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This paper presents a prototype for a comprehensive and coordinated child care training program that provides a flexible framework for administration and program design. The prototype is based on the findings of a pilot investigation of a sample of existing child care training programs. These findings suggest that there is a great need for more information in all areas concerned with training programs for child care personnel. There is also a need for more training of child care workers. The prototype has several advantages: it focuses on local needs; it is responsive to and integrated with service delivery systems; and it permits various groups to begin training activities. The training program is flexible and bases credit upon competency. As an initial step toward the implementation of the prototype, a consortium of federal agencies, personnel of existing training programs, and others interested in training efforts, should be established at the federal level. Secondly, a detailed, nationwide study of training programs should be undertaken to determine the availability and effectiveness of such training. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-978, 980-983.) (Author/AL)

This annotated bibliography, which is an addition to "Day Care: An Annotated Bibliography," contains approximately 90 items published between 1966 and 1971. Books, pamphlets, magazine articles, research papers, and reports are included in this list. All are sources that the Day Care Policy Studies Group examined for a study undertaken for the Office of Economic Opportunity. These references are grouped in twelve categories as follows: 1. General Issues, 2. Child Development, 3. Specific Programs, 4. Personnel, 5. Economic Issues, 6. Licensing Standards, 7. Legislation and Regulation, 8. Special Issues, 9. Evaluation, 10. Facilities and Supplies, 11. General Resources, 12. Public Schools. There is an author index at the end of the bibliography. Many items of general educational interest are included, so that this list would be of value not only to those concerned with the day care field, but to many types of professionals involved in working with children. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-982.) (AL)

This annotated bibliography of books, articles, research papers, manuals, program reports, and Congressional acts and hearings that were examined by the Day Care Policy Studies Group revises and updates previous versions of "Day Care: An Annotated Bibliography," issued in October 1970 and February 1971. It contains 1,500 items related to those issues that have been under study by the Day Care Policy Studies Group. The Items, published between 1961 and 1970, are grouped in the following categories: 1. General Issues, 2. Child Development, 3. Specific Programs, 4. Personnel, 5. Economic Issues, 6. Licensing Standards, 7. Legislation and Regulation, 8. Special Issues, 9. Evaluation, 10. Facilities and Supplies, 11. General Resources, 12. Public Schools. Price and order information, if known, is listed at the end of the publication information in each entry, and an author index is included at the end of the document. The bibliography can be of use to educators and planning officials who might be involved in setting up day care centers. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-980, 982-983.) (Author/AL)

This annotated bibliography, which is a supplement to "Day Care: An Annotated Bibliography," contains approximately 220 items published between 1964 and 1971. Books, pamphlets, magazine articles, research papers, and reports of studies are included in this list. All are sources that the Day Care Policy Studies Group examined for a study undertaken for the Office of Economic Opportunity. These references are grouped in twelve categories as follows: 1. General Issues, 2. Child Development, 3. Specific Programs, 4. Personnel, 5. Economic Issues, 6. Licensing Standards, 7. Legislation and Regulation, 8. Special Issues, 9. Evaluation, 10. Facilities and Supplies, 11. General Resources, 12. Public Schools. There is an author index at the end of the bibliography. Many items of general educational interest are included, so that this list would be of value not only to those concerned with the day care field, but to many types of professionals involved in working with children. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-981, 983.) (AL)

Two facts based on empirical data provide the focus of this report: (1) the number of women who use day care services will increase; and (2) young adults have more positive attitudes toward day care and related issues than do older adults. The demographic characteristics related to the participation of women in the labor force and possible changes in those characteristics are discussed, and two figures present data, as of March 1970, concerning labor force participation rates of married women by education, husband's income, and number and age of children. Attitudes related to the use of day care, past, present, and future, are then described. The final section of the report discusses demographic trends in enrollment in preschool educational programs. Three appendixes to the report provide tables and graphs of data related to A. Relationships of Various Factors to the Participation of Women in the Labor Force; B. Changes in the Factors; and C. Present Attitudes Toward the Use of Day Care. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-977, 979-983.) (AL)

Four appendixes to Volume 1 of Part IX "Training Programs for Child Care Personnel" comprise this Volume 2 of Part IX. The appendixes are as follows: A. Highlights of Findings--a summary of the information obtained from program administrators and students; B. Program Director Interview and Questionnaire Data Summary--a summary of program director data obtained from both interviews and written questionnaires, presented in tables; C. Student Interview Data Summary--a summary of student responses according to program types, presented in tables; and D. Interview Schedules--contains the interview schedule and the written questionnaire for program directors and the interview schedule for students. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-979, 981-983.) (AL)

Opinions of the general public and of special interest groups on the subject of day care are examined. The opinions are discussed as to concept of day care, family versus center care, location, grouping, program cost, and staff. The special interest groups studied were child development professionals, minority groups, industry, and women's liberation groups. The impact of day care programs on public opinion is presented as to sources of information, results, and problems for future study. Results of the research include the following: (1) both the general public and special interest groups approve of the concept of child care; (2) almost half of the mothers in the U.S. use some form of supplementary child care, but to a large degree, this is privately arranged care on an individual basis; (3) day care centers are widely approved of by working women, especially poor ones; reaction to center care for all children is generally less favorable; (4) the specific issues which generate opinions are family vs. center care, cost, location, and transportation; and (5) groups that emphasize educational and child development aspects of day care feel that day care in centers is a right to which all children are entitled; in general, these groups support federally funded centers. A 50-item bibliography is included. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-975, 977-983.) (AL)

Eight appendixes to a final report "Alternative Federal Day Care Strategies for the 1970's" comprise this volume. The appendixes are as follows: A. References for Estimation and Evaluation of Impacts upon Children and Parents--contains a list of 292 studies, articles, and reports published between 1958 and 1971; B. Impacts of Preschool Programs--provides a table with summaries of preschool programs and impacts on the children involved; C. Comparative Studies of Impacts of Preschool Programs--provides additional summaries in tabular form of preschool programs and impact on the children involved; D. Impacts from Other Programs for School Age Children--provides a table of summaries of school age programs and impacts on the children involved; E. Impacts from Home Based Programs--provides a table of summaries of home based programs and impacts on the children involved; F. The Parent Participation Questionnaire and Data Analysis--provides the questionnaire, coding instructions, and results in terms of percentage figures for each item; G. References for Estimation and Evaluation of Economic Impacts--contains a list of references encompassing 67 studies, articles, and reports published between 1954 and 1971--contains the coding and recoding sets for a March 1967 Current Population Survey, describes the computerized data utilized in the simulation models, and the deviation of State Welfare Characteristics Used in Cross Classification Model. (For related documents, see PS 005 969, 971-983.) (AL)

Parents' preferences for day care services are compared with the major types of existing day care. Survey data on the types of services parents prefer is first summarized. Then the major types of available day care are described. Finally, each type of care is evaluated on the basis of available data concerning parents' satisfaction with and preference for each type of care as a whole, as well as their attitudes toward individual features of each type of care. The purpose of this evaluation is to provide the federal government with some of the information needed to select and design the delivery system that will expand the nation's supply of day care. Existing data on parents' preferences is not adequate in all areas to be considered. More research into differences in preference among population groups and into the details of those preferences would seem necessary in order to tailor the expanded day care services to individual communities and thus, to assure maximum use nationwide. Three appendixes and a reference list accompany this report. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-976, 978-983.) (Author/AL)

The 12 presentations and discussions of a two-day conference on the cost of day care, held in May 1971 and attended by experts on the costs, economics, and financial aspects of day care, are provided in this report. The presentations are as follows: "Techniques of Analyzing Costs and Cost-Benefit Ratios for Day Care" by Delroy Cornick; "Strategy for Day Care Cost Analysis" by Keith McClellan; "Community Assessment of Day Care Needs and Services" by Richard Zamoff; "The Economics of Child Care: Two Critical Gaps" by Mary Rowe; "Costs Analysis from 'A Study in Child Care, 1970-71'" by David Warner; "Family Assistance Day Care in Vermont" by Robert G. Stauffer; "Computer-Based Model to Analyze Costs of Day Care" by Donald G. Ogilvie; "Day Care Start-Up Costs" by Richard Grassgreen;"Public Agency Purchase of Day Care Services" by Alan R. Pittaway; "Reimbursing Day Care Costs" Burton Sonenstein; "International and Cooperative Day Care Programs" by Cynthia Jones; and "Massachusetts Early Education Project" by Robert Fein. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-973, 975-983.) (AL)

This paper presents a discussion of challenges to the rapid expansion of a federally sponsored day care program. The analysis has centered upon the policy issue of choosing the ideal blend of governmental reliance upon the private day care market, governmental support to the private day care market, and governmental funding and operation of day care facilities. This issue is discussed from the perspective of the federal government, in terms of both legislation and regulation, and from the perspective of a local administering agency. For the latter, the focus is on local planning of a day care system. The intent is to provide a framework with which to properly allocate limited resources in such a way as to avoid the usual problems associated with a rapidly expanded governmental program. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-974, 976-983.) (Author)

Results of a study of the costs of providing day care services are presented. The sections of the report are as follows: 1. Introduction; 2. Issues in Day Care Cost Analysis--use of cost information, cost structure, classification of day care types, organizational level to be addressed, total vs. per-child costs, economies of scale, diversity of services included, treatment of administrative and overhead costs, and in-kind contributions; 3. Day Care Cost Information--general, delivery mechanisms in the PSG project, relationship to alternative Federal strategies, family day care costs, industrial day care costs, proprietary systems of day care centers, and non-profit day care center costs; and 4. Summary of Day Care Cost Workshop. A bibliography containing 30 references is provided. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-972, 974-983.) (AL)

An appendix to a report entitled "Alternative Federal Day Care Strategies for the 1970's," this volume identifies and reviews possible measures of specific impacts of child care in such areas as the social, emotional, physical and intellectual development and the educational attainment of children; the child rearing attitudes and employment status of parents; the income of families; and the cost to the government. The sections of the volume are as follows: 1. Introduction; 2. Measuring the Impacts of Child Care Programs on Children; 3. Measuring Impacts of Parent Participation Programs; and 4. Measuring the Economic Impacts of Day Care on Family and Society. The eight appendixes to the volume are: Discussion of the Measurement of Social Impacts (Impact Assessment Techniques are presented in a table); Tests for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Being Evaluated by the Center for the Study of Evaluation, University of California at Los Angeles; Examples of Impact Measures Used with Children in Day Care Settings (presented in tabular format); Examples of Impact Measures Used with Children in National Studies (in tabular format); An Overview of Child Measures Proposed for Use in ETS-OEO Longitudinal Study (in tabular format); Examples of Impact Measures Used with Children in Small Research Studies (in tabular format); Measurement of the Impact of Parent Participation in Child Care Programs (in tabular format); and References. (For related documents, see PS 005 969, 970, 972-983.) (AL)

Findings, conclusions, and recommendations concerning the role of the Federal Government in providing day care services are presented in this Summary Report, Part I of the Final Report. The six chapters of the report are as follows: 1. Statement of the Problem--identifies the social context in which day care and child development programs must be evaluated, and describes a range of Federal objectives that appear to be implied in current debate; 2. Existing Child Care System--examines the existing child care industry and the forces that have shaped its development; 3. Policy Issue: Should the Federal Government Provide More Day Care Services?--analyzes the question in relation to Federal objectives and social concerns, and evaluates the potential for achieving these objectives through increased involvement in day care services; 4. Policy Issue: Should Child Development Services Be Provided in Federally Supported Day Care Arrangements?--analyzes the relationship of day care to child development services, and discusses child development as an end in itself; 5. An Analysis of Alternative Federal Delivery System Strategies for Further Involvement in the Day Care Industry--analyzes the delivery system best suited to increased Federal involvement in day care, and makes recommendations; 6. Implementation--presents guidelines for legislation, and provides alternative forms of implementation of the proposals through suggested amendments and modifications of pending day care provisions in the proposed Social Security Act Amendment of 1971 and pending child development bills. Supporting appendixes to the report, Parts II through X, are bound separately (see PS 005 970 through PS 005 983.) (AL)

Existing legislation applicable to day care programs is examined to discern what the Federal role has been. An overview of existing Federal legislation is given, and legislation is then analyzed as to its effect on the five components of the day care delivery system. These components are: (1) a product--the kind of day care program, (2) providers of that product--administrators, operators, educators, etc.; (3) consumers of the product--parents and children; (4) a medium of exchange between the providers and the consumers--means of financing the programs; and (5) regulation of the product and the means of financing by the public--the quality of the product and the terms and conditions of exchange. An appendix includes descriptions of all relevant legislative enactments affecting day care programs. (For related documents, see PS 005 969-971, 973-983.) (AL)

In view of the need for child care services throughout the country, some alternative Federal day care strategies for the decade are described. Major sections deal with existing child care systems, whether the Federal Government should provide more day care services, whether child development services should be provided in federally supported day care arrangements, an analysis of alternative Federal delivery system strategies for further involvement in the day care industry, and implementation of the recommendations. Emphasis on legislation guidelines, enactment, and impact. Supporting appendices are included on existing day care legislation, costs, challenges in day care expansion, public opinion toward day care, types of care and parents' references, future trends affecting day care and preschool education, and training programs for child care personnel. An annotated bibliography is also included. (LH)

This report discusses federal government support of day care services. Two alternatives are presented: (1) services designed, regulated and funded by a central agency, and (2) services provided through a free market industry in which decisions about regulations and care would be made by consumers, with only minimal central regulation. The market system is discussed at length and recommended because it provides maximum freedom of choice by parents, and enables the day care industry to evolve according to the needs of the children and parents it serves. Further recommendations include a key resources program (planning, technical assistance, start-up costs, facilities, etc.) to be implemented to help the market meet new demand without artificially raising prices and to insure entry into the day care market of a variety of providers. Legislation guidelines are presented: (1) a voucher system giving parents purchasing power for day care services to accompany the key resource program, and (2) a national research program in child development. (ST)

This running theme’s introduction rethinks fieldwork as an ongoing process. It explores experiences and conceptions of ‘becoming fluent in fieldwork’: the contextual processes through which we do, learn, and unlearn practices of fieldwork. It sees fieldwork as a collective project. Recognising the entanglement of field sites and travelling with fields to certain other fields, we become multiply entangled, and thus we ask: what do these plural relations demand from us? We turn to the concept and praxis of love as it considers the responsibility, care work and thinking-working together that is needed to respect other people’s realities together with them. We foreground the notion of ‘becoming fluent’ that reflects fieldwork as a work in process, and emphasises the processual aspects of fieldwork: the journey that spans the time before, during and after the fieldwork. This process involves engaging meaningfully with relations, relationality and collaboration, ‘ongoingness’ and ethics in motion.

The 2007–09 financial crisis appeared to demonstrate the need for a strong, supranational EU macro-prudential policy framework to prevent similar future disasters. The implemented framework, however, is neither. It is highly complex, involving many constraints on the use of macro-prudential instruments. It is also one of the principal areas of national discretion in EU banking regulation. To explain this, I build on the ‘financial trilemma’ thesis which holds that there are inherent tensions between pursuing financial stability, financial integration and national financial policies. Supranationalizing macro-prudential policy proved difficult due to a lack of consensus on how to measure systemic risks and because of the distributional consequences involved. This increased the tension between stability and integration, as national macro-prudential policies could constrain cross-border finance and they could be misused for competitiveness considerations. Key policy actors disagreed on which goals to prioritize, with bargaining leading to a convoluted policy framework.

This article scrutinizes the employment of temporality in nativist discourse. Looking at nostalgia in the context of contemporary nativism reveals that the operative temporality is not limited to just the past. The perception of “threat,” central to nativism, does not only inform historical claims made by nostalgic nativists, but also refers to the present and to the future in which this threat is to be overcome. After defining nativism, the article focuses on nostalgic invocations of the national past. To what (imagined) times do nativists refer when they speak about the “good old days”? What exactly is perceived as attractive about those days? The next section deals with the dystopian and utopian invocations of the future. As for the empirical scope of this article, we focus on the two most influential representatives of the Dutch radical right: Partij voor de Vrijheid and Forum voor Democratie. We conducted a discourse analysis of textual and verbal material from the period between 2006 and 2021. By analyzing the entanglements of past, present, and the future in nativist discourses, this article seeks to enrich our understanding of the role temporality plays in the dominant debates about national belonging.

The preclinical multicomponent free-choice high-fat high-sucrose (fcHFHS) diet has strong validity to model diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated maladaptive molecular changes in the central nervous system. fcHFHS-induced obese rats demonstrate increased sensitivity to intracerebroventricular infusion of the orexigenic Neuropeptide Y (NPY). The brain region-specific effects of NPY signaling on fcHFHS diet component selection are not completely understood. For example, fcHFHS-fed rats have increased intake of chow and fat following intracerebroventricular NPY infusion, whereas NPY administration in the nucleus accumbens, a key hub of the reward circuitry, specifically increases fat intake. Here, we investigated whether NPY infusion in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), which is crucially involved in the regulation of intake, regulates fcHFHS component selection, and if LHA NPY receptor subtypes 1 or 5 (NPYR1/5) are involved. Male Wistar rats were fed a chow or fcHFHS diet for at least seven days, and received intra-LHA vehicle or NPY infusions in a cross-over design. Diet component intake was measured two hours later. Separate experimental designs were used to test the efficacy of NPY1R- or NPY5R antagonism to prevent the orexigenic effects of intra-LHA NPY. Intra-LHA NPY increased caloric intake in chow- and fcHFHS-fed rats. This effect was mediated specifically by chow intake in fcHFHS-fed rats. The orexigenic effects of intra-LHA NPY were prevented by NPY1R and NPY5R antagonism in chow-fed rats, but only by NPY5R antagonism in fcHFHS-fed rats. Thus, NPY signaling has brain region-specific effects on fcHFHS component selection and LHA NPYR sensitivity is dysregulated during consumption of a fcHFHS diet.

Direct synthetic routes to amidines are desired, as they are widely present in many biologically active compounds and organometallic complexes. N-Acyl amidines in particular can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of heterocycles and have several other applications. Here, we describe a fast and practical copper-catalyzed three-component reaction of aryl acetylenes, amines, and easily accessible 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones to N-acyl amidines, generating CO2 as the only byproduct. Transformation of the dioxazolones on the Cu catalyst generates acyl nitrenes that rapidly insert into the copper acetylide Cu-C bond rather than undergoing an undesired Curtius rearrangement. For nonaromatic dioxazolones, [Cu(OAc)(Xantphos)] is a superior catalyst for this transformation, leading to full substrate conversion within 10 min. For the direct synthesis of N-benzoyl amidine derivatives from aromatic dioxazolones, [Cu(OAc)(Xantphos)] proved to be inactive, but moderate to good yields were obtained when using simple copper(I) iodide (CuI) as the catalyst. Mechanistic studies revealed the aerobic instability of one of the intermediates at low catalyst loadings, but the reaction could still be performed in air for most substrates when using catalyst loadings of 5 mol The herein reported procedure not only provides a new, practical, and direct route to N-acyl amidines but also represents a new type of C-N bond formation.

Silicates with five organic groups are conformationally dynamic even with two bidentate ligands. Symmetry breaking by incorporating a single nitrogen or phosphorus atom provides insight into their dynamic behavior. N‐containing silicates with bidentate 2‐phenylpyridine, biphenyl, and a Me (8), Et (9) or Ph (10) ligand were studied comprehensively by NMR spectroscopy and DFT theory to reveal two isoenergetic conformers with a barrier of ca. 10 kcal mol–1. P‐containing silicate 14 with bidentate triphenylphosphane, biphenyl, and Me ligands is subject to multiple Berry pseudorotations, turnstile rotations, and conformational flexibility of the P‐center. The stability increased by masking the P‐center with a BH3 group (16). DFT and NMR modeling reveal two isoenergetic conformers for 16 with a barrier of ca. 19 kcal‧mol–1 for a complex interconversion pathway. This barrier bodes well for the design of configurationally stable chiral‐at‐metal transition metal catalysts.

By using electrical characterization and classical solid state semiconductor device theory, we demonstrate that the open circuit voltage (Voc) in organic solar cells based on non-intentional doped semiconductors is fundamentally limited by the built-in potential (Vbi) originated at a donor-acceptor abrupt (p-n++) heterojunction in case of selective contacts. Our analysis is validated using P3HT:PCBM devices fabricated in our research group. We also demonstrate that such a result can be generalized using data already reported in literature for fullerene-based solar cells. Finally, we show that the dependence of Voc on the device contacts can be understood in terms of the potential barriers formed by the Fermi level alignment of semiconductors at the heterojunction and at the Schottky junctions.

1,3-P,N-ligands provide the ideal spatial separation to facilitate homo and hetero metal-metal interactions to access multinuclear complexes. The rich chemistry of such complexes includes applications in coordination chemistry, metal-activation and (cooperative) catalysis. However, it has been especially the fruitful combination in photoluminescent P,N-coinage metal complexes which has renewed interest in these ligands. While the field classically focused on dinuclear species, now also coinage metal clusters have been studied for use in catalysis and photophysical applications. Reviewed are recent developments from 2009 to mid-2017.

1,3-P,N-ligands are prominent hybrid ligands which provide valuable mononuclear transition metal complexes, due to their varied bonding modes with an inherent usefulness in cooperative processes such as ligand-assisted substrate activation and both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Reviewed are recent developments in an expanding number of applications, including coordination chemistry, catalysis, and bio-inorganic applications.

BackgroundHippocampal avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation (HA-PCI) techniques have been developed to reduce radiation damage to the hippocampus. An inter-observer hippocampus delineation analysis was performed and the influence of the delineation variability on dose to the hippocampus was studied.Materials and methodsFor five patients, seven observers delineated both hippocampi on brain MRI. The intra-class correlation (ICC) with absolute agreement and the generalized conformity index (CIgen) were computed. Median surfaces over all observers’ delineations were created for each patient and regional outlining differences were analysed. HA-PCI dose plans were made from the median surfaces and we investigated whether dose constraints in the hippocampus could be met for all delineations.ResultsThe ICC for the left and right hippocampus was 0.56 and 0.69, respectively, while the CIgen ranged from 0.55 to 0.70. The posterior and anterior-medial hippocampal regions had most variation with SDs ranging from approximately 1 to 2.5 mm. The mean dose (Dmean) constraint was met for all delineations, but for the dose received by 1% of the hippocampal volume (D1%) violations were observed.ConclusionThe relatively low ICC and CIgen indicate that delineation variability among observers for both left and right hippocampus was large. The posterior and anterior-medial border have the largest delineation inaccuracy. The hippocampus Dmean constraint was not violated.

For time series forecasting, obtaining models is based on the use of past observations from the same sequence. In those cases, when the model is learning from data, there is not an extra information that discuss about the quantity of noise inside the data available. In practice, it is necessary to deal with finite noisy datasets, which lead to uncertainty about the propriety of the model. For this problem, the employment of the Bayesian inference tools are preferable. A modified algorithm used for training a long-short term memory recurrent neural network for time series forecasting is presented. This approach was chosen to improve the forecasting of the original series, employing an implementation based on the minimization of the associated Kullback-Leibler Information Criterion. For comparison, a nonlinear autoregressive model implemented with a feedforward neural network was also presented. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate and illustrate results, comparing this approach with Bayesian neural-networks-based algorithms for artificial chaotic time-series and showing an improvement in terms of forecasting errors.

‘Evidence-based’ development policy has caused impact evaluations to prioritise accountability over addressing processual learning questions. Moreover, evaluation scholarship is dominated by surveys, whereas qualitative research remains scant. This article traces one particular evaluation, within the independent Evaluation Department of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It asks, ‘How do evaluators and policymakers interact and what adjustments follow from the illustrative evaluation?’ It used participant observations, documents and interviews with policymakers and evaluators. An in-depth thematic analysis resulted in a typology of evaluator roles: (1) knowledge broker, (2) facilitator, (3) archive, (4) truth-revealing and (5) critical voice. Finally, policymakers and managers adjusted in three ways: symbolic, instrumental and empowerment. These results imply that if evaluators deliberate a suitable role, they (1) increase their partial understandings of the programme under scrutiny and the involved stakeholders, and (2) enhance the potential of synergies in collective learning to emerge in an evaluation team and the broader institution.

To make optimal predictions in a dynamic environment, the impact of new observations on existing beliefs—that is, the learning rate—should be guided by ongoing estimates of change and uncertainty. Theoretical work has proposed specific computational roles for various neuromodulatory systems in the control of learning rate, but empirical evidence is still sparse. The aim of the current research was to examine the role of the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems in learning rate regulation. First, we replicated our recent findings that the centroparietal P3 component of the EEG—an index of phasic catecholamine release in the cortex—predicts trial-to-trial variability in learning rate and mediates the effects of surprise and belief uncertainty on learning rate (Study 1, n = 17). Second, we found that pharmacological suppression of either norepinephrine or acetylcholine activity produced baseline-dependent effects on learning rate following nonobvious changes in an outcome-generating process (Study 1). Third, we identified two genes, coding for α2A receptor sensitivity (ADRA2A) and norepinephrine reuptake (NET), as promising targets for future research on the genetic basis of individual differences in learning rate (Study 2, n = 137). Our findings suggest a role for the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems in belief updating and underline the importance of studying interactions between different neuromodulatory systems.

The world is constantly changing and facing us with challenges to which we do not know the solutions. COVID-19 forms a clear example of this development. To be able to react properly on this type of development Life-long learning forms a crucial element in this. In this discussion paper, four inherently related concepts were brought together: life-long learning, cooperative learning, the Adaptive Cycle of Resilience (ACoR) model and ecosystems. By combining these concepts, we intend to rethink our learning structures. In this light, two questions are raised. One, how do we make sure we are prepared for unforeseen events like COVID-19? And two, what is the role of evaluation in the process of preparing for the unknown? How do we know what to evaluate? The main concepts are structured into a proposed integrated ecosystem architecture to facilitate life-long learning, which contributes to laying the foundation of the development of ecosystems in which life-long learning is the main objective.

There is growing evidence that mechanical factors affect brain functioning. However, brain components responsible for regulating the physiological mechanical environment are not completely understood. To determine the relationship between structure and stiffness of brain tissue, we performed high-resolution viscoelastic mapping by dynamic indentation of the hippocampus and the cerebellum of juvenile mice brains, and quantified relative area covered by neurons (NeuN-staining), axons (neurofilament NN18-staining), astrocytes (GFAP-staining), myelin (MBP-staining) and nuclei (Hoechst-staining) of juvenile and adult mouse brain slices. Results show that brain subregions have distinct viscoelastic parameters. In gray matter (GM) regions, the storage modulus correlates negatively with the relative area of nuclei and neurons, and positively with astrocytes. The storage modulus also correlates negatively with the relative area of myelin and axons (high cell density regions are excluded). Furthermore, adult brain regions are ∼ 20%-150% stiffer than the comparable juvenile regions which coincide with increase in astrocyte GFAP-staining. Several linear regression models are examined to predict the mechanical properties of the brain tissue based on (immuno)histochemical stainings.

We describe tdULL, an algorithm for computing treedepth decompositions of minimal depth. An implementation was submitted to the exact track of PACE 2020. tdULL is a branch and bound algorithm branching on inclusion-minimal separators., LIPIcs, Vol. 180, 15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020), pages 29:1-29:4

We present a high-resolution microscope capable of imaging buried structures through optically opaque materials with micrometer transverse resolution and a nanometer-scale depth sensitivity. The ability to image through such materials is made possible by the use of laser ultrasonic techniques, where an ultrafast laser pulse launches acoustic waves inside an opaque layer and subsequent acoustic echoes from buried interfaces are detected optically by a time-delayed probe pulse. We show that the high frequency of the generated ultrasound waves enables imaging with a transverse resolution only limited by the optical detection system. We present the imaging system and signal analysis and demonstrate its imaging capability on complex microstructured objects through 200 nm thick metal layers and gratings through 500 nm thickness. Furthermore, we characterize the obtained imaging performance, achieving a diffraction-limited transverse resolution of 1.2 μm and a depth sensitivity better than 10 nm.

How can personal identity be determined in such a way that developments, experiences and other dynamic and context-dependent aspects of that identity can be taken into account? For several decades now, the narrative, the story, has often been referred to in answering this question as a cognitive instrument that can adequately deal with those aspects. The monologue thus appears to present itself as a medium in which personal or autobiographical identity is formed. However, what happens when we place the identity narrative in a dialogue: when two people with very diverse backgrounds have a dialogue that touches on their identity? Does this perhaps provide an entirely new challenge and enrichment of that narrative, which can have a major impact on both the individual and the relationship? I want to explore these questions in this article, motivated by both the philosophical perspective and my experiences as co-initiator of the "Keti Koti Table", in which such a dialogue plays a central role. To this end, I will first discuss the dynamic aspects of the narrative, in which the phenomenon of "refiguration" as presented by Ricoeur is key. This is then discussed in the context of the dialogue. In § 4 I discuss the specific dialogue method that we have developed for the Keti Koti Table. Subsequently, in § 5, some experiences of participants are discussed, whose identity refigurations are analyzed under the influence of the dialogue in § 6. It is concluded with a brief conclusion about the special significance of the dialogue for the narrative self-constitution in a diverse society. Hoe kan persoonlijke identiteit bepaald worden op zo'n manier dat rekening kan worden gehouden met ontwikkelingen, ervaringen en andere dynamische en contextafhankelijke aspecten van die identiteit? Sinds enkele decennia wordt voor de beantwoording van die vraag vaak verwezen naar het narratief, het verhaal, als een cognitief instrument dat adequaat met die aspecten kan omgaan. Daarmee lijkt de monoloog zich te presenteren als een medium waarin persoonlijke of autobiografische identiteit wordt gevormd. Wat gebeurt er echter wanneer we het identiteitsnarratief plaatsen in een dialoog: wanneer twee personen met een heel diverse achtergrond een dialoog voeren die raakt aan hun identiteit? Levert dit misschien een geheel nieuwe uitdaging en verrijking van dat narratief op, die zowel voor het individu als voor de relatie een grote impact kan hebben? Deze vragen wil ik in dit artikel onderzoeken

The rapid changes in our dynamic world increase competitions and forecasting future-developments is more and more difficult. Many scientists and new sciences try to find the recipe for long-lasting success. Analysing and testing these advices, using a logical way of reasoning for reaching long-term objectives, challenges the management of the organisations both in ‘doing the things right’ (the manager) as well as ‘doing the right things’ (the leader), - as Peter Drucker (2001) stated, - emphasising the role of human resources. Our discussion paper is based on many years of research work on identifying the continuous developments of an organisation, analysing the requirements for adaptation by the human resources in the different phases during the life cycle of an organisation, the role of knowledge and information, thus the role of education. With this paper, we explicitly invite both scholars and practitioners to participate in the discussion to find solutions for the challenges we are facing in these dynamic contemporary times. The authors believe that organisations can only reach their objectives (reaching competitive advantage in the profit sector or societal effectiveness for governmental organisations and NGOs) via collaboration, networking and by sharing knowledge, skills and expertise. While the technological and managerial innovations and developments are available, the mindsets of human resources to share knowledge- and skills do not yet assure the fit of employees for their future. This discussion paper can thus only be seen as a first step towards improving our toolbox for dealing with change. How to ensure sustainable success? - that is the question the authors are searching answers for. Given the fact that we are trying to understand the dynamically changing context organisations are facing. However, we are aware that proofing our view is hard. On the moment that we have a relevant set of cases to be studied, the context already changed that much, that any prediction is useless.

Numerical modeling of postmortem body temperature allows reconstruction of the time since death for criminal investigations., The early postmortem interval (PMI), i.e., the time shortly after death, can aid in the temporal reconstruction of a suspected crime and therefore provides crucial information in forensic investigations. Currently, this information is often derived from an empirical model (Henssge’s nomogram) describing posthumous body cooling under standard conditions. However, nonstandard conditions necessitate the use of subjective correction factors or preclude the use of Henssge’s nomogram altogether. To address this, we developed a powerful method for early PMI reconstruction using skin thermometry in conjunction with a comprehensive thermodynamic finite-difference model, which we validated using deceased human bodies. PMIs reconstructed using this approach, on average, deviated no more than ±38 minutes from their corresponding true PMIs (which ranged from 5 to 50 hours), significantly improving on the ±3 to ±7 hours uncertainty of the gold standard. Together, these aspects render this approach a widely applicable, i.e., forensically relevant, method for thermometric early PMI reconstruction.

International audience; We present the results from the low-frequency (40–78 MHz) extension of the first pulsar census of non-recycled pulsars carried out with the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). We used the low-band antennas of the LOFAR core stations to observe 87 pulsars out of 158 that had been previously detected using high-band antennas. We present flux densities and flux-calibrated profiles for the 43 pulsars we detected. Of this sample, 17 have not, to our knowledge, previously been detected at such low frequencies. Here we recalculate the spectral indices using the new low-frequency flux density measurements from the LOFAR census and discuss the prospects of studying pulsars at very low frequencies using current and upcoming facilities, such as the New Extension in Nançay Upgrading LOFAR (NenuFAR).Key words: pulsars: general⋆ The profiles are also available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/635/A75

The Routledge Companion to Big History guides readers though the variety of themes and concepts that structure contemporary scholarship in the field of big history.The volume is divided into five parts, each representing current and evolving areas of interest to the community, including big history’s relationship to science, social science, the humanities, and the future, as well as teaching big history and ‘little big histories’. Considering an ever-expanding range of theoretical, pedagogical and research topics, the book addresses such questions as what is the relationship between big history and scientific research, how are big historians working with philosophers and religious thinkers to help construct ‘meaning’, how are leading theoreticians making sense of big history and its relationship to other creation narratives and paradigms, what is ‘little big history’, and how does big history impact on thinking about the future? The book highlights the place of big history in historiographical traditions and the ways in which it can be used in education and public discourse across disciplines and at all levels.A timely collection with contributions from leading proponents in the field, it is the ideal guide for those wanting to engage with the theories and concepts behind big history.

Little big histories are studies that connect a specific subject to all the major phases of big history. Many phenomena that exist on Earth or that know have existed in the past are many things at once. They are many things at once because they are complex, because they are part of something complex or because they are both. Little big histories are relatively new to this interdisciplinary scene. This is not surprising, since they are based big history, which itself is a relatively new field. Even though it has existed in its academic form since the 1980s, up to the beginning of the twenty-first century, only a handful of people worked in it. The parts of the history of the inanimate, biological and cultural world that have been surveyed so far tell that build with bricks because doing so can be relatively cheap.

Close double neutron stars have been observed as Galactic radio pulsars, while their mergers have been detected as gamma-ray bursts and gravitational-wave sources. They are believed to have experienced at least one common-envelope episode during their evolution prior to double neutron star formation. In the last decades there have been numerous efforts to understand the details of the common-envelope phase, but its computational modelling remains challenging. We present and discuss the properties of the donor and the binary at the onset of the Roche-lobe overflow leading to these common-envelope episodes as predicted by rapid binary population synthesis models. These properties can be used as initial conditions for detailed simulations of the common-envelope phase. There are three distinctive populations, classified by the evolutionary stage of the donor at the moment of the onset of the Roche-lobe overflow: giant donors with fully-convective envelopes, cool donors with partially-convective envelopes, and hot donors with radiative envelopes. We also estimate that, for standard assumptions, tides would not circularise a large fraction of these systems by the onset of Roche-lobe overflow. This makes the study and understanding of eccentric mass-transferring systems relevant for double neutron star populations., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures. Includes bug fix. Two new figures and an appendix added

The authors of this book guide the readers along the paths of adaptive information management in an era of constant change. Topics cover what information management is; why, how and when to deal with it; and who are involved in the organisational (change) management processes in short- and long-term. Adaptive Information Management thinking is a method that helps to understand modern society better. Its basic building blocks are the Amsterdam Information Management model and the Adaptive Cycle of Resilience theory. It offers an integrated insight into the role that knowledge and information play in the contemporary organisational context. The research interest of the authors is on how organisations manage challenges in a way they stay successful. More and more they realise how important it is to understand the context; the context that is leading and that the secret is in cooperation, sharing information, knowledge and skills for co-creating solutions for both business and social problems. Raising awareness on adaptivity and information management; this book helps to open up the personal performance capacities of the professionals, who contribute to the unlimited potentials for organisational successes now and in the future. This approach makes the book a handy guide for people who are intrigued by developments in knowledge and information in contemporary society. It is therefore beneficial for business professionals as well as in education. The authors aim at creating a better future for society by improving consciousness via education to make people more successful.

Protic NHC iridium complexes, obtained from the corresponding azido-phenylene-isocyanide precursor complexes, were investigated for ligand-based reactivity. Under redox-neutral conditions, acetonitrile inserts into the N-H bonds to provide kappa(2)-NHC-imidoyl ligand-based complexes, while under reductive conditions the complex also expels one N-H proton to provide the corresponding deprotonated analogues. Using zinc as a reductor activates the NHC-iridium complex to form an asymmetric bimetallic iridium hydrido complex, in which two anionic N-deprotonated NHCs bridge the bimetallic core. X-ray crystal structures are reported for the azido-phenylene-isocyanide precursor complex, the protic NHC complex, and the asymmetric bimetallic iridium hydride complex. Density functional computations and a QTAIM analysis of the bimetallic iridium hydrido complex are provided.

Dat het eten van insecten (entomofagie) een veelbelovend alternatief is voor het eten van vlees is al geruime tijd bekend. Maar een willekeurige vriend, bekende of vreemde vragen of ze wel eens insecten thuis eten, levert vrijwel altijd een ontkennend antwoord op. Onderzoek laat zien dat er meerdere barrières zijn in keten van productie, verwerking en consumptie van insecten. Met name de consumentenacceptatie vormt een barrière. Op het gebied van verduurzaming van het productieproces, wetgeving en voedselveiligheid zijn er eveneens nog belangrijke stappen te zetten.

Motivation Our society has become data-rich to the extent that research in many areas has become impossible without computational approaches. Educational programmes seem to be lagging behind this development. At the same time, there is a growing need not only for strong data science skills, but foremost for the ability to both translate between tools and methods on the one hand, and application and problems on the other. Results Here we present our experiences with shaping and running a masters’ programme in bioinformatics and systems biology in Amsterdam. From this, we have developed a comprehensive philosophy on how translation in training may be achieved in a dynamic and multidisciplinary research area, which is described here. We furthermore describe two requirements that enable translation, which we have found to be crucial: sufficient depth and focus on multidisciplinary topic areas, coupled with a balanced breadth from adjacent disciplines. Finally, we present concrete suggestions on how this may be implemented in practice, which may be relevant for the effectiveness of life science and data science curricula in general, and of particular interest to those who are in the process of setting up such curricula. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Many proteins exhibit multiple binding patches. A patch may harbour a key chemical modification site, but may also simply act as a trap for the binding to another site. Here we consider the scenario in which one molecule (enzyme) binds another molecule (substrate) which contains two sites. We present microscopic expressions for the rate at which the enzyme binds to a particular site on the substrate, both for the scenario in which the enzyme directly binds the site without first visiting the other site, and for the case in which it may visit the other site an arbitrary number of times before binding to the site of interest. We also present the expressions for the corresponding dissociation reactions. These expressions can be used to compute in a single rare-event simulation of the dissociation pathway not only both the intrinsic and effective dissociation rate constants but also both association rate constants. [GRAPHICS] .

Contains fulltext : 178666.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is implicated in spatial attention, but its specific role in emotional spatial attention remains unclear. In the present study, we combined inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a fear conditioning paradigm to test the role of the right PPC in attentional control of task-irrelevant threatening distractors. In a sham-controlled within-subject design, 1 Hz repetitive TMS was applied to the left and right PPC after which participants performed a visual search task with a distractor that was either associated with a loud noise burst (threat) or not (non-threat). Results demonstrated attentional capture across all conditions as evidenced by the typical reaction time costs of the distractor. However, only after inhibitory rTMS to the right PPC reaction time cost in the threatening distractor condition was increased relative to the non-threatening distractor condition, suggesting that attention lingered longer on the threatening distractor. We propose that the right PPC is involved in disengagement of attention from emotionally salient stimuli in order to re-orient attention to task relevant stimuli and may have implications for anxiety disorders associated with difficulties to disengage from threatening stimuli. 9 p.

Research on chlorine-free conversions of P4 into organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) has a long track record, but methods that allow desirable, direct P−C bond formations have only recently emerged. These include the use of metal organyls, carbenes, carboradicals, and photochemical approaches. The versatile product scope enables the preparation of both industrially relevant organophosphorus compounds, as well as a broad range of intriguing new compound classes. Herein we provide a concise overview of recent breakthroughs and outline the acquired fundamental insights to aid future developments.

Inclusiveness, with its emphasis on productive employment, has become central in development policy. From this perspective, unwaged-work is condemned for not being sufficiently productive; that is, for failing to lift incomes above a poverty threshold. However, insights from the sociology of work reveal a range of unwaged activities that are potentially highly productive in their contribution to self-reliance. The article explores whether these activities are undermined by the promotion of inclusiveness. The case study takes place in Tigray, Ethiopia. Through semi-structured interviews, the activities of different households were classified according to a typology of work based on the work of Gorz, Illich, Wheelock, Taylor, Williams and others. Results show the heterogeneous character of work and shed light on the meaning of productivity. The article ends with a discussion on the risk that inclusiveness may be achieved by replacing activities ‘that count’ with activities ‘that can be counted’.

The development of selective functionalization strategies of white phosphorus (P4) is important to avoid the current chlorinated intermediates. The use of transition metals (TMs) could lead to catalytic procedures, but these are severely hampered by the high reactivity and unpredictable nature of the tetrahedron. Herein, we report selective first steps by reacting P4 with a metal anion [Cp*Fe(CO)2]− (Cp*=C5(CH3)5), which, in the presence of bulky Lewis acids (LA; B(C6F5)3 or BPh3), leads to unique TM‐substituted LA‐stabilized bicyclo[1.1.0]tetraphosphabutanide anions [Cp*Fe(CO)2(η1‐P4⋅LA)]−. Their P‐nucleophilic site can be subsequently protonated to afford the transient LA‐free neutral butterflies exo,endo‐ and exo,exo‐Cp*Fe‐ (CO)2(η1‐P4H), allowing controllable stepwise metalate‐mediated functionalization of P4.