them unconditionally or selectively to the input of LLMs for generation. However, when applying existing methods to different domain-specific problems, poor generalization becomes apparent, leading to fetching incorrect documents or making inaccurate judgments. In this paper, we introduce Self-BioRAG , a framework reliable for biomedical text that specializes in generating explanations, retrieving domain-specific documents, and self-reflecting generated responses. We utilize 84k filtered biomedical instruction sets to train Self-BioRAG that can assess its generated explanations with customized reflective tokens. Our work proves that domain-specific components, such as a retriever, domain-related document corpus, and instruction sets are necessary for adhering to domain-related instructions. Using three major medical question-answering benchmark datasets, experimental results of Self-BioRAG demonstrate significant performance gains by achieving a 7.2% absolute improvement on average over the state-of-the-art open-foundation model with a parameter size of 7B or less. Similarly, Self-BioRAG outperforms RAG by 8% Rouge-1 score in generating more proficient answers on two long-form question-answering benchmarks on average. Overall, we analyze that Self-BioRAG finds the clues in the question, retrieves relevant documents if needed, and understands how to answer with information from retrieved documents and encoded knowledge as a medical expert does. We release our data and code for training our framework components and model weights (7B and 13B) to enhance capabilities in biomedical and clinical domains. Availability and implementation Self-BioRAG is available at https://github.com/dmis-lab/self-biorag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a prominent strand of thought in analytic philosophy of mind, certain judgments of the form “a is F” are such that, although one can be mistaken about what property it is that a has, one cannot be mistaken that it is a that has the relevant property. Judgments of this kind are said to be immune to error through misidentification (IEM). This article has two main aims. On the one hand, it responds to a need for a systematization of the debate about immunity to error through misidentification, which consists of multiple contributions in epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and metaphysics that have accumulated throughout the last 80 years – since the publication of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Blue Book – and which no one – to the best of our knowledge – has drawn together in an exhaustive and accessible way. On the other hand, the article will take a stand on matters concerning the nature, scope, explanation, and significance of immunity to error through misidentification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether the average levels and the temporal extension of self-continuity varied over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Three demographically matched adult life-span samples (n = 223 each) were gathered in the U.S. in fall 2016, summer 2020, and winter 2022/23. Participants rated their self-continuity 1/5/10 years into the past and future. Multi-level analyses examined the effects of temporal distance, past/future direction, and assessment time while controlling for demographics. The tendencies to report lower self-continuity for more distant times and for past versus future were weaker during the pandemic, and past/future differences remained after the pandemic. Discussion focuses on the possibility of mid-pandemic slowed time perception, increasing nostalgic self-reflection, and uncertainty about the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores methods of humanizing literacy learning through student discussion. Topics discussed include the benefits of practicing high-quality discourse within learning to students, and the use of self-reflection in launching inquiry cycles that focus on strengthening critical literacy practices within the class discourse.

Purpose of article: to highlight the results of an empirical research on the gender characteristics of the differential type of reflection in higher education students in relation to social intelligence. Systemic reflection, which allows simultaneous coverage of both the subject and object poles, is found at a high level in all male and almost all female participants; at an average level, it is found in a small number of female participants. Introspection, which promotes focusing on the experiences of both own and other people, is identified at a high level in three-fifths of the male participants and slightly less than one-second of the female participants; at an average level, it is found in two-fifths of the male participants and slightly more than one-second of the female participants. Quasi-reflection, which involves detachment from the real situation due to a focus on an ideal object, is found at a high level in three-fifths of the male participants and slightly more than one-second of the female participants; at an average level, it is found in two-fifths of the male participants and slightly less than one-second of the female participants. No low levels of systemic reflection, introspection, or quasi-reflection were observed. Statistically significant differences were found only in the levels of introspection between male and female participants. Statistically significant correlations between the overall social intelligence indicator and systemic reflection, introspection, and quasi-reflection have demonstrated that reflection is a psychological mechanism of the development of social intelligence in higher education students with special educational needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many philosophers endorse the Transparency Thesis, the claim that by introspection one cannot become aware of one's experience. Recently, some authors have suggested that the Transparency Thesis is challenged by introspective states reached under mindfulness. We label this the Mindfulness Opacity Hypothesis. The present paper develops the hypothesis in important new ways. First, we motivate the hypothesis by drawing on recent clinical psychology and cognitive science of mindfulness. Secondly, we develop the hypothesis by describing the implied shift in experiential perspective, the scope of introspectable qualities, and the level of skill. Thirdly, we defend the hypothesis against various philosophical arguments. We conclude that the Mindfulness Opacity Hypothesis is empirically and theoretically well motivated and supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) reaches its 75th- year anniversary, it is important to reflect on the past, examine the present, and to imagine the future of the alliance. NATO has had periodic self-reflections in the past, including the influential 1967 Harmel Report. Importantly, the report laid out the rationale for a dual-track NATO policy that would retain a strong deterrence posture while moving toward a détente with the Soviet Union and later toward cooperation with Russia. While Russia's war against Ukraine rages, it is impossible to return to a more cooperative relationship with Russia. Yet, NATO's history demonstrates that conflict with Russia is not inevitable. In any case, only a strong NATO can prevent that conflict and provide stability to the transatlantic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review investigated the extant literature regarding the relationship between eating disorder diagnoses and sensory processing as measured by validated and reliable self‐report inventories. Increasing evidence highlights the role of sensory processing in cognitive functions. Sensory processing is implicated in mental‐ill health, including eating disorders (ED) and body image disturbances. However, the pathophysiological underpinnings of sensory processing, encompassing exteroception and interoception, in relation to ED remain underexplored. Method: We included studies involving participants aged 15 years or older with an eating disorder diagnosis confirmed by semi‐structured or structured interviews. We further limited inclusion to articles using validated and reliable self‐report instruments to measure sensory processing. Our meta‐analysis focused on studies using the interoceptive awareness subscale from the second version of the Eating Disorder Inventory. We used the Critical Appraisal checklist for quasi‐experimental studies to assess the quality of included articles. Results: There were 19 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Most studies showed moderate‐to‐high quality. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) were associated with heightened exteroception. Moreover, people with AN reported a heightened sense of taste compared to those with BN. Our meta‐analysis comprising 10 studies, 19 samples, and 6382 participants revealed that AN (binge‐purge subtype) and BN were associated with increased interoceptive difficulties compared to AN (restrictive subtype) or binge‐eating disorder. Discussion: Overall, this review emphasizes the need for a deeper investigation into sensory processing, spanning both exteroception and interoception, in relation to ED. This may prove important for individualizing person‐centered care. Public significance: How people process internal, for example, hunger, and external, for example, taste and sensations is known to influence cognition and mental‐ill health, including ED and body image disturbances. However, the ways in which sensory processing may contribute to ED are incompletely understood. We found that individuals with AN or BN experienced heightened exteroception, while people with an eating disorder characterized by purging reported increased interoceptive difficulties. These patterns could inform the development of more personalized treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the need for a pedagogical re-orientation in UK higher education to prepare graduates to overcome wicked problems. In addition to key knowledge sets, graduates need attributes of critical self-reflection, risk-awareness and management, collaboration, creativity, agility, reflexivity – enabling the ability to manage the unknown. In response, researchers have acknowledged the importance of pedagogies that are risk-oriented, creative, and reflective to remedy modernist banking methods. This paper acknowledges that while such pedagogies are underutilised, an antagonistic dichotomy between modernist banking methods (bad) and enquiry and risk-oriented approaches (good) is unhelpful as both approaches are necessary. This paper develops a metamodern framework to guide pedagogic practices to facilitate a disposition among learning strategists and practitioners which embraces oscillation between banking and radical pedagogic approaches. In turn this enables the development of student sensibilities, empowering them to challenge the growing wickedness with which they must do battle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key aspect of engaging in a large participatory action research (PAR) project is ensuring that novice participant-researchers have a general understanding of the PAR methodology. Lead researchers experienced in action research cannot expect novice participant-researchers to engage fully with the literature on PAR, but rather need a simple way to ensure their collaborative partners understand the research process they have committed to. This paper presents 'The 7Cs of Participatory Action Research' framework, a clear model that both novice action researchers and participant-researchers could use as a starting point for identifying key action research experts and identifying their own unique PAR approach relevant to their context. The framework provides a brief overview of the literature related to each concept and poses a series of questions that can inform the planning phase of the research so that participant-researchers can visualise putting PAR methodology into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that Counselling Psychology is underpinned by both Humanist and Post-Modern epistemologies, and that it holds the practitioner's 'use of self' in the service of the therapeutic relationship to be paramount in the therapeutic encounter. Although Humanism and Post-Modernism can both provide theoretical pretexts for the use of self, these stances to knowledge can be experienced as in conflict with each other, and so generate ambiguity and conflict for trainees. The academic (University) contexts of training courses can feed into aspects of these epistemological conflicts in that they uphold individualist-objectivist stances to knowledge/evidence and styles of communication. In this paper psychological literature is drawn upon to explore how trainees are positioned by the discourses of 'self and 'development' that are available to them, with particular reference to the discourse of 'reflective-practice'. The concept of a plural and dialogical self is used to suggest augmenting the manner in which personal and professional development is conducted and assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenal view of thought holds that thinking is an experience with phenomenal character that determines what the thought is about. This paper develops and responds to the objection that the phenomenal view is chauvinistic: it withholds thoughts from creatures that in fact have them. I develop four chauvinism objections to the phenomenal view—one from introspection, one from interpersonal differences, one from thought experiments, and one from the unconscious thought paradigm in psychology—and show that the phenomenal view can resist all four. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text is a review study of the lexicon František Mihina (ed.): Personalities of Slovak Philosophy of the 20th Century, Bratislava 2023, which characterizes the main idea of each lexicon entry. It emphasizes the extraordinary need to look with a calm eye and a sober mind at the events of the self-reflection of Slovak culture in the form of a probe into the contemporary Slovak philosophy. The review positively evaluates the contribution of the authors specifically in the context of the inscendentalizing break in the culture of the 21st century, consisting in the turning inwards, into oneself of all layers and directions of civilization and its bearers after the onset of the second axial era as a condition of survival after the exhaustion of the planet's existential resources. In our national context, it highlights precisely the timeliness of the contribution of the authors to the intensification of an intergenerational dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the critical need for realistic emergency training in industries where non-stationary conditions can quickly escalate into accidents or incidents. Real-life training is often impractical due to safety concerns and cost constraints. Consequently, incorporating immersive technologies into training curricula becomes crucial. This research explores participants' self-reflection on safety readiness during virtual reality (VR) emergency training and investigates the impact of interactive versus passive exposure to emergency situations in VR. Three distinct exposure methods were developed, varying in the degree of participant involvement. Surprisingly, no statistically significant differences were found among the groups, indicating a positive perception of VR emergency training regardless of the exposure method. Participants valued the opportunity to safely make mistakes, witness consequences, and repeat procedures in VR. They believed such training enhanced their real-life emergency responses by fostering calmness, quick thinking, and prudent reactions. However, some participants expressed skepticism, suggesting that VR training might not accurately simulate real-life stress conditions. Future research should explore the impact of photorealistic VR experiences on operators' perceptions and assess the benefits of additional efforts in VR development for emergency training. • Participants' self-reflection on safety readiness in VR emergency training. • Impact of interactive versus passive exposure to emergency situations in VR. • VR emergency training perceived to enhance real-life emergency responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this response essay, Ceva and Ferretti reply to their critics and clarify some key aspects of their book. Specifically, the discussion starts by elaborating on the notion of an ethics of office accountability, explaining that the specification of institutional norms of officeholders behaviour is the result of practices of officeholders' interaction (including democratic practices) and reflection. The second theme is the responsibility for political corruption. The authors emphasise the importance of focussing not only on retrospective responsibility, for the sake of punishing corrupt behaviour, but especially on accountability as a form of self-reflection by the officeholders on the weaknesses of their institutional work together. This exercise is preliminary to their assuming forward-looking responsibilities for anti-corruption. The third and final part discusses political corruption as a specifically interactive wrong. For the authors, the magnitude and moral salience of the wrong of corruption, as well as the different wrongs implicated both from an interactive perspective and in consideration of the harm caused to third parties, must be assessed in light of the context and the moral standing of the public institution in question. In this sense, political corruption is a pro tanto wrong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This collective self-study chronicles the experiences and reflections of four women teacher educators living and working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collected between March 2020 and December 2021 centered on the following question: what were we, as teacher educators, experiencing professionally and personally as a result of the pandemic? The COVID-19 context presented a unique set of challenges and an additional layer of complexity highlighting intersections of policy, teacher education, and societal expectations. Findings connected to our professional identities as teacher educators included the need to reframe professional expectations and the impacts to historical narratives in teacher education. Personally, the complexity of mixing the personal and professional spheres and increased personal responsibilities emerged. Findings from this study reaffirm that when we have opportunities to access and learn from the lived experiences of others, we are better positioned to understand ourselves and the personal and professional roles we take on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-standing debate centres around our mental representation of landscape: is it experienced in largely the same way across all humans or is it shaped to some extent by cultural and linguistic experience? Previous research supporting differences across cultures has often relied on introspection or qualitative ethnolinguistic methods. Departing from this, we collected systematic sensory, motor, and emotion ratings for different landscape terms from 289 native speakers of German, English and French. The results show that speakers within and across groups agree to a large extent in their ratings of landscape terms, particularly in their sensory and motor associations. However, there is cultural shaping too. This suggests more caution is required when extrapolating findings about landscape understandings and preferences across cultures and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing experts are tasked with making important decisions that influence firms' performance. Some decision tasks are decomposable and can be broken down into smaller parts (e.g., pricing new products). Others are non‐decomposable and are challenging to break down (e.g., selecting creative work for advertising campaigns). The literature remains divided on whether expertise aids decision‐makers in addressing these different decision tasks, as well as how different decision‐making processes (critical analysis, intuition, introspection) improve decision‐makers' performance when they face these tasks. Using experiments with comparative samples of senior marketing managers (experts) and general public participants (non‐experts), we test whether expertise provides advantages when making decisions. Our results suggest that experts perform better than the general public with decomposable decision tasks, though not with non‐decomposable decision tasks. Furthermore, decision‐makers who rely on critical analysis perform better compared to intuition when addressing decomposable decision tasks, but the decision process is less important with non‐decomposable decision tasks. These findings provide insight into the conceptual boundaries of marketing professionals' expertise. Managers could apply these insights to potentially save resources (e.g., time, finances) by delegating decisions to more junior staff or even by leveraging external counsel through crowdsourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]