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This paper supplements the previous contribution by Denuit and Robert (2021) . First, the compound Poisson case is revisited and the strong law of large number is rigorously established for the conditional expectations defining the conditional mean risk allocation. Then, a weak law of large numbers is proposed, providing the actuary with a criterion ensuring that the variance of individual contributions tends to 0. This is appealing for applications since this behavior is a key success factor for collaborative insurance pools.

Complex social issues such as population health mean that no one person, organization or sector can resolve these problems alone and instead require a collaborative approach. This study applied the Collective Impact framework to evaluate the alliance responsible for delivering a large-scale health promotion initiative. Committee meeting minutes for a 4-year period and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders (N = 14) involved in the design and implementation of the initiative explored the factors that contributed to collaborative efforts and initiative outcomes. Major strengths of the Healthier Queensland Alliance (the Alliance) stemmed from identifying a common agenda and using frequent communication to develop trust among Alliance partners. These processes were important, particularly in improving key relationships to ensure inclusivity and equity. Reinforcing activities helped to support individual organizational efforts, while shared measurement systems promoted data-driven decision-making and learning, which contributed to continuous improvement and innovation. Current findings support the use of the Collective Impact framework as a scaffold to assist collaborative alliances in working effectively and efficiently when implementing large-scale initiatives aiming to create positive social impact. This study has identified the foundations of practice to establish a successful Collective Impact alliance.Collective action to achieve social impact requires collaboration allowing organizations to expand their resources and abilities to enhance their collective capabilities. This paper reports on the use of the Collective Impact framework to show how a collaboration of partner organizations was developed to achieve social impact in a large health promotion initiative. The study identified six foundations for practice to enable successful collective partnerships that will be useful for practitioners and policy-makers when developing health promotion initiatives targeting a range of priority groups. The Collective Impact framework offers a strategic approach for building capacity in a range of communities to navigate power dynamics and find new ways of collaboration to achieve positive social impacts for their communities.

Son yıllarda Türk sigortacılık sektöründe kamu otoritesi tarafından sigorta havuzlarının oluşturulduğu görülmektedir. Düzenlenen poliçeler karşılığında elde edilen primler havuza aktarılmakta ve hasar oluştuğunda tazminatların ödenmesi bu havuzlar tarafından yapılmaktadır. Bu tür havuzların devlet tarafından kurulması ve yönetilmesi anlamlıdır. Ancak yeni kurulan sigorta havuzları bir kapasite sorunundan ziyade sektörde dönemsel olarak yaşanan sorunlar nedeniyle bir politika tercihi neticesinde kurulmuşlardır. Çalışmada, öncelikle kurulan sigorta havuzlarının teknik yapısı ve kurulma amaçları araştırılmıştır. Akabinde ülkemizdeki sigorta havuzlarının kurulma amaçları, yapıları, çalışma şekilleri istatistiki bilgiler verilerek incelenmiştir. Daha sonra havuzların avantaj ve dezavantajları değerlendirilerek kısa vadede çözüm sağlamasına karşın, bu havuzların mevcut ve olası sorunları dikkate alınarak orta ve uzun vadede gözden geçirilmesinin ve söz konusu sigortaların sigorta şirketleri tarafından sunulmasının önemli olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır., Recently, observed that insurance pools have been created by the public authority in the Turkish insurance market. Premiums obtained in return for the issued policies are transferred to the pool and compensations are paid by these pools too. It is meaningful such pools are established and managed by the state. However, newly established insurance pools were founded as a result of a policy choice due to periodic problems in the market rather than a capacity problem. In the study, firstly, the technical structure of the pools and the purpose of their establishment were investigated. Then, the purpose of establishment, structures and working methods of insurance pools in our country were examined by giving statistical information. Afterwards, revealed that although the advantages and disadvantages of them provide solutions in the short term, important to review the existing and potential problems of the pools in the medium and long term and to offer the insurance products by companies.

The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, antioxidant-rich, unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates of noncommunicable diseases and total mortality, so that it is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet and its peculiar foods and nutrients exert beneficial effects against inflammation, oxidative stress, dysmetabolism, vascular dysfunction, adiposity, senescence, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and tumorigenesis, thus preventing age-associated chronic diseases and improving wellbeing and health. Nocturnal sleep is an essential physiological function, whose alteration is associated with health outcomes and chronic diseases. Scientific evidence suggests that diet and sleep are related in a bidirectional relationship, and the understanding of this association is important given their role in disease prevention. In this review, we surveyed the literature concerning the current state of evidence from epidemiological studies on the impact of the Mediterranean diet on nighttime sleep quantity and quality. The available studies indicate that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with adequate sleep duration and with several indicators of better sleep quality. Potential mechanisms mediating the effect of the Mediterranean diet and its foods and nutrients on sleep are described, and gap-in-knowledge and new research agenda to corroborate findings are discussed.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The formation of regional strategic alliances continues to be a well-evidenced response to a varying array of market forces that are challenging the ability of healthcare institutions to realize their missions. Organizations that serve rural communities especially feel pressure to initiate the formation of these collaborative arrangements.In response to concerns of Pennsylvania legislators regarding the impact of these alliances on rural healthcare entities, the Center for Rural Pennsylvania funded a study of outcomes of regional strategic alliances involving rural healthcare institutions. Although the research focused on outcomes, the data also revealed organizational characteristics and patterns of decisions and actions that separated rural healthcare institutions with greater alliance outcome success from their peers serving other rural communities. Strategic leadership and interorganizational management expertise serve as the foundation for decisions and actions beginning before an active search for an alliance and culminating with the achievement of alliance goals. Commitments to collaborative leadership, purposeful partnership, coordination, and progress thematically represent the series of critical decisions and actions collectively required to achieve strategic alliance success. The case of the Laurel Health System illustrates these commitments.Although the findings are based on an intensive review of regional strategic alliances involving rural healthcare institutions, the lessons presented here are transferable to community healthcare organizations regardless of location.

Background Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics is the most important driver of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the HAPPY PATIENT project is to evaluate the adaptation of European Union (EU) recommendations on the prudent use of antimicrobials in human health by evaluating the impact of a multifaceted intervention targeting different categories of healthcare professionals (HCPs) on common community-acquired infectious diseases, especially respiratory and urinary tract infections. Methods/design HAPPY PATIENT was initiated in January 2021 and is planned to end in December 2023. The partners of this project include 15 organizations from 9 countries. Diverse HCPs (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and pharmacy technicians) will be audited by the Audit Project Odense (APO) method before and after an intervention in four different settings: general practice, out of hours services, nursing homes and community pharmacies in four high antibiotic prescribing countries (France, Poland, Greece, and Spain) and one low prescribing country (Lithuania). About 25 individuals from each professional group will be recruited in each country, who will register at least 25 patients with community-acquired infections during each audit period. Shortly before the second registration participants will undertake a multifaceted intervention and will receive the results from the first registration to allow the identification of possible quality problems. At these meetings participants will receive training courses on enhancement of communication skills, dissemination of clinical guidelines with recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, posters for the waiting rooms, and leaflets for patients. The results of the second registration will be compared with those obtained in the first audit. Discussion HAPPY PATIENT is an EU-funded project aimed at contributing to the battle against antibiotic resistance through improvement of the quality of management of common community-acquired infections based on interventions by different types of HCPs. It is hypothesized that the use of multifaceted strategies combining active intervention will be effective in reducing inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics. Study registration EU Health programmes project database https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/chafea_pdb/health/projects/900024/summary; date of registration: 1 January 2021.

This graphic narrative explores struggles with underinsurance, compromised access to indicated care, and intergenerational health inequity.

Partnerships have become increasingly important in addressing complex global health challenges, a reality exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic and previous infectious disease epidemics. Partnerships offer opportunities to create synergistic outcomes by capitalizing on complimentary skills, knowledge and resources. Despite the importance of understanding partnership functioning, research on collaboration is sparse and fragmented, with few conceptual frameworks applied to evaluate real-life partnerships in global health. In this study, we aimed to adapt and apply the Bergan Model of Collaborative Functioning (BMCF) to analyse partnership functioning in the UK Public Health Rapid Support Team (UK-PHRST), a government–academic partnership, dedicated to outbreak response and research in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a literature review identifying important elements to adapt the framework, followed by a qualitative case study to characterize how each element, and the dynamics between them, influenced functioning in the UK-PHRST, exploring emerging themes to further refine the framework. Elements of the BMCF that our study reinforced as important included the partnership’s mission, partner resources (skills, expertise and networks), leadership, the external environment, management systems and communication. Additional elements identified in the literature and critical to partnership functioning of the UK-PHRST included governance and financial structures adopted, trust and power balance, organizational culture, strategy and evaluation and knowledge management. Because of the way the UK-PHRST was structured, fostering team cohesion was an important indicator of synergy, alongside collaborative advantage. Dividing the funding and governance equally between organizations was considered crucial for maintaining institutional balance; however, diverse organizational cultures, weak communication practices and perceived power imbalances compromised team cohesion. Our analysis allowed us to make recommendations to improve partnership functioning at a critical time in the evolution of the UK-PHRST. The analysis approach and framework presented here can be used to evaluate and strengthen the management of global health partnerships to realize synergy.

The United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, as a more detailed and ambitious follow-up to the Millennium Developments Goals (MDGs). Health and wellbeing of all, at all ages, is addressed by the third SDG (SDG3) and health-related targets of other SDGs. However, progress to date on the health-related SDGs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is not on track. Although there was progress in over half of the 50 health-related SDG targets and indicators between 2015 and 2019, there is still a long way to go. Progress is required, among others, in reducing maternal, child and neonatal mortality; increasing vaccination coverage; reducing the number of cases of malaria and HIV; and in tackling the increase in mortality rates due to noncommunicable diseases. Much progress is needed in many health-related SDGs considered as important social, economic and environmental determinants of health.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the structure of the federal crop insurance program and test whether participating private insurers screen insurance buyers better than the federal agency. Design/methodology/approach This paper regresses the claim payout on the risk share of private insurers in insurance pools and other relevant variables. The claim payout should be negatively related with the private insurers’ risk share if private insurers screen insurance buyers better than the federal agency. Findings The payout rates are significantly lower for reinsurance funds with higher risk shares of AIPs, and the relationship between the two variables is not affected much by the aggregate yield (similar relationship in good crop years and bad crop years). Practical implications The federal government could improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of the crop insurance program by restructuring its delivery system. Originality/value The novel contributions of this paper include estimating the economic significance of private insurers’ screening advantage and showing that the economic significance is similar in good crop years and bad crop years.

In the article, the author discusses the characteristics and benefits of successful health alliance strategies by presenting evidence from rural healthcare in the U S Also cited are how the COVID-19 pandemic provided opportunities to improve access to healthcare and promote strategic alliances, and the report by the National Rural Health Resource Center showing the trends and disruptors in rural healthcare environment

Resilience is defined as “The ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (US National Academies). Resilience has four pillars: • Anticipate: the ability to anticipate and reduce the impact of shocks through preparedness and planning, • Absorb the ability to absorb and cope with the impacts of shocks and stresses. • Adapt: the ability to change in response to multiple, long-term and future risks, and to learn and adjust after a shock materializes. • Transform: the ability to take deliberate steps to change the systems that create risk, vulnerability and or inequality. How does insurance intervene in building resilience? The outcome of insurance is to restore property and livelihoods in case of an adverse effect. It does that by providing a cash infusion into the socio-economic system of the affected communities immediately after the event. The cash is used to restore property and avoid interruption of commercial and industrial activity. Insurance also intervenes in terms of reducing impact of stresses (which are the more extensive types of risk) since it enables a system of “maintenance” by providing funds for recovery under minor but more frequent events. For most developing countries, governments have been the insurer of last resort when it comes to catastrophe risk (referred to as Cat Risk in the insurance industry). The reason is that level of cat insurance penetration in most developing countries is very low, sometimes lower than 1%. The assurance of government intervention coupled with the lack of effectiveness of the financial transaction associated with a traditional insurance policy negate any incentive for individuals to acquire a cat insurance policy. The Turkish Compulsory Insurance Program or TCIP is one of the early experiment to change that paradigm and to provide a meaningful role for cat insurance in emerging economies. After a slow start, TCIP has now developed the financial capacity and the spread of coverage to play a significant role both in the financing of risk but also in supporting earthquake risk reduction in Turkey. New cat insurance products based on parametric indexing have since emerged. These insurance products could further improve the efficiency of TCIP and other cat insurance pools by making them more attractive to individuals, thereby scaling up their contribution to building resilience.

A company profile of Nippon Life Insurance Co., a mutual insurance company engaged in the life insurance business, including individual and group life and annuity products, is presented. An overview of the company is given, along with key facts including contact information, number of employees and revenues. A SWOT analysis is provided which includes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for improvement and threats.

A business analysis of RBS Insurance, a leading private general insurance company in Great Britain is provided, focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for improvement and threats to the company. Strengths include its Strong market position. Weaknesses include Higher risk revenue model. Opportunities for the pensions plans. Threats to the company include Natural disasters.

Provides a business analysis of Ineas Insurance Co. NV, the only exclusively online insurance company to sell to a number of European countries that also offers a range of standard insurance products to customers via the Internet along with personalized insurance advice, focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for improvement and threats to the company. Strengths, including cost savings of the company derived from a virtual insurance business model; Weaknesses, including limited product range and comparatively weak brand; Opportunities for improvement, including further partnering and co-branding opportunities and new products and services; Threats to the company, including increasing competition and margin pressures.

Presents an overview of Ineas Insurance Co. NV, the only exclusively online insurance company to sell to a number of European countries that also offers a range of standard insurance products to customers via the Internet along with personalized insurance advice. Company overview, including services provided, and principal businesses; Key facts, including contact information; Analysis of the company, including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for improvement and threats.

* Abbreviation: JHU — : Johns Hopkins University The “Menace of Psychiatry.”1 The title of pediatrician Joseph Brennemann’s 1931 article was inflammatory, and it was meant to be. Brennemann voiced concerns about psychiatry that many contemporary pediatricians shared at the time.2,3 Under “psychiatry” he included the work of an array of professionals in psychology, child development, and child guidance who, in his opinion, were negatively influencing parents’ attitudes toward their children’s health. These professionals, who were trained in psychoanalysis, mental testing, or the behaviorist psychology of John B. Watson, popularized standards, techniques, and theories that parents could not fully understand. In addition, they led parents to see any variation from a scientifically defined ideal of health as a problem. Brennemann argued that only pediatricians had sufficient knowledge of the specific and normal conditions of children’s lives to understand each child as an individual and to diagnose pathologic deviations. Yet, lacking the elaborate jargon of the psychoanalysts or the prestige of the behaviorists’ laboratory methods, pediatricians appeared to be losing the ongoing debate over a fundamental question: who is the expert on the mental health of children?4 Recognizing the validity of Brennemann’s concerns, psychiatrist Leo Kanner,5,6 head of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) School of Medicine, called for an alliance between child psychiatry and pediatrics. Here, we examine how Kanner came to that conviction through the influence of psychiatrist Adolf Meyer and pediatrician Edwards A. Park and argue that pediatrics deeply shaped Kanner’s work in … Address correspondence to Marga Vicedo, Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Victoria College, Room 316, 91 Charles St W, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada. E-mail: marga.vicedo{at}utoronto.ca