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Abstract Background Large variations in respiratory system compliance and resistance may cause the accuracy of tidal volume (VT) delivery beyond the declared range. This study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of VT delivery using a test lung model to simulate pulmonary mechanics under normal or disease conditions. Methods In vitro assessment of the VT delivery accuracy was carried out on two commercial ventilators. Measurements of the inspired and expired VT from the ventilator and FlowAnalyser were compared to evaluate the separated and combined influences of compliance and resistance on the delivered VT accuracy. To do this, the errors of five delivered volumes (30 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 300 ml, and 500 ml) were checked under 29 test conditions involving a total of 27 combinations of resistance and compliance. Results For the tested ventilator S1 with a flow sensor near the expiratory valve, the average of expired VT errors (ΔVTexp) in three measurements (4 test conditions for each measurement) correlated to test lung compliance (r=-0.96, p = 0.044), and the average of inspired VT errors (ΔVTins) correlated to compliance (r = 0.89, p = 0.106); for the tested ventilator S2 with a flow sensor located at the Y piece, no clear relationship between compliance and ΔVTexp or ΔVTins was found. Furthermore, on two ventilators tested, the current measurements revealed a poor correlation between test lung resistance and ΔVTins or ΔVTexp, and the maximum values of ΔVTexp and ΔVTins correspond to the maximum resistance of 200 cmH2O/(L/s), at which the phenomenon of the flap fluttering in the variable orifice flow senor was observed, and the recorded peak inspiratory pressure (Ppeak) was much higher than the Ppeak estimated by the classical equation of motion. In contrast, at the lower resistance values of 5, 20, 50 and 100 cmH2O/(L/s), the recorded Ppeak was very close to the estimated Ppeak. Overall, the delivered VT errors were in the range of ± 14% on two ventilators studied. Conclusions Depending on the placement site of the flow sensor in the ventilator circuit, the compliance and resistance of the test lung have different influences on the accuracy of VT delivery, which is further attributed to different fluid dynamics effects of the compliance and resistance. The main influence of compliance is to raise the peak inspiratory pressure Ppeak, thereby increasing the compression volume within the ventilator circuit; whereas a high resistance not only contributes to elevating Ppeak, but more importantly, it governs the gas flow conditions. Ppeak is a critical predictive indicator for the accuracy of the VT delivered by a ventilator.

Background: Large variations in respiratory system compliance and resistance may cause the accuracy of tidal volume (VT) delivery beyond the declared range. This study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of VT delivery using a test lung model to simulate pulmonary mechanics under normal or disease conditions. Methods: In vitro assessment of the VT delivery accuracy was carried out on two commercial ventilators. Measurements of the inspired and expired VT from the ventilator and FlowAnalyser were compared to evaluate the separated and combined influences of compliance and resistance on the delivered VT accuracy. To do this, the errors of five delivered volumes (30 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 300 ml, and 500 ml) were checked under 29 test conditions involving a total of 27 combinations of resistance and compliance. Results: For the tested ventilator S1 with a flow sensor near the expiratory valve, the average of expired VT errors (ΔVTexp) in three measurements (4 test conditions for each measurement) correlated to test lung compliance (r=-0.96, p = 0.044), and the average of inspired VT errors (ΔVTins) correlated to compliance (r = 0.89, p = 0.106); for the tested ventilator S2 with a flow sensor located at the Y piece, no clear relationship between compliance and ΔVTexp or ΔVTins was found. Furthermore, on two ventilators tested, the current measurements revealed a poor correlation between test lung resistance and ΔVTins or ΔVTexp, and the maximum values of ΔVTexp and ΔVTins correspond to the maximum resistance of 200 cmH2O/(L/s), at which the phenomenon of the flap fluttering in the variable orifice flow senor was observed, and the recorded peak inspiratory pressure (Ppeak) was much higher than the Ppeak estimated by the classical equation of motion. In contrast, at the lower resistance values of 5, 20, 50 and 100 cmH2O/(L/s), the recorded Ppeak was very close to the estimated Ppeak. Overall, the delivered VT errors were in the range of ± 14% on two ventilators studied. Conclusions: Depending on the placement site of the flow sensor in the ventilator circuit, the compliance and resistance of the test lung have different influences on the accuracy of VT delivery, which is further attributed to different fluid dynamics effects of the compliance and resistance. The main influence of compliance is to raise the peak inspiratory pressure Ppeak, thereby increasing the compression volume within the ventilator circuit; whereas a high resistance not only contributes to elevating Ppeak, but more importantly, it governs the gas flow conditions. Ppeak is a critical predictive indicator for the accuracy of the VT delivered by a ventilator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture has always aimed to improve the quality of life for people by enhancing their interaction with the built environment. This applies not only to domestic settings but also to significant structures that represent our cultural heritage. However, the interaction between accessibility and cultural heritage may seem complex and challenging, even impossible at times. Cultural heritage is an essential part of our collective history and cultural identity. It is crucial to ensure that everyone can fully participate and enjoy it, especially when cultural heritage is integrated into people's daily lives, according to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Moreover, improving the accessibility of cultural heritage objects enhances society's appreciation of immovable cultural heritage, emphasizing its significance and visibility. This conforms to the strategic objectives of the World Heritage Convention. This paper discusses the international standard known as ISO 5727 which aims to improve the accessibility of immovable cultural heritage in accordance with a Universal Design approach (UD). ISO 5727, currently under development within the framework of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is based on the Spanish standard, the UNE 41531 IN, published in 2018. The purpose of the standard is to provide general and technical criteria and a methodology for interventions in immovable cultural heritage to facilitate its use and enjoyment for all people. The standard should be considered in both restoration and rehabilitation projects, as well as in specific accessibility interventions. However, it should be noted that the standard does not cover accessibility measures related to management, like services, and maintenance. Nonetheless, it has been considered that these may be necessary complements or alternatives to the first. To carry out interventions effectively, it is advisable to adhere to a systematic approach towards the process and documentation involved. Firstly, accessibility objectives should be established. Then strategies to improve accessibility should be identified to focus on the purpose of the intervention. An analysis based on the current state of the cultural object, including its heritage values and accessibility conditions, would serve as a basis for establishing proposals for action. Once the options have been assessed jointly and comparatively, with the validation of all stakeholders-including users regardless of their abilities, age, or background- the proposals that can form part of an intervention plan can be decided on. The intervention plan will establish a set of measures that will configure the accessibility chain to meet the objectives of the intervention. ISO 5727 is conceived as a useful tool to enhance the conservation of immovable cultural heritage and to balance the achievement of specific social goals with the preservation of cultural values. This project is developed with the belief that accessibility can improve and expand the cultural and functional potential of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s environment, the issue of ensuring the identification and safety of imported products is of particular relevance, which is aimed at the successful functioning of the state in the global economy and the reduction of technical barriers to trade. The article discusses the peculiarities of conducting an examination of citrus fruits, in particular, tangerines, with a view to their further classification in the Ukrainian Classifier of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity. Approaches to the classification of citrus fruits in the process of commodity examination are summarized. The diagnostic tasks to be solved by the forensic expert during the study of citrus fruits are defined, which will allow to have more analytical information from this category of goods. The main identification tasks of the commodity examination of citrus fruits, in particular mandarins, are: determination of the variety or species of mandarins, detection of certain quality markers, determination of origin, assessment of the degree of freshness and maturity, detection of deviations from standards. Modern methods of analysis are indicated, which allow to carry out research on tangerines at the molecular, chemical and morphological levels in order to obtain objective information about their quality, safety and other characteristics that may be important in court proceedings. The main aspects of microbiological methods during the examination include: detection of pathogenic microorganisms (analysis for the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes), determination of the level of the total microbial flora, assessment of the degree of rot and mold, determination of the effectiveness of preservatives and other preservation methods, assessment of compliance with food safety standards. Systematization of information data on characteristic defects of citrus fruits (tangerines), namely: rot, mold, mechanical damage, weak skin color, increased acidity, defects in shape or size (identified defects are of natural origin) is presented. Defects that are characteristic of low-quality products with signs of deterioration: rot, mold, mechanical damage, signs of drying or desiccation, heterogeneity in color and texture. The mechanism of forensic commodity examination of citrus fruits (tangerines) is described.

Copyright of Coatings & Protection / Tuceng yu Fanghu is the property of Coating & Protection Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years, blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development. It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity, and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies. It has been applied in many industries, providing decentralized solutions for various industries, realizing innovative storage models, and building a new trust system. As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category, the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly, gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy. At the same time, with the continuous development of the globalized economy, blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development. Therefore, for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry, standardize the application of blockchain, effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries, industries and systems on a global scale, prevent application risks, the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis, which is particularly important and urgent. A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology, and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology. From the perspective of international standardization, this article first introduces the general situation of ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, W3C and other international standardization organizations, and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations. All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards. Through data analysis, the overlaps, differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out, and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward. The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant challenges are fossil fuel dependence, climate change, and incremental energy cost in the twenty-first century. Looming environmental problems and growing concerns about the global energy crisis, individuals and organizations have sought new opportunities and technologies to meet the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy systems. Electrification of transportation system is a promising way to green transportation system and reduce climate change. In recent years, new energy electric vehicles (NEEVs) have become increasingly popular in the automotive industry and are poised to replace the internal-combustion engine (ICE) to protect environment from pollution. This paper provides an in-depth investigation into the present status, latest deployment, and future prospects in the implementation of NEEVs while introducing the subsystems and their components: electrification transportation degrees, power battery pack, electrical propulsion system, charring architecture, and international standards. Additionally, extending from limited knowledge and ability, the enabling technologies and prospects for future development of NEEVs are also presented in this paper. A total of 131 publications are arranged and appended for quick referencing. It is envisaged that researchers and engineers involved in these fields could find this paper very valuable and a one-stop source of rich information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reactivation of JC and BK polyomaviruses during immunosuppression can lead to adverse clinical outcomes. In renal transplant recipients, BKV-associated nephropathy can result in graft loss, while in patients with autoimmune disorders, prolonged immunomodulatory drug use can cause rare onset of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to JCV reactivation. In such patients, accurate BK and JC viral load determinations by molecular technologies are important for diagnosis and clinical management; however, comparability across centres requires effective standardisation of diagnostic molecular detection systems. In October 2015, the WHO Expert Committee for Biological Standardisation (ECBS) established the 1st WHO International Standards (ISs) for use as primary-order calibrants for BKV and JCV nucleic acid detection. Two multi-centre collaborative studies confirmed their utility in harmonising agreement across the wide range of BKV and JCV assays, respectively. Previous Illumina-based deep sequence analysis of these standards, however, identified deletions in different regions, including the large T-antigen coding region. Hence, further detailed characterization was warranted. Methods: Comprehensive sequence characterisation of each preparation using short- and long-read next-generation sequencing technologies was performed with additional corroborative independent digital PCR (dPCR) determinations. Potential error rates associated with long-read sequencing were minimised by applying rolling circle amplification (RCA) protocols for viral DNA (circular dsDNA), generating a full validation of sequence identity and composition and delineating the integrity of full-length BK and JC genomes. Results: The analysed genomes displayed subpopulations frequently characterised by complex gene re-arrangements, duplications and deletions. Conclusions: Despite the recognition of such polymorphisms using high-resolution sequencing methodologies, the ability of these reference materials to act to enhance assay harmonisation did not appear significantly impacted, based on data generated by the 2015 WHO collaborative studies, but highlights cautionary aspects of IS generation and commutability for clinical molecular diagnostic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human anti-D immunoglobulin preparations derived from human immune plasma are much needed and highly effective for specific anti-D prevention of perinatal complications and treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia. The effectiveness of immune suppression is a direct function of the active ingredient dose received with the medicinal product. To improve the accuracy of anti-D antibody quantification, it is recommended to use certified reference materials with values assigned in international units (IUs). The aim of this study was to analyse the main stages in the development of the international standards (ISs) for human anti-D immunoglobulin potency testing and to substantiate the need for a national standard for anti-Rho(anti-D) antibody quantification. The article describes the creation of the first and subsequent ISs, the procedure for establishing the IU equivalent for the anti-Rho(anti-D) antibody concentration, the characteristics of the raw materials and preparations used, and the anti-Rho(anti-D) antibody assay methods applied to certify the ISs. According to the study conclusions, it is necessary to develop and certify a national standard for the content of anti-Rho(anti-D) antibodies that will meet the requirements of the corresponding Russian regulations.

This study demonstrates the mapping of input/output (I/O) data of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry's Power System Analysis Tool (CPAT) with the Common Information Model (CIM) and the setting of the multiplicity of attributes and associations. The mapping describes which CIM classes defined in IEC 61970‐301 Edition 7.0 and IEC 61970‐302 Edition 1.0 correspond to which I/O data of CPAT. In addition, the multiplicity of their attributes and associations is determined by requirements of the I/O data of CPAT. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Central European Political Studies / Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advancement in mobile communication and technologies has led to the usage of shortform digital content increasing daily. This short-form content is mainly based on images that urged the joint photographic experts’ group (JPEG) to introduce a novel international standard, JPEG Snack (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/ International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IS, 19566-8). In JPEG Snack, the multimedia content is embedded into a main background JPEG file, and the resulting JPEG Snack file is saved and transmitted as a .jpg file. If someone does not have a JPEG Snack Player, their device decoder will treat it as a JPEG file and display a background image only. As the standard has been proposed recently, the JPEG Snack Player is needed. In this article, we present a methodology to develop JPEG Snack Player. JPEG Snack Player uses a JPEG Snack decoder and renders media objects on the background JPEG file according to the instructions in the JPEG Snack file. We also present some results and computational complexity metrics for the JPEG Snack Player. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things and wireless sensor network technology has been gradually applied in substation monitoring, as one of the important means of substation automation.The international standard ISO/IEC 30144: 2020 put forward the system architecture, communication architecture and system requirements for wireless sensor network supporting substation.In order to promote the standardized IoT-based smart substation application, taking the standard as a reference, the background and main contents of the international standard were expound, and examples of sensor node types, network communication interfaces and sensor network monitoring platform supporting the substation in the smart substation were given, so as to provide an instantiation method for the application and implementation of the international standard, which is conducive to the realization of standardized, refined and unmanned substation supervision.

Revise ISO 22768∶2017 based on China′s industrial standards, and expand the scope of application to latex. The effects of sample preparation method, gas flow rate, heating rate and sample amount on the determination results of glass transition temperature were investigated, and the precision of the method was established. The results showed that, when the drying method was selected, the gas flow rate was 20 mL/min, the sample amount was 5-20 mg, and the heating rate was 20 ℃/min, the method had good precision, the standard deviation of repeatability was less than 0.30 ℃ and the standard deviation of reproducibility was less than 1.01 ℃.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a pandemic. However, data on the poor or non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the general population are limited. The objective of this study was to comprehensively compare the immunological characteristics of poor or non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the 18–59-year group with those in the ≥60-year group using internationally recognized cut-off values. The main outcome was effective seroconversion characterized by an anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG level of at least a four-fold increase from baseline. Profiling of naïve immune cells was analyzed prior to vaccination to demonstrate baseline immunity. The outcomes of effective seroconversion in patients aged 18–59 years with those in patients aged ≥60 years were compared. The quantitative level of anti-spike IgG was significantly lower in individuals aged ≥60 and men aged 18–59 years. There were 7.5% of poor or non-responders among the 18–59 years and 11.7% of poor or non-responders in the ≥60 years using a four-fold increase parameter. There were 37.0–58.1% with low lymphocyte count (<1000/mm3), 33.3–45.2% with low CD4 cell counts (<500/mm3), and 74.1–96.8% with low B cell counts (<100/mm3) in the non-seroconversion group. An individual with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titer below 50 BAU/mL might be considered a poor or non-responder between 14 and 90 days after the last vaccine dose. Booster vaccination or additional protective measures should be recommended to poor or non-responders as soon as possible to reduce disease severity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM, also commonly termed 3D printing) is progressing from being a rapid prototyping tool to serving as pillar of the Industry 4.0 revolution. Thanks to their low density and ease of printing, polymers are receiving increasing interest for the fabrication of structural and lightweight parts. Nonetheless, the lack of appropriate standards, specifically conceived to consistently verify the tensile properties of polymer parts and benchmark them against conventional products, is a major obstacle to the wider uptake of polymer AM in industry. After reviewing the standardisation needs in AM with a focus on mechanical testing, the paper closely examines the hurdles that are encountered when existing standards are applied to measure the tensile properties of polymer parts fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF, aka fused deposition modeling, FDM), which is presently the most popular material extrusion AM technique. Existing standards are unable to account for the numerous printing parameters that govern the mechanical response of FFF parts. Moreover, the literature suggests that the raster- and layer-induced anisotropic behaviour and the complicated interplay between structural features at different length scales (micro/meso/macro-structure) undermine pre-existing concepts regarding the specimen geometry and classical theories regarding the size effect, and ultimately jeopardise the transferability of conventional tensile test standards to FFF parts. Finally, the statistical analysis of the tensile properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) FFF specimens printed according to different standards (ASTM D638 type I and ASTM D3039) and in different sizes provides experimental evidence to confirm the literature-based argumentation. Ultimately, the literature survey, supported by the experimental results, demonstrates that, until dedicated standards become available, existing standards for tensile testing should be applied to FFF with prudence. Whilst not specified in conventional standards, set-up and printing parameters should be fully reported to ensure the repeatability of the results, rectangular geometries should be preferred to dumbbell-like ones in order to avoid premature failure at the fillets, and the size of the specimens should not be changed arbitrarily.

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective In view of ISO 197:39: 2004 Natural gas-Determination of sulfur compounds using gas chromatography has not been revised since its publication in 2004, the main problems existing in ISO 197:39: 2004 are put forward and suggestions for revision are given. Methods In order to support the revision of ISO 197:39: 2004, the accuracy of total sulfur content determined using chromatography is verified by comparing with the value of standard gas certificate, the determination result of ISO 16960: 2014 Natural gas-Determination of sulfur compounds- Determination of total sulfur by oxidative microcoulometry method and the determination result of ISO 20729: 2017 Natural gas-Determination of sulfur compounds-Determination of total sulfur content by ultraviolet fluorescence methods According to ISO 4259: 2006 Petroleum products Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test, preliminary precision test research was carried out. Results The total sulfur content determined using chromatography is in good agreement with the standard gas certificate value, the determination resuIts of ISO 1 6960: 2014 and ISO 20729: 2017. Conclusions The determination of total sulfur in natural gas using chromatography is accurate and reliable; It is suggested to revise ISO 197:39: 2004, which are to specifying in the scope of the standard can be used for the determination and calculation of total sulfur content, and giving the calculation formula of total sulfur in the standard; It is suggested that in the next revision process, to carry out precision test and research according to ISO 4259. 1: 2017 Petroleum and related products-Precision of measurement methods and results-Part 1: Determination of precision data in relation to methods of test, increase the precision regulations from seven sulfur compounds to more than ten, so as to expand the scope of standard precision regulations; It is suggested to strengthen the development of multi-component sulfur compound gas reference m,1terials and the certification of national reference m,1terials, so as to provide basic conditions for the subsequent revision of ISO 197:39: 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 86 (IEC TC 86) is an international standardization organization that prepares and decides on international standards in relation to products used for optical fiber telecommunication. In this article, we provide an overview of standardization activities, introduce topics discussed at the meetings in 2021 and 2022, and describe the Japanese standardization strategy in IEC TC 86. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring has revolutionized the way biodiversity is surveyed and has been proposed as a reliable method to inform management decisions. Recognition of eDNA techniques as reliable tools to inform management and biosecurity require stringent standards to assess sample quality and reliability of results. Laboratories can have their workflows assessed and certified through accreditation and be involved in proficiency testing schemes provided to test the accuracy and precision of molecular methods. Currently, there is only one eDNA‐based proficiency testing scheme designed to test competency of laboratories in amplifying eDNA from the Great Crested Newt, Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) in water samples. This test, however, is a closed scheme currently run by invitation only to laboratories in the United Kingdom. Given the paucity of eDNA‐based proficiency schemes to ensure high‐quality services, this commentary discusses how future proficiency testing schemes could be designed to assess eDNA sample quality and reliability on detection results for environmental management and biosecurity applications. We discuss the use of tissue‐derived and synthetic oligonucleotides as reference materials, the need for proficiency testing schemes to assess the capacity of analytical facilities to determine sample quality as well as accurately detecting trace eDNA in blind samples and discuss the context in which fit for purpose eDNA testing schemes could be designed. To complement the future development of eDNA proficiency testing schemes, we provide firsthand accounts and lessons learned while developing the current Great Crested Newt eDNA proficiency scheme. Lastly, we highlight current limitations in standardizing rapidly improving eDNA‐based techniques and discuss disadvantages to accreditation and standardization from an Australian‐centered perspective as a means to promote an active debate on the topic of future eDNA accreditation and proficiency testing.

The research objective is to reveal the knowledge of people who have visited the Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia (JPII) website about articles with international standards. The instruments used were questionnaires and interviews which were conducted a feasibility test before being used. The strategy employed was sequential explanatory by collecting and analyzing quantitative data followed by qualitative data. The articles of the participants were still unassigned and submitted from July to August 2020. The number of participants was 85 consisting of 78 lecturers, 4 students, and 3 teachers. The research results from questionnaire analysis were; the participants’ intention of visiting the JPII website as 53% to cite articles, the benefit that obtained was 69% getting references, the most interesting part of 62% was the results and discussion, the substance primacy of 35% was in the discussion section, and participants find it easiest to find novelties in the discussion section of 53%. The interview results with 79 participants (93%) stated that they had gained knowledge about international standard articles that had these characteristics; interesting topics, strong gap analysis, methods that are detailed and have novelty, and discussion that has a clear novelty.

Objectives: This article compares national standards for area measurements of healthcare facilities in four countries and examines the risks and differences that can arise when comparing building areas of healthcare facilities internationally. Background: In the planning and management of healthcare facilities, the utilization and comparison of building floor areas plays a major role. Differences in terminology, classification, and methodology help to reduce planning and cost risks when applied on a local and national level. The proper allocation of building floor space is vital in the design of room programs, determination of floor space, construction costs, and operating costs. Methods: Each of the four hospital area measurement standards is compared to discern similarities and differences. Results: Most countries use a three-tier system of hospital area measurement: building gross area, department gross area, and department net area. Few differences were found between country standards for department area, though the German standards do not fully address this tier. Variation is found in whether a country includes certain functions in the hospital area—such as research space, shell space, or central energy plants—which can have a significant impact on the overall hospital area. Conclusions: This article informs further development of individual country standards and highlights principles to consider for international hospital area comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of the Physico-technical Institute (PhTI) of the National Acdemy of Sciences of Belarus in the harmonization of international standard ISO 17804 (Founding – Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons – Classification) and development of the Belorussian analogue STB ISO is described. The reasons for the choice of austempered ductile iron (ADI) as an object for standard harmonization are presented: it is the most promising cast iron in comparison with gray and classical ductile iron. The work procedure on harmonization is described: how to include the task into the State Plan on standardization, specificity of translation of the text, peculiarities of with state organizations responsible for approbation of standards such as Belorussian Institute for Standardization and Certification (BelGISS) and State Committee on Standards (Gosstandart), writing a summary of external reviews, working with critical comments from potential users. It is outlined that any foreign standard does not exists independently but is closely connected with at least 10 to 20 other standards. Thus, harmonization necessitates coordination with other standards and sometimes even with handbooks by adding annexes to the main text. The importance of a proper choice of the standard status is outlined: identical (ID) or modified (MOD). Developing an identical standard is prestigious but difficult because is requires harmonization of all the referenced standards, which is a very labor-consuming procedure. It is argued that the most suitable is ‘intermediate’ variant: adopting the authentic text of the international standard (in high-quality translation) but with annexes reflecting national specificity in this area. As a result, a harmonized standard is developed which, for the first time in Belarus, standardize the tensile strength of 800 MPa in combination with the elongation of 10 % and the tensile strength of 1400 MPa in combination with the elongation of 1 % for cast irons.The annual demand for ADI in Belarus is estimated as about 10,000 ton. It is shown that in Belarus, where about 60 industrial enterprises have a foundry and almost every engineering plant has a heat-treatment shop, austempered ductile cast (ADI), which features a high strength, can successfully compete with rolled steel in certain applications.

This paper reported a comparative analysis on the domestic and international standards for plastic structured-wall drainpipes. Through a comprehensive comparison between the Chinese national standards and the international standards of plastics structured-wall drain pipes, the Chinese national standards was found to exhibit a higher quality requirement than the international standards. Combined with the development and application of novel plastics structured-wall drainpipes in China, it can be concluded that the industry of China has a preferable development and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants has made the pursuit to define correlates of protection more troublesome, despite the availability of the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin sera, a key reagent used to standardise laboratory findings into an international unitage. Using pseudotyped virus, we examine the capacity of convalescent sera, from a well-defined cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) and Patients infected during the first wave from a national critical care centre in the UK to neutralise B.1.1.298, variants of interest (VOI) B.1.617.1 (Kappa), and four VOCs, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), including the B.1.617.2 K417N, informally known as Delta Plus. We utilised the WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin to report neutralisation antibody levels in International Units per mL. Our data demonstrate a significant reduction in the ability of first wave convalescent sera to neutralise the VOCs. Patients and HCWs with more severe COVID-19 were found to have higher antibody titres and to neutralise the VOCs more effectively than individuals with milder symptoms. Using an estimated threshold for 50% protection, 54 IU/mL, we found most asymptomatic and mild cases did not produce titres above this threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a need for a reference material to support the development and ensure the quality of immunoassays for human AMH. A batch of ampoules, coded 16/190, containing lyophilised recombinant AMH was evaluated in a WHO Collaborative Study. The aims of the study were to determine the AMH content in terms of the calibration of each immunoassay method, to predict long-term stability and to assess the suitability of the preparation to calibrate AMH immunoassays. Methods Study participants were asked to report the AMH content of specific dilutions of coded ampoules of 16/190 and a comparator preparation containing approximately half the AMH content. In each assay, participants also reported the AMH content of 22 patient samples to assess commutability. A robust all-laboratory geometric mean of the content estimates was determined using the laboratory geometric mean estimates. Commutability was assessed using a difference in bias approach. Stability was predicted by the measurement of thermally accelerated degradation samples. Results Seven laboratories performed twenty-one immunoassay method-platform combinations, sixteen of which provided data which met the validity criteria, giving a consensus geometric mean estimate of AMH content of 511 ng/ampoule (95% CI, 426–612, n = 16, GCV 42%) and a robust geometric mean of 489 ng/ampoule. By contrast, the GCV% for the all-laboratory geometric mean of the relative content estimates for the comparator sample to 16/190 was 12%. Commutability was assessed using 20 of the 22 representative patient samples. Of the valid assays, 16/190 was within the limits of acceptable commutability for 6 methods, partially commutable for a further 3 methods and non-commutable when measured by 7 methods. The preparation was predicted to be highly stable when stored at − 20 °C. Conclusion The majority of methods met the validity criteria. Content estimates showed a high between-method variability, yet assays exhibited a similar proportionality of response as demonstrated using the comparator sample. 16/190 was commutable in some but not all methods. On the basis of these results, it was agreed by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization to establish 16/190 as a WHO Reference Reagent for AMH with a content defined by consensus immunoassay of 489 ng/ampoule.

The purpose of the study is to adapt the requirements of the international standard ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories”, defining the functions and responsibilities of laboratory personnel, to the domestic forensic expert activity. The following requirements for personnel are addressed in the article: impartiality, competence, manageability, and performance of operations according to the laboratory’s management system. International standards and comments to them, foreign forensic practice, publications on domestic forensic expert science, and procedural codes of the Russian Federation have been analyzed. The article points out that in forensic organizations, the entire staff divides into two groups: those who perform forensic examinations (research) and those who ensure the functioning of the forensic organizations. Achieving objectivity in laboratory activities during research or testing is strictly applicable and is regulated by documenting the research/ test, validating research/test methods, training and admitting personnel, and maintaining equipment. The combination of these procedures ensures the objectivity of a study. It is shown that the standard extends its provisions to all accredited organizations under the uniform rules, which goes along with the ethical standards of the forensic expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, other departments, as well as commercial organizations.

With the World Anti-Doping Agency's International Standard for Education (ISE) coming into effect in 2021, the clean-sport movement is at a pivotal stage. Through this conceptual paper we juxtapose the sector-wide anti-doping education as set out in the ISE on the decision-making process at the individual level. We discuss three critical issues for the clean-sport movement. First, we make the case for doping being a “wicked” problem and outline the possible implications of this for prevention and detection. Second, we consider why we need to address regulative, normative, and cognitive components of clean sport if we are to maximize its legitimacy. Third, we critically expose the fluidity with which clean sport is defined, and the implications of defining clean sport in substance- vs. rule-based terms, which, respectively, lead to theorizing clean sport as “drug-free” vs. “cheating-free” sport. Finally, we consider the role and key components of anti-doping education and how the relevance of certain components may be dependent on the way clean sport is defined. Conceptualizing doping as a sport integrity issue, we move away from the archaic and delimiting view of clean sport as drug-free sport and conclude with recommendations on how to reconcile values-based education, awareness raising, information provision and anti-doping education within the broader scope of integrity, to support informed decision making and personal agency. To connect anti-doping education to individual-level decision making, we recommend a staggered approach in which specific education content is linked to different influences in the decision-making process, to different stages of athlete development, and to different educational goals. Emphasizing and encouraging sensemaking in anti-doping decision making offers a pragmatic approach for anti-doping education. Conceptual clarity and precise mapping of the educational goal, content, and delivery is vital for valid and meaningful evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-doping education.

The rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants has made the pursuit to define correlates of protection more troublesome, despite the availability of the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin sera, a key reagent used to standardise laboratory findings into an international unitage. Using pseudotyped virus, we examine the capacity of convalescent sera, from a well-defined cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) and Patients infected during the first wave from a national critical care centre in the UK to neutralise B.1.1.298, variants of interest (VOI) B.1.617.1 (Kappa), and four VOCs, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), including the B.1.617.2 K417N, informally known as Delta Plus. We utilised the WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin to report neutralisation antibody levels in International Units per mL. Our data demonstrate a significant reduction in the ability of first wave convalescent sera to neutralise the VOCs. Patients and HCWs with more severe COVID-19 were found to have higher antibody titres and to neutralise the VOCs more effectively than individuals with milder symptoms. Using an estimated threshold for 50% protection, 54 IU/mL, we found most asymptomatic and mild cases did not produce titres above this threshold.

The advancement in mobile communication and technologies has led to the usage of short-form digital content increasing daily. This short-form content is mainly based on images that urged the joint photographic experts’ group (JPEG) to introduce a novel international standard, JPEG Snack (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/ International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IS, 19566-8). In JPEG Snack, the multimedia content is embedded into a main background JPEG file, and the resulting JPEG Snack file is saved and transmitted as a .jpg file. If someone does not have a JPEG Snack Player, their device decoder will treat it as a JPEG file and display a background image only. As the standard has been proposed recently, the JPEG Snack Player is needed. In this article, we present a methodology to develop JPEG Snack Player. JPEG Snack Player uses a JPEG Snack decoder and renders media objects on the background JPEG file according to the instructions in the JPEG Snack file. We also present some results and computational complexity metrics for the JPEG Snack Player.

Architecture has always aimed to improve the quality of life for people by enhancing their interaction with the built environment. This applies not only to domestic settings but also to significant structures that represent our cultural heritage. However, the interaction between accessibility and cultural heritage may seem complex and challenging, even impossible at times. Cultural heritage is an essential part of our collective history and cultural identity. It is crucial to ensure that everyone can fully participate and enjoy it, especially when cultural heritage is integrated into people's daily lives, according to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Moreover, improving the accessibility of cultural heritage objects enhances society's appreciation of immovable cultural heritage, emphasizing its significance and visibility. This conforms to the strategic objectives of the World Heritage Convention. This paper discusses the international standard known as ISO 5727 which aims to improve the accessibility of immovable cultural heritage in accordance with a Universal Design approach (UD). ISO 5727, currently under development within the framework of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is based on the Spanish standard, the UNE 41531 IN, published in 2018. The purpose of the standard is to provide general and technical criteria and a methodology for interventions in immovable cultural heritage to facilitate its use and enjoyment for all people. The standard should be considered in both restoration and rehabilitation projects, as well as in specific accessibility interventions. However, it should be noted that the standard does not cover accessibility measures related to management, like services, and maintenance. Nonetheless, it has been considered that these may be necessary complements or alternatives to the first. To carry out interventions effectively, it is advisable to adhere to a systematic approach towards the process and documentation involved. Firstly, accessibility objectives should be established. Then strategies to improve accessibility should be identified to focus on the purpose of the intervention. An analysis based on the current state of the cultural object, including its heritage values and accessibility conditions, would serve as a basis for establishing proposals for action. Once the options have been assessed jointly and comparatively, with the validation of all stakeholders- including users regardless of their abilities, age, or background- the proposals that can form part of an intervention plan can be decided on. The intervention plan will establish a set of measures that will configure the accessibility chain to meet the objectives of the intervention. ISO 5727 is conceived as a useful tool to enhance the conservation of immovable cultural heritage and to balance the achievement of specific social goals with the preservation of cultural values. This project is developed with the belief that accessibility can improve and expand the cultural and functional potential of cultural heritage.