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Introduction I. The Interpretation Problem Revisited A. The Classic Approaches B. Toward a New Approach 1. Traditional Contracts 2. Modern Relational Contracts II. Unknown Court types and Inconsistent Beliefs A. [...], This Article makes two original contributions to the contract interpretation and renegotiation literatures. First, we introduce an underexplored cause of renegotiation failure: party uncertainty regarding the type of court that will interpret their contract. Parties may predict differently how the applicable court will weigh facts, apply legal rules, or interpret contracts. When parties disagree regarding the court's interpretive practices, they will assess their expected litigation payoffs differently. This could cause parties to litigate transactions rather than complete them, even when the parties agree on the economic parameters. Litigators know that differing predictions about what a court will do can impede settlement. We add that party uncertainty over court types can prevent parties from making efficient deals and continuing those deals to completion. Neither scholars nor courts have analyzed how the consequences of uncertainty over court types affects the parties' behavior. Our second contribution is to suggest a novel interpretive procedure that responds to uncertainty about both party and court types. Parties should be able to obtain a "midstream contract interpretation ": a judicial interpretation of their contract at the renegotiation stage rather than after a breach occurs. A midstream interpretation, in the form of a declaratory judgment or a new reformation remedy, would permit parties to learn about the applicable court and each other. As a result, parties would be more likely to continue an arrangement they would otherwise inefficiently terminate, or efficiently terminate a relationship without bearing unnecessary performance or litigation costs.

In the context of research on depression, previous studies have explained relationships between excessive-reassurance seeking and mental health from the perspective of interpersonal rejection by significant others. The present study examined the mechanisms underlying these relationships from the perspective of 'emotionships', which indicates the diversity of interpersonal networks for emotion regulation. We also examined how the most significant other's interpersonal acceptance plays a role in processes that underlie the relationship between excessive-reassurance seeking and mental health as mediated through emotionships. 118 students completed three questionnaires. First, they completed measures of excessive-reassurance seeking, depression and well-being. Second, to assess emotionships, participants nominated individuals they seek in different emotion regulation scenarios. Third, participants selected the most significant other that they nominated previously and answered questions about this individual's acceptance tendency. Moderated mediation analysis results indicated that in a case that the most significant other did not tend to accept others, those who engaged in excessive-reassurance seeking had fewer emotionships, and fewer emotionships predicted deterioration of well-being. In contrast, when the most significant other tended to accept others, these negative effects of ERS behavior on well-being via emotionships were not found. These findings suggest that maintaining interpersonal networks for emotion regulation and the most significant other's interpersonal acceptance may be important for preventing deterioration of mental health among excessive-reassurance seekers., Author(s): Kazuaki Abe [sup.1] , Kenichiro Nakashima [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.257022.0, 0000 0000 8711 3200, Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, , Hiroshima, Higashi, Japan Introduction [...]

Nurse educators serve a critical role in the preparation of future nurses not only through assisting them in the accumulation of empirical knowledge and clinical skills but also in their [...]

What are professional relationships? Let's first look at the two words that make up that phrase: 1. Professional: What words come to mind when I say professional? I think of [...]

Experts' knowledge has little practical value unless its recipients know how sound it is. It may even have negative value, if it induces unwarranted confidence or is so hesitant that [...]

Our understanding of the role natural resource users, and the governing institutions they create, has grown considerably in recent years. At the same time, our understanding of the role of trust in human interactions continues to grow. We use the case of New Zealand rock lobster (jasus edwardsii and Jasus verrauxi) to ask the question 'What is the role of trust in an individual's decision to participate in natural resource management institutions?' Using data from a survey of constituents of the commercial rock lobster fishery, our analysis shows an inverted 'U' relationship between trust and participation. We suggest that this may be described as a 'Goldilocks solution' in which having both too much and too little trust is problematic; but a healthy level of is 'just right.' Theoretical and policy implications of these findings and directions for future research are explored., I. Why Participate in Resource Governance? Commons, particularly ones that many groups depend upon for their livelihoods or cultural heritage, are often subject to overexploitation and degradation in what is [...]

Contracting relationships vary in the extent to which they are complete and involve formal contract specification as well as the extent to which they are based on strong relationships and rely on cooperation and trust. Where a contracting arrangement falls on these two continuums constitutes what this paper refers to as 'relationship design' and is likely to impact contractor performance. We use data from a survey of child-care centers and Head Start agencies in Ohio to examine the association between the design of contracting relationships and contractor performance. Contractor performance is assessed in two ways: an objective measure of violations identified by government inspectors and a perceptual self-rated measure of performance reported by the contracted service providers. Measures of relationship design are constructed using multiple survey items and are included in multivariate regression analyses while controlling for a variety of organizational characteristics. Findings suggest that contracts involving stronger relationships are positively associated with child-care center performance, and more complete contracts are negatively associated with performance when performance is measured using contractor self-reports. KEYWORDS: complete contract, contractor performance, relational contract, relationship design DOI 10.2753/PMR1530-9576340203

Perceived partner responsiveness is a core feature of close, satisfying relationships. But how does responsiveness originate? Can people create relationships characterized by high responsiveness and, consequently, higher quality relationships? The authors suggest that goals contribute to cycles of responsiveness between two people, improving relationship quality for both of them. The present studies examine (a) how interpersonal goals initiate responsiveness processes in close relationships, (b) the self-perpetuating nature of these processes, and (c) how responsiveness evolves dynamically over time through both intrapersonal projection and reciprocal interpersonal relationship processes. In a semester-long study of 115 roommate dyads, actors' compassionate and self-image goals predicted a cycle of responsiveness between roommates, occurring within weeks and across the semester. In a 3-week study of 65 roommate dyads, actors' goals again predicted cycles of responsiveness between roommates, which then contributed to both actors' and partners' relationship quality. Results suggest that both projection and reciprocation of responsiveness associated with compassionate goals create upward spirals of responsiveness that ultimately enhance relationship quality for both people. Keywords: responsiveness, relationship quality, interpersonal goals DOI: 10.1037/a0018186

Little is known about why some people experience greater temporal fluctuations of relationship perceptions over short periods of time, or how these fluctuations within individuals are associated with relational processes that can destabilize relationships. Two studies were conducted to address these questions. In Study 1, long-term dating partners completed a 14-day diary study that assessed each partner's daily partner and relationship perceptions. Following the diary phase, each couple was videotaped trying to resolve the most important unresolved problem from the diary period. As predicted, (a) individuals who trusted their partners less reported greater variability in perceptions of relationship quality across the diary period; (b) they also perceived daily relationship-based conflict as a relatively more negative experience; and (c) greater variability in relationship perceptions predicted greater self-reported distress, more negative behavior, and less positive behavior during a postdiary conflict resolution task (rated by observers). The diary results were conceptually replicated in Study 2a, in which older cohabiting couples completed a 21-day diary. These same participants also took part in a reaction-time decision-making study (Study 2b), which revealed that individuals tend to compartmentalize positive and negative features of their partners if they (individuals) experienced greater variability in relationship quality during the 2l-day diary period and were involved in higher quality relationships. These findings advance researchers' understanding of trust in intimate relationships and provide some insight into how temporal fluctuations in relationship quality may undermine relationships. Keywords: trust, variability, relationships, perceptions, satisfaction DOI: 10.1037/a0019714

Summary Engaging in meaningful social interaction is central to quality of life and this does not diminish following the move to a care home. However, social interaction in this setting [...]

Because on-again/off-again (on-off) relationships typically maintain their relationships in some form even after relational dissolution, a communication process that may be particularly relevant to understanding these relationships is relational maintenance. Using cross-sectional data, the current study assessed relational maintenance, uncertainty, and commitment to further understand how on-off relationships differ from relationships that do not have a history of renewals (i.e., noncyclical relationships). The sample of 487 participants completed a survey on either their current dating relationship or a postdissolution relationship. As predicted, on-off partners used less maintenance behaviors than noncyclical partners in current relationships, bur, contrary to predictions, on-off partners did not use more maintenance behaviors in their postdissolution relationships than partners without a history of renewing. Path models assessing the interrelationships among maintenance, relationship uncertainty, and commitment also suggest relational maintenance operates somewhat differently in on-off and noncyclical relationships, Implications for on-off as well as dating relationships in general are discussed. Keywords: On-again/Off-again Relationships; Relational Maintenance; Uncertainty; Commitment DOI: 10.1080/03637750903514292

Drawing upon 44 in-depth interviews with men in HIV-discordant gay couples (only one man is HIV-positive) in Mexico, I explore whether being aware of the risk of primary infection or re-infection leads to protected sex. The results have policy implications, as the findings show that a significant number of men have participated in unprotected sex. An explanation is that these men perceive unprotected sex as an expression of commitment to their relationship. On the other hand, those who reported always using protection during sex perceive that guarding each other's health provides mutual benefit and shows their commitment to their relationship. KEYWORDS HIV-discordance, condom use, homosexuality, meanings of sex, sexual practices, gay couples, anal intercourse, unprotected sex, sexual foreplay, Mexico DOI: 10.1080/00918360903445855

The study examines the negative perceptions of reciprocity using data from people doing house moving activities and their avoidance of feeling indebted to neighbors and other people due to certain favors. They turn to the market to do the work for them so as to avoid the gift economy.

Face games are used by the study to determine sense-making in a consultancy task force. Findings show the role of early impressions on hindering further exchanges and group sense-making results and the impact of participants' ability in creating interaction orders towards a working consensus.

Suburban and residential areas have often been associated with everyday, routine and family relations, and this article explores how everyday life and sociality are changing in suburban areas in the context of what is variously called the post-industrial and borderless city. The article suggests that such areas can be seen as under-appreciated in our evaluation of what constitutes the quality of city life. The article develops a social practice perspective drawing on Goffman, and is based on empirical work carried out in two newly-built suburban areas in greater Copenhagen. Approximately twenty residents from young families were interviewed and asked to take photos. These residents all had middleclass, but different educational backgrounds. The analysis shows that residents want to maintain a sense of the city, seeking different ways of doing so, and hence continuing to being cosmopolitan. At the same time, sociality, relations to others and personal boundary-setting become an issue. The analysis shows how personal boundaries are negotiated, challenged and renegotiated, differing over time and at different spatial scales. KEYWORDS: suburban, city, residential/housing areas, everyday life, sociality, INTRODUCTION The suburbs are commonly represented as anonymous, timeless and ordinary places, where residents are concerned with living in conformity with social conventions. It has been argued that there is [...]

Marketplaces play an important role as a social space where social encounters and connections disprove the social association decline, and support the marginalized groups' inclusion and co-mingling of differences as possible scenarios. Results using ethnographic materials and their implications are discussed.

The potential 'downside' of social capital has received relatively limited attention in research to date. In this article, the author presents a theoretical approach to urban crime and criminogenic conditions that emphasizes the potential for competition between two types of social capital, social network-based reciprocated exchange and collective efficacy, in the regulation of neighborhood crime. This 'negotiated coexistence' approach hypothesizes that as network interaction and reciprocated exchange among neighborhood residents increase, offenders and conventional residents become increasingly interdependent. In turn, the social capital provided by network integration of offenders may diminish the regulatory effectiveness of collective efficacy. Using data from the 1990 Census and the 1994-1995 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey, the author tests the negotiated-coexistence model against competing expectations regarding the association between networks, collective efficacy, and crime. Consistent with the negotiated-coexistence approach, ordinary least squares and spatial regression models of property crime and social disorder indicate that the regulatory effects of collective efficacy on crime are reduced in neighborhoods characterized by high levels of network interaction and reciprocated exchange. Keywords: negotiated coexistence; collective efficacy; networks; property crime; disorder

As an analyst and an analysand, we explore reasons for not 'doing' psychoanalysis in the last third of life when our own experience became sufficiently intense to make self-exploration through pain undesirable. For the analyst, self-knowledge was inseparable from the therapeutic process: she discovered and created her selves in therapeutic relationships, which meant living in the pain of others. The analysand needed to know whether she could reinvent her life, after one of its lengthiest and most complex phases had ended. The analyst decided to turn away from a primary focus on the therapeutic other in order to commit herself to being alive with more pleasure. The analysand decided that she did not need to go back in order to move forward. For both, it was the formation of a new relationship in the last third of life that created the environment for mutual recognition and libratory self-discovery. KEYWORDS aging, psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, termination, transference

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION I. THE LAW INSTINCT HYPOTHESIS A. On the Three Essential Features of a Legal System 1. Distinguishing Legal Systems from Other Types of Normative Behavior 2. [...], The widely held view is that legal systems develop in response to purposeful efforts to achieve economic, political, or social objectives. An alternative view is that reliance on legal systems to organize social activity is an integral part of human nature, just as language and morality now appear to be directly shaped by innate predispositions. This Article formalizes and presents evidence in support of the claim that humans innately turn to legal systems to organize social behavior.

The present study examined how social skills and interpersonal trust facilitate the support-seeking process in two different cultures, namely, those of China and the United States. Drawing from Sensitive Interactions Systems Theory and attachment theory, the current study examines the connections between social skill, interpersonal trust, the perceived appropriateness of seeking support, and the likelihood of displaying emotional distress to friends. Results indicated both similarities and differences between Americans and Chinese in terms of support seeking. Across both cultural groups, interpersonal trust was associated with appropriate help seeking, which, in turn, predicted the likelihood of showing emotional distress to friends. The two culture groups differed in terms of attenuating displays of distress (showing less than one actually feels). Among Chinese participants, attenuating displays of emotion was seen as positive and was associated with appropriateness. Among European Americans, attenuating displays of distress was negatively associated with appropriateness. Keywords: cultural differences; interpersonal trust; social skills; social support

The article provides guidelines for ensuring a successful promotion. Discussion emphasizes the importance of building good relationships with one's chief executive officer, board members, peers, shareholders and analysts, direct reports, and customers.

The authors used an event-contingent daily recording strategy, the Rochester Interaction Record (R1R), to examine the motivational dynamics of interpersonal relations. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the authors demonstrated that social interactions were more pleasant when participants felt autonomous, competent and related. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness consistently predicted interaction quality, regardless of (a) the length of the interaction; (b) whether it was dyadic or in a group; and (c) whether it was an interaction with family, friends, or acquaintances. However, participants were more likely to report feeling autonomous and related when they were interacting either with family members and friends or in a dyadic situation. These results suggest that experiences of autonomy, competence, and relatedness may make a good day partly because they produce satisfying interpersonal experiences. Keywords: autonomy, competence, relatedness, social interactions, THE QUESTION 'HOW ARE YOU?' is often carelessly posed and just as thoughtlessly answered at multiple times throughout a person's day. Yet researchers continue to wrestle with this deceptively simple [...]