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1. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Maternal Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Madagascar and Senegal

Author: Sophie Goyet, Zafitsara Zo Andrianirina, Abdoulaye Seck, Jean-Baptiste Diouf, Yu-Jin Jung, Fatoumata Diene Sarr, Perlinot Herindrainy, Elisabeth Delaroque-Astagneau, Jean-Marc Collard, Arnaud Firon, Patrick Trieu-Cuot, Bich-Tram Huynh, Raymond Bercion, Muriel Vray, Didier Guillemot, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Pharmacoépidémiologie et maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier de Soavinandriana (CENHOSOA), Biologie des Bactéries pathogènes à Gram-positif - Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was supported by the Total Foundation,the African Center for Maternal and Child Health (Centre d’ExcellenceAfricainpour la Santée de la Mere et de l’Enfant),and by the Departmentof International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco, We are grateful to all the mothers and their new-borns for their participation. We thank all physicians, laboratory staff,field interviewers, and community workers for their involvement inthis project. We thank all collaborators of the BIRDY program: Lau-rence Borand, Marguerite Diatta, Pape Samba Dieye, Joseph Faye,Beno^ıt Garin, Amy Gassama Sow (deceased), Alexandra Kerleguer,Elsa Kermorvant-Duchemin, Siyin Lach, Agathe de Lauzanne, BouyaNdao,AbibatouNdiaye,VeroniqueNgo,MichaelPadget,PatricePiola,Feno Manitra, Jacob Rakotoarimanana, Bodonirina Tanjona Raheliar-ivao, Frederique Randrianirina, Vincent Richard, Maud Seguy, BallaSy, Arnaud Tarantola, Sok Touch, Laurence Watier, and Abdou ArmyaYoussouf. We also thank Tania Crucitti for her precious advice on thecontent of the manuscript., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Mothers, Sociodemographic data, medicine.disease_cause, Article, Group B, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Streptococcal Infections, Virology, Madagascar, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Colonization, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Risk factor, reproductive and urinary physiology, Streptococcus, Obstetrics, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Senegal, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Maternal Exposure, Population Surveillance, Cohort, Obstetric history, Vaginal swabs, Female, Parasitology, Pregnant Women, business
Abstract: Maternal group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization is a major risk factor for neonatal GBS infection. However, data on GBS are scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Using sociodemographic data and vaginal swabs collected from an international cohort of mothers and newborns, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women in Madagascar (n = 1,603) and Senegal (n = 616). The prevalence was 5.0% (95% CI, 3.9–6.1) and 16.1% (95% CI, 13.1–19.0) in Madagascar and Senegal, respectively. No factors among sociodemographic characteristics, living conditions, and obstetric history were found to be associated independently with GBS colonization in both countries. This community-based study provides one of the first estimates of maternal GBS colonization among pregnant women from Madagascar and Senegal.
Published: 2021

2. Olfactory outcomes in Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

Author: Françoise, Lazarini, Annie, Lannuzel, André, Cabié, Vincent, Michel, Yoann, Madec, Hugo, Chaumont, Isabelle, Calmont, Mathilde, Favrat, Xavier, Montagutelli, Emmanuel, Roze, Pierre-Marie, Lledo, Marie-Noëlle, Ungeheuer, Perception et Mémoire / Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier]-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Génétique de la souris - Mouse Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), This study was funded and sponsored by CHU of Martinique (Zikasmell ancillary study of the CARBO cohort) and supported by the French Ministry of Health (Exceptional Support for Research and Innovation and Clinical Research Hospital Program, PHRC 2009 NCT01099852), REACTing (INSERM) and Institut Pasteur (GPF 2015 Microbes & Brain 'INFECSMELL')., Zikasmell working group: Françoise Lazarini, Annie Lannuzel, André Cabié, Isabelle Calmont, Sylvie Abel, Ornella Cabras, Athéna Marquise, Mathilde Pircher, Aïssatou Signate, Christelle Celeste, Hugo Chaumont, Angela Lackmy, Guillaume Lepage, Quentin Lobjois, Aimée Petit, Benoît Tressières, Natacha Teissier, Emmanuel Roze, Tan-Phuc Buivan, Laurine Conquet, Hélène Laude, Pierre-Marie Lledo, Yoann Madec, Estelle Mottez, Fabien Taieb, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)
Subjects: olfactory threshold, Zika Virus Infection, hyposmia, COVID-19, Zika Virus, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Olfaction, Smell, Mice, Guillain Barré Syndrome, Zika, Neurology, Animals, Humans, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neurology (clinical)
Abstract: International audience; Background: Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Yet, little is known about the consequence of ZIKV infection on olfaction in humans. Methods: Just right before the COVID-19 outbreak, we prospectively investigated the olfacto-ry capacities of 19 patients with ZIKV-associated GBS from the French West Indies and com-pared them to 9 controls from the same population, with a GBS of similar severity but inde-pendent of Zika infection. To provide further evidence that ZIKV infection induces smell altera-tion, we investigated the consequences of ZIKV infection on olfactory abilities using a mouse model.Results: Patients with GBS-Zika+ had a poorer olfactory function than GBS-non-Zika, even one to two years after the acute phase. The proportion of patients with hyposmia was signifi-cantly higher in GBS-Zika+ than in GBS-non-Zika group (68.4% versus 22.2%, P=0.042). These deficits were characterized by lower threshold and identification scores and were inde-pendent from GBS severity. Additionally, ZIKV infection was found to impair olfaction in immu-nodeficient mice infected with ZIKV. High viral load was observed in their olfactory system and downstream brain structures. ZIKV promoted both cellular damages in the olfactory neuroepi-thelium and protracted inflammation of the olfactory bulb, likely accounting for smell alteration. Conclusions: Patients with ZIKV-related GBS had a poorer long-term olfactory function than patients with GBS-non-Zika and ZIKV-infected mice are hyposmic. These observations sug-gest that ZIKV belongs to the list of viruses affecting the olfactory system. Clinical evaluation of the olfactory system should be considered for ZIKV-infected patients.
Published: 2022

3. Maternal Age at First Childbirth and Geographical Variation in Hepatitis B Virus Prevalence in Cameroon: Important Role of Mother-to-Child Transmission

Author: Jude Moutchia, Camille Besombes, Gaëtan Texier, Yusuke Shimakawa, Richard Njouom, Arnaud Fontanet, Eva Rumpler, Pascal Crépey, Mathurin Cyrille Tejiokem, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Recherche en Pharmaco-épidémiologie et Recours aux Soins (REPERES), Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe (ARENES), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Recherche sur les services et le management en santé (RSMS), Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 12289, Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Hepatitis B virus, HBsAg, spatial analysis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Childbirth, demographic health survey (DHS), Cameroon, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, education, Hepatitis, education.field_of_study, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Confounding, mother-to-child transmission, virus diseases, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Africa, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, business, Maternal Age, Demography
Abstract: Background The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection varies geographically around the world. Yet, its underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using a nationally representative population-based sample from all 58 administrative divisions in Cameroon, we examined the association between median maternal age at first childbirth in a preceding generation, a proxy for the frequency of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV in a region, and the risk of chronic HBV infection, defined as positive surface antigen (HBsAg), in the index generation. Methods We estimated a division-specific median maternal age at first childbirth using Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs) conducted in 1991, 1998, 2004, and 2011. We tested HBsAg in 2011 DHS participants. We used maps to display spatial variation. Results In 14 150 participants (median age, 27 years; 51% females), the overall weighted prevalence of HBsAg was 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0 to 12.8), with a wide geographical variation across the divisions (range, 6.3%–23.7%). After adjusting for confounders and spatial dependency, lower maternal age at first childbirth was significantly associated with positive HBsAg at the division level (β, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.52) and at the individual level (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.39). A similar ecological correlation was observed across other African countries. Conclusions The significant association between the maternal age at first childbirth and HBsAg positivity suggests a crucial role of MTCT in maintaining high HBV endemicity in some areas in Cameroon. This underlines an urgent need to effectively prevent MTCT in sub-Saharan Africa.
Published: 2021

4. Rapid point-of-care test for hepatitis B core-related antigen to diagnose high viral load in resource-limited settings

Author: Yusuke Shimakawa, Gibril Ndow, Atsushi Kaneko, Katsumi Aoyagi, Maud Lemoine, Yasuhito Tanaka, Théo Cerceau, Amie Ceesay, Jeanne Perpétue Vincent, Takehisa Watanabe, Masaya Baba, Bakary Sanneh, Ignatius Baldeh, Ramou Njie, Umberto D’Alessandro, Maimuna Mendy, Isabelle Chemin, Mark R. Thursz, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Kumamoto University, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine [Fajara, Gambia], London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia (MRC), Imperial College London, Fujirebio Diagnostics, This work was supported by the Gambian Ministry of Health, MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, the European Commission [FP7 grant 265994], the Viral Hepatitis Research Foundation of Japan, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K10416, and the grant-in-aid from the Research Program on Hepatitis from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED JP21fk0310101)., PROLIFICA/HBcrAg-RDT Study Group: Théo Cerceau, Amie Ceesay, Akira Hasegawa, Naoki Yamamoto, Jeanne Perpétue Vincent, Takehisa Watanabe, Masaya Baba, Bakary Sanneh, Ignatius Baldeh, Ramou Njie, Umberto D’Alessandro, Maimuna Mendy, Isabelle Chemin, Mark R. Thursz, European Project: 265994,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-AFRICA-2010,PROLIFICA(2011), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Hepatitis B core-related antigen, elimination, Hepatology, point-of-care tests, sensitivity and specificity, Africa, Gastroenterology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, validation studies
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

5. Residual risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection despite timely birth-dose vaccination in Cameroon (ANRS 12303): a single-centre, longitudinal observational study

Author: Yusuke Shimakawa, Pascal Veillon, Jacques Birguel, Adeline Pivert, Virginie Sauvage, Hélène Le Guillou-Guillemette, Steven Roger, Richard Njouom, Alexandra Ducancelle, Pierre Amta, Jean Marie Huraux, Jean-Pierre Adoukara, Françoise Lunel-Fabiani, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Hémodynamique, Interaction Fibrose et Invasivité tumorales Hépatiques (HIFIH), Université d'Angers (UA), Hôpital de Tokombéré, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine [Paris] (INTS), Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), This study was funded by Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Service de Virologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)
Subjects: Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Vaccination, virus diseases, General Medicine, Hepatitis B, Antiviral Agents, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, digestive system diseases, Pregnancy, DNA, Viral, Humans, Female, Hepatitis B Vaccines, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Cameroon, Vaccines, Combined, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Abstract: International audience; BackgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, administration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) birth-dose vaccines remains suboptimal. Evidence is scarce on whether African countries should focus on increasing vaccine coverage or developing strategies incorporating additional measures, such as peripartum antiviral prophylaxis to pregnant women at high risk. To better inform decision makers, we estimated the residual risk of mother-to-child transmission despite HBV birth-dose vaccine in Cameroon.MethodsWe did a single-centre, longitudinal observational study. Pregnant women were systematically screened for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) at Tokombéré District Hospital (Tokombéré district, Cameroon). Children born to HBsAg-positive mothers in 2009–16 who received the HBV birth-dose vaccine and three subsequent doses of pentavalent vaccine at 6, 10, and 14 weeks were followed up prospectively in 2015–17. In children, capillary blood was obtained for HBsAg rapid test and dried blood spots to quantify HBV DNA concentrations. Venous blood was also collected from HBsAg-positive children. Mother-to-child transmission was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing.FindingsBetween Jan 31, 2009, and Dec 31, 2016, 22 243 (66·8%) of 33 309 pregnant women accepted antenatal HBV screening, of whom 3901 (17·5%) were HBsAg positive. 2004 (51·4%) of 3901 children who were born to HBsAg-positive mothers received the HBV birth-dose vaccine, of whom 1800 (89·8%) also completed the three-dose pentavalent vaccine. In total, the current analysis included 607 children who had a follow-up serosurvey. The prevalence of HBsAg was 5·6% in children who received the birth-dose vaccine in less than 24 h, 7·0% in those who received it 24–47 h after birth, and 16·7% in those who received it 48–96 h after birth (ptrend=0·083). 35 (89·7%) of 39 infected children were born to mothers positive for HBV e antigen with high HBV DNA of 5·3 log10 IU/mL or more. Whole-genome sequencing of HBV in infected mother-child pairs confirmed high identity proportions of 99·97–100%.InterpretationWe documented a substantial risk of mother-to-child transmission despite timely administration of the HBV birth-dose vaccine within 24 h after birth. To reach WHO's elimination targets, peripartum antiviral prophylaxis might be required in parts of Africa, in addition to increasing coverage of the HBV birth-dose vaccine.
Published: 2022

6. Sex Differences in the Evolution of Neutralizing Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Author: Cyril Planchais, David Rey, Aurélie Velay, Ludivine Grzelak, Yoann Madec, Yves Hansmann, Isabelle Staropoli, Marie-Josée Wendling, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Arnaud Fontanet, Catherine Schmidt-Mutter, Timothée Bruel, Hugo Mouquet, Nathalie Reix, Ludovic Glady, Floriane Gallais, Olivier Schwartz, María González, Nicolas Meyer, Jérôme De Seze, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), CIC Strasbourg (Centre d’Investigation Clinique Plurithématique (CIC - P) ), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], CHU Strasbourg, Groupe Méthodes en Recherche Clinique [Strasbourg] (GMRC), Nouvel Hôpital Civil [Strasbourg], CHU Strasbourg-CHU Strasbourg, Immunologie humorale - Humoral Immunology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), S. F. K.’s laboratory is funded by Strasbourg University Hospitals (Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, PRI 7782), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE17-0028), Laboratoire d’Excellence TRANSPLANTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0070_TRANSPLANTEX), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR_S 1109). O. S.’s laboratory is funded by Institut Pasteur, Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur, Agence Nationale de recherches sur le sida, Sidaction, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), 'TIMTAMDEN' Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro-Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01, the Gilead HIV cure program, and ANR/Fondation Pour la Recherche Médicale Flash COVID. L. Gr., is supported by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation., ANR-18-CE17-0028,HuMABK,Les anticorps monoclonaux humains : une Nouvelle approche thérapeutique contre l'infection par le virus BK et les maladies associées(2018), ANR-11-LABX-0070,TRANSPLANTEX,Nouveaux loci d'histocompatibilité/biomarqueurs en transplantation humaine: de la découverte à l'app(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), univOAK, Archive ouverte, APPEL À PROJETS GÉNÉRIQUE 2018 - Les anticorps monoclonaux humains : une Nouvelle approche thérapeutique contre l'infection par le virus BK et les maladies associées - - HuMABK2018 - ANR-18-CE17-0028 - AAPG2018 - VALID, Nouveaux loci d'histocompatibilité/biomarqueurs en transplantation humaine: de la découverte à l'app - - TRANSPLANTEX2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0070 - LABX - VALID, Laboratoires d'excellence - Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute - - VRI2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0077 - LABX - VALID, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Appel à projets générique - Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue - - TIMTAMDEN2014 - ANR-14-CE14-0029 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, and Appel à projets générique - Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya - - CHIKV-Viro-Immuno2014 - ANR-14-CE14-0015 - Appel à projets générique - VALID
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, sex-related differences, MESH: Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, medicine.disease_cause, Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Antibodies, Neutralizing, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, antibodies, MESH: COVID-19, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, 030212 general & internal medicine, Polymerase chain reaction, Coronavirus, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 2. Zero hunger, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, MESH: Adult, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, MESH: Male, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, [INFO.INFO-TI] Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Immunoglobulin M, MESH: HEK293 Cells, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Immunology, biology.protein, MESH: Health Personnel, Antibody, business, MESH: Female, Body mass index, MESH: Antibodies, Viral, MESH: Sex Characteristics, Sex characteristics
Abstract: We measured anti-spike (S), nucleoprotein (N), and neutralizing antibodies in sera from 308 healthcare workers with a positive reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction result for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and with mild disease, collected at 2 timepoints up to 6 months after symptom onset. At month 1, anti-S and -N antibody levels were higher in male participants aged >50 years and participants with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2. At months 3–6, anti-S and anti-N antibodies were detected in 99% and 59% of individuals, respectively. Anti-S antibodies and neutralizing antibodies declined faster in men than in women, independent of age and BMI, suggesting an association of sex with evolution of the humoral response.
Published: 2021

7. Assessment and Simplification of Treatment Eligibility Among Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Vietnam

Author: Quang Le Minh, Jin Kim, Didier Laureillard, Hai Do Ngoc, Vinh Vu Hai, Yusuke Shimakawa, Maud Lemoine, Viet Tiep Hospital [Hai Phong, Vietnam], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Imperial College London, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )
Subjects: Liver Cirrhosis, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Cirrhosis, medicine.disease_cause, 0302 clinical medicine, IMPROVES, Hepatitis B e Antigens, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aged, 80 and over, treatment, Alanine Transaminase, Middle Aged, Hepatitis B, Infectious Diseases, Vietnam, Cohort, VIRUS, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, CLINICAL-PRACTICE GUIDELINES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, Microbiology (medical), Hepatitis B virus, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Immunology, Microbiology, Antiviral Agents, VALIDATION, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Chronic hepatitis, Internal medicine, SCORE, medicine, Humans, Online Only Articles, ELIMINATION, Aged, Science & Technology, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, simplification, 06 Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, 030104 developmental biology, DNA, Viral, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Who criteria, VIRAL-HEPATITIS, business
Abstract: Background Treatment eligibility and the accuracy of its simplified criteria have been poorly documented in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Methods From a cohort of HBV-infected patients in Vietnam, we assessed the proportion of patients eligible for treatment using the national guidelines based on reference tests (HBV DNA quantification and FibroScan); and the accuracy of simplified treatment criteria free from HBV DNA and FibroScan (Treatment Eligibility in Africa for the Hepatitis B Virus [TREAT-B] score and simplified World Health Organization [WHO] criteria) to select patients for antiviral therapy using the national guidelines as a reference. Results We analyzed 400 consecutive treatment-naïve HBV-monoinfected patients: 49% males, median age 38 years (range, 18–86), 32% hepatitis B e antigen-positive, median HBV DNA 4.8 log10 IU/mL (undetectable −8.4), median FibroScan 5.3 kPa (3.0–67.8), and 25% having significant liver fibrosis including 12% with cirrhosis. Of these, 167 (42%) fulfilled treatment criteria according to national guidelines. Using the national criteria as a reference, the performance of TREAT-B to select patients for treatment was high (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC], 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.87-0.92]) with a sensitivity of 74.3% and a specificity of 88.4%. In a subset of patients with 2 alanine aminotransferase measurements over a 6-month period (n = 89), the AUROC of TREAT-B was significantly higher than that of the simplified WHO criteria (P < .001). Conclusions Our study suggests that a large proportion of patients with chronic HBV infection require antiviral therapy in Vietnam. Compared with the simplified WHO criteria free from HBV DNA quantification, TREAT-B is a better alternative to easily indicate treatment eligibility and might help scale up treatment intervention in Vietnam.
Published: 2020

8. Risk of yellow fever virus transmission in the Asia-Pacific region

Author: Thomas Obadia, Laurence Mousson, Basile Kamgang, Yoann Madec, Marie Vazeille, Chun-Hong Chen, Anna-Bella Failloux, Pei-Shi Yen, Lucy de Guilhem de Lataillade, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Malaria : parasites et hôtes - Malaria : parasites and hosts, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases [Yaoundé] (CRID), National Health Research Institutes [Taiwan] (NHRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Asia, Epidemiology, Virus transmission, Science, 030231 tropical medicine, Viral transmission, General Physics and Astronomy, Aedes aegypti, Subtropics, Asia pacific region, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Risk Factors, Yellow Fever, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Saliva, lcsh:Science, Probability, Multidisciplinary, Geography, biology, Yellow fever, General Chemistry, Viral Load, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Insect Vectors, 3. Good health, Experimental models of disease, 030104 developmental biology, Viral infection, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Linear Models, lcsh:Q, Yellow fever virus, Viral load
Abstract: Historically endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, yellow fever is absent from the Asia-Pacific region. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is mainly transmitted by the anthropophilic Aedes mosquitoes whose distribution encompasses a large belt of tropical and sub tropical regions. Increasing exchanges between Africa and Asia have caused imported YFV incidents in non-endemic areas, which are threatening Asia with a new viral emergence. Here, using experimental infections of field-collected mosquitoes, we show that Asian-Pacific Aedes mosquitoes are competent vectors for YFV. We observe that Aedes aegypti populations from Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and New Caledonia are capable of transmitting YFV 14 days after oral infections, with a number of viral particles excreted from saliva reaching up to 23,000 viral particles. These findings represent the most comprehensive assessment of vector competence and show that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from the Asia-Pacific region are highly competent to YFV, corroborating that vector populations are seemingly not a brake to the emergence of yellow fever in the region., Yellow fever is absent from the Asia/Pacific region, despite presence of the mosquito vector. Here, the authors demonstrate that mosquitoes collected from field sites across the region are capable of transmitting yellow fever virus, indicating that vector competence is not a barrier to disease spread.
Published: 2020

9. Improving disease knowledge is critical to eliminate hepatitis B

Author: Maud Lemoine, Yusuke Shimakawa, Gibril Ndow, Imperial College London, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia (MRC), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Hepatitis B virus, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Hepatology, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), virus diseases, Viral hepatitis b, Disease, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Vaccination, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Infectious Diseases, Virology, medicine, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Malaria, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Despite its high burden of disease, viral hepatitis B has been long neglected and still receives little public attention and political support as compared to other infectious diseases (e.g HIV, tuberculosis, malaria). Prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), a key component to achieve HBV elimination, relies on antiviral therapy of highly viremic HBV-infected pregnant women and HBV vaccination at birth of their babies1 . In its elimination plan, the World Health Organisation (WHO) called for a major increase in coverage of vaccination (90%), diagnosis (90%) and treatment (80%) by 2030.
Published: 2022

10. High negative predictive value of RT-PCR in patients with high likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author: S. Galmiche, S. Fernandes-Pellerin, M.N. Ungeheuer, O. Schwartz, M. Attia, B. Hoen, J.-P. Lanoix, T. Guimard, J.-M. Chapplain, F. Goehringer, J.-F. Faucher, P. Chavanet, F. Cazenave-Roblot, T. Prazuck, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), The study was funded by Institut Pasteur, Fondation BTP Plus, and Fondation Total. Several laboratories participating in the study receive funding from the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing and the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) for studies focusing on emerging viruses. OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, ANRS, Sidaction, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR- 10-LABX-77), 'TIMTAMDEN' ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro- Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01 and the Gilead HIV cure program., CORSER-2A study group: J-P Lanoix, T Guimard, J-M Chapplain, F Goehringer, J-F Faucher , P Chavanet , F Cazenave-Roblot , T Prazuck, We would like to thank collaborators at the Institut Pasteur, Linda Sangari, Sophie Chaouche, Dr Charlotte Renaudat at the ICAReB platform, Thomas Obadia at the Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Cassandre von Platen and Tan-Phuc Buivan at the Center for Translational Sciences., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-08-BLAN-0046,REACTING,Reactivity of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution(2008), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), DESSAIVRE, Louise, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Blanc - Reactivity of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution - - REACTING2008 - ANR-08-BLAN-0046 - BLANC - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Laboratoires d'excellence - Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute - - VRI2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0077 - LABX - VALID, Appel à projets générique - Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue - - TIMTAMDEN2014 - ANR-14-CE14-0029 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, Appel à projets générique - Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya - - CHIKV-Viro-Immuno2014 - ANR-14-CE14-0015 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), and Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur)
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], RT-PCR, Sensitivity and Specificity, Article, Predictive Value of Tests, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Medicine, Humans, MESH: COVID-19, High likelihood, In patient, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Virology, Predictive value, MESH: Predictive Value of Tests, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, business
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

11. Impact of booster vaccination on the control of COVID-19 Delta wave in the context of waning immunity: application to France in the winter 2021/22

Author: Paolo Bosetti, Cécile Tran Kiem, Alessio Andronico, Juliette Paireau, Daniel Levy-Bruhl, Lise Alter, Arnaud Fontanet, Simon Cauchemez, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), European Project: 874735,VEO, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Epidemiology, Vaccination, Immunization, Secondary, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, 3. Good health, modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Seasons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Rapid Communication, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Europe has experienced a large COVID-19 wave caused by the Delta variant in winter 2021/22. Using mathematical models applied to Metropolitan France, we find that boosters administered to ≥ 65, ≥ 50 or ≥ 18 year-olds may reduce the hospitalisation peak by 25%, 36% and 43% respectively, with a delay of 5 months between second and third dose. A 10% reduction in transmission rates might further reduce it by 41%, indicating that even small increases in protective behaviours may be critical to mitigate the wave.
Published: 2022

12. Conditionality of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in European countries

Author: Nastassia Tvardik, Nina Gobat, Sarah Tonkin-Crine, Leonardo W Heyerdahl, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Marta Wanat, Sibyl Anthierens, Benedetta Lana, Muriel Vray, Herman Goossens, Anthropologie et écologie de l’émergence des maladies - Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), University of Oxford, University of Antwerp (UA), This project is part of the output from RECOVER (Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Research Response), which has received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101003589, European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), and University of Oxford [Oxford]
Subjects: Vaccine safety, Mixed methods, Honesty, MESH: COVID-19, Socioeconomics, media_common, MESH: Aged, Vaccines, MESH: Middle Aged, Vaccination, Middle Aged, Europe, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, Molecular Medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Adolescent, Short Communication, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), media_common.quotation_subject, Herd immunity, Competence (law), Young Adult, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Political science, medicine, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine hesitancy, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, SARS-CoV-2, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, MESH: Adult, Conditionality, MESH: Vaccination, MESH: Vaccines, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Human medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
Abstract: The COVID-19 vaccine rollout in recent months offers a powerful preventive measure that may help control SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nevertheless, long-standing public hesitation around vaccines has heightened public health concerns that vaccine coverage may not achieve desired public health impacts.This cross-sectional survey was conducted online in December 2020 among 7000 respondents (aged 18 to 65) in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Ukraine. The survey included open text boxes for fuller explanation of responses. Projected COVID-19 vaccine coverage varied and may not be sufficiently high among certain populations to achieve herd immunity. Overall, 56.9% would accept a COVID-19 vaccine, 19.0% would not, and 24.1% did not know or preferred not to say. By country, between 44% (France) and 66% (Italy) of respondents would accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents expressed conditionality in open responses, voicing concerns about vaccine safety and mistrust of authorities. Public health campaigns must tackle these safety concerns.HighlightsMixed-method survey studied expected COVID vaccine uptake in 7 European countries.Projected COVID vaccine acceptance by country ranged from 44% to 66%.Explicit COVID vaccine acceptance or rejection was conditional.Study finds concerns about vaccine safety and authorities’ competence and honesty.Vaccine communications should address safety anxieties and target specific groups.
Published: 2022

13. Neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 omicron among elderly nursing home residents following a booster dose of BNT162b2 vaccine: A community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study

Author: Timothée Bruel, Laurie Pinaud, Laura Tondeur, Delphine Planas, Isabelle Staropoli, Françoise Porrot, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Mikaël Attia, Stéphane Pelleau, Tom Woudenberg, Cécile Duru, Aymar Davy Koffi, Sandrine Castelain, Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin, Nathalie Jolly, Louise Perrin De Facci, Emmanuel Roux, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Michael White, Olivier Schwartz, Arnaud Fontanet, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Epidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses - Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hôpital de Crépy-en-Valois, Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Work in OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), the European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), ANRS-MIE, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), ANR/FRM Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2, ANR Coronamito, and IDISCOVR, 'TIMTAMDEN' ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro- Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01 and the Gilead HIV cure program. AF lab is funded by the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) and the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID). The COVID-Oise cohort is funded by 'Alliance Tous Unis contre le virus' Institut Pasteur, AP-HP and Fondation de France., ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-20-COVI-0059,PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2,Protéomique du SARS-CoV-2(2020), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.MHEP.GEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Geriatry and gerontology, Elderly individuals, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Vaccine, Antibodies
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: The protective immunity against omicron following a BNT162b2 Pfizer booster dose among elderly individuals (ie, those aged >65 years) is not well characterised.METHODS: In a community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study taking place in France in which 75 residents from three nursing homes were enrolled, we selected 38 residents who had received a two-dose regimen of mRNA vaccine and a booster dose of Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine. We excluded individuals that did not receive three vaccine doses or did not have available sera samples. We measured anti-S IgG antibodies and neutralisation capacity in sera taken 56 (28-68) and 55 (48-64) days (median (range)) after the 2(nd) and 3(rd) vaccine doses, respectively. Antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were measured with the S-Flow assay as binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/mL). Neutralising activities in sera were measured as effective dilution 50% (ED50) with the S-Fuse assay using authentic isolates of delta and omicron BA.1.FINDINGS: Among the 38 elderly individuals recruited to the cohort study between November 23(rd), 2020 and April 29(th), 2021, with median age of 88 (range 72-101) years, 30 (78.95%) had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. After three vaccine doses, serum neutralising activity was lower against omicron BA.1 (median ED50 of 774.5, range 15.0-34660.0) than the delta variant (median ED50 of 4972.0, range 213.7-66340.0), and higher among previously infected (ie, convalescent; median ED50 against omicron: 1088.0, range 32.6-34660.0) compared with infection-naive residents (median ED50 against omicron: 188.4, range 15.0-8918.0). During the French omicron wave in December 2021-January 2022, 75% (6/8) of naive residents were infected, compared to 25% (7/30) of convalescent residents (P=0.0114). Anti-Spike antibody levels and neutralising activity against omicron BA.1 after a third BNT162b2 booster dose were lower in those with breakthrough BA.1 infection (n=13) compared with those without (n=25), with a median of 1429.9 (range 670.9-3818.3) BAU/mL vs 2528.3 (range 695.4-8832.0) BAU/mL (P=0.029) and a median ED50 of 281.1 (range 15.0-2136.0) vs 1376.0 (range 32.6-34660.0) (P=0.0013), respectively.INTERPRETATION: This study shows that elderly individuals who received three vaccine doses elicit neutralising antibodies against the omicron BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Elderly individuals who had also been previously infected showed higher neutralising activity compared with naive individuals. Yet, breakthrough infections with omicron occurred. Individuals with breakthrough infections had significantly lower neutralising titers compared to individuals without breakthrough infection. Thus, a fourth dose of vaccine may be useful in the elderly population to increase the level of neutralising antibodies and compensate for waning immunity.
Published: 2022

14. Olfactory function in congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a prospective study

Author: Françoise Lazarini, Sarah Levivien, Yoann Madec, Fabien Taieb, Estelle Mottez, Tan-Phuc Buivan, Audrey Maudoux, Sylvette Wiener-Vacher, Jérôme Nevoux, Thierry Van Den Abbeele, Pierre Gressens, Pierre-Marie Lledo, Natacha Teissier, Lazarini, Françoise, Perception et Mémoire / Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires (NeuroDiderot (UMR_S_1141 / U1141)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Pôle Intégré de Recherche Clinique (PIRC), Déficits Sensoriels Progressifs, Pathophysiologie et Thérapie / Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy (DSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de l'Audition [Paris] (IDA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Biomécanique cellulaire et respiratoire (BCR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This study was supported by Institut Pasteur of Paris (GPF 2015 Microbes and Brain 'INFECSMELL'), Inserm, and Université de Paris and sponsored by Institut Pasteur of Paris (2015–091)., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Male, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Infant, Newborn, Olfaction, Odorant mixture, Smell, Child, Preschool, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Diagnosis, Discrimination, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Humans, Female, Original Article, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Prospective Studies, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Child, Children
Abstract: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to olfactory bulb lesions in the fetus, yet little is known about its impact on olfaction after birth. Here, we have assessed in a prospective study conducted on children in two French hospitals from 2016 to 2019, infection severity and olfactory performance after congenital CMV infection. Children with congenital CMV infection aged 3 to 10 years and healthy controls (CTL) matched for age and sex to CMV children symptomatic at birth (sCMV) were enrolled. Olfactory discrimination was assessed using mono-odorants and binary mixtures. Data were analyzed for 54 children with PCR-confirmed congenital CMV infection, including 34 sCMV (median [IQR] age, 6 [5–8] years; 19 [55.9%] male), and 20 CMV asymptomatic at birth (aCMV, median [IQR] age, 4 [3–6] years; 12 [60.0%] male). sCMV were compared to 34 CTL children. Olfactory scores in CMV-infected children were independent from vestibular deficit and hearing loss. The olfactory score was efficient to discriminate between CTL and sCMV for children > 6 years (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC, 0.85; P = 0.0006), but not for children 6 years, the proportion of children with total olfactory score
Published: 2022

15. COVID-19 in Patients on Maintenance Dialysis in the Paris Region

Author: Julien Dang, Geoffroy Desbuissons, Arthur Michon, Liêm Binh Luong Nguyen, Anne Grunenwald, Laurent Becquemont, Sarah Ouali, Renaud Snanoudj, Hadia Hebibi, Manon Dekeyser, Séverine Beaudreuil, Ivan Scriabine, Gabriel Morin, Christopher Loens, Mohammed Benabdelhak, Louis Anjou, Edouard Lefèvre, Marwa Laifi, Christophe Legendre, Sarah Tortonese, Mohamad Zaidan, Matthieu Guillet, Hélène Dobosziewicz, AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), CIC Cochin Pasteur (CIC 1417), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université de Paris (UP)-Groupe hospitalier Broca-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôtel-Dieu-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Nephrocare Ile De France, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), We thank Ms. Val?rie G?rard and Ms. Nadia Corre, and all the colleagues and nurses of our department and institution who were involved in the management of patients during the recent epidemic. We also thank Marie Frank and J?r?my Laurent from the D?partement d'Information M?dicale Paris Saclay for supplying the data regarding the ICU mortality rate in our institution, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôtel-Dieu-Groupe hospitalier Broca-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and HAL UVSQ, Équipe
Subjects: kidney, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, coronavirus, 030232 urology & nephrology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, lcsh:RC870-923, [SDV.MHEP.UN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Urology and Nephrology, Article, Peritoneal dialysis, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Interquartile range, law, Oxygen therapy, Internal medicine, medicine, Dialysis, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, hemodialysis, business.industry, Mortality rate, Medical record, COVID-19, lcsh:Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, [SDV.MHEP.UN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Urology and Nephrology, Intensive care unit, 3. Good health, peritoneal dialysis, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Nephrology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Hemodialysis, business
Abstract: International audience; Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a serious threat to patients on maintenance dialysis. The clinical setting, mortality rate, and prognostic factors in these patients have not been well established. Methods: We included all dialyzed patients with COVID-19 referred to our dialysis center between March 11 and April 11, 2020. Data were obtained through the review of the medical records and were censored at the time of data cutoff, on May 11, 2020. Results: Forty-four patients on maintenance dialysis with COVID-19 were referred to our dialysis unit during the COVID-19 epidemic. Median age was 61 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 51.5–72.5); 65.9% were men. Comorbidities included hypertension (97.7%), diabetes mellitus (50%), and chronic cardiac (38.6%) and respiratory (27.3%) diseases. Initial symptoms were fever (79.5%), shortness of breath (29.5%), cough (43.2%), and diarrhea (13.6%). Three profiles of severity were distinguished based on the World Health Organization (WHO) progression scale. Forty-one (93.2%) were hospitalized and only 3 were maintained on outpatient hemodialysis. Thirty-three (75%) patients required oxygen therapy, including 15 (45.5%) who were referred to the intensive care unit. Overall, 27.3% of patients died, and 58.5% were discharged from hospital, including only 2 (13.3%) of those admitted to the intensive care unit. By multivariate analysis, cough, thrombopenia 175 mg/l were significantly associated with death. Conclusion: A major outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in the Paris region, and spread among dialyzed patients. Our study underscores the severity of COVID-19 in these patients and identified prognostic markers.
Published: 2020

16. Dried blood spots perform well to identify patients with active HCV infection in Vietnam

Author: Thai Minh Nguyen, Binh T. Nguyen, Yoann Madec, Fabien Taieb, Trang Thi Thu Nguyen, Tram Thi Phuong Pham, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Hong Thi Bich Mai, Tram Tran, Mohand Ait-Ahmed, Huong Thi Thu Phan, Nhan Thi Do, Hien Ba Pham, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Nam Tu Liem District Medical Center [Hanoi], Dong Da General Hospital [Hanoi], Ministry of Health [Hanoi], Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), We would like to thank Abbott Molecular Inc. for providing Abbott RealTime HCV assay reagents, consumables and funding for the study., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: hepatitis C virus, medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatitis C virus, specificity, Hepacivirus, medicine.disease_cause, Antiviral Agents, Sensitivity and Specificity, Gastroenterology, Specimen Handling, Central laboratory, Limited access, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Internal medicine, Need treatment, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Dried blood, Hepatology, business.industry, virus diseases, Venous blood, sensitivity, Hepatitis C, digestive system diseases, Confidence interval, viral load, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Vietnam, RNA, Viral, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Dried Blood Spot Testing, business, Viral load
Abstract: International audience; Recently, treatment advances in direct-acting antivirals have radically changed the management of HCV patients. However, in resource-limited countries, identification of patients with active HCV infection is still challenging in remote settings due to the limited access to laboratories able to measure HCV viral load. This study evaluated whether dried blood spots (DBS) transferred to a central laboratory could overcome this challenge. A total of 315 HCV-infected patients, naïve to anti-HCV treatment, provided each three type of samples: plasma, DBS with calibrated quantities of venous blood and DBS with uncalibrated quantities of capillary blood. Qualitative comparison was conducted in terms of detection of HCV viral load on DBS as opposed to plasma to estimate sensitivity and specificity. Quantitative comparisons were conducted by means of correlation estimation. Of the 250 patients with detected plasma HCV viral load, 245 also had detectable DBS HCV viral load (capillary or venous) leading to a sensitivity of 98.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 95.4%-99.3%); importantly, all measurements with a plasma HCV viral load >118 IU/mL were also detected in DBS. When HCV was not detected in plasma, it was also not detected in DBS resulting in 100% specificity (95% CI: 94.5%-100%). Quantitative HCV viral load results were very similar when utilizing plasma or DBS sample types as illustrated by correlations >0.99. In conclusion, DBS sample types, with either uncalibrated capillary blood or calibrated venous blood, performed well to distinguish patients with active HCV infection, and who therefore need treatment, from other patients.
Published: 2020

17. The epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus infection in Cameroon

Author: Juliette Paireau, Mathurin Cyrille Tejiokem, Jacques Pépin, Richard Njouom, Arnaud Fontanet, Guillaume Lachenal, Simon Cauchemez, Gaëtan Texier, Camille Besombes, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Médialab (Sciences Po) (Médialab), Sciences Po (Sciences Po), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), This study was funded by the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (grant ANRS 12289) and got support from the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005)., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and médialab (Sciences Po) (médialab)
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, HBsAg, Adolescent, viruses, Hepatitis C virus, medicine.disease_cause, Virus, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Cameroon, Geography, Medical, Hepatitis B virus, Family Characteristics, biology, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Gastroenterology, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Hepatitis D, Virology, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Hepatitis Delta Virus, Antibody, business
Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution and risk factors of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in Cameroon.DesignWe tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HDV antibody 14 150 samples collected during a survey whose participants were representative of the Cameroonian adult population. The samples had already been tested for hepatitis C virus and HIV antibodies.ResultsOverall, 1621/14 150 (weighted prevalence=11.9%) participants were HBsAg positive, among whom 224/1621 (10.6%) were anti-HDV positive. In 2011, the estimated numbers of HBsAg positive and HDV seropositives were 1 160 799 and 122 910 in the 15–49 years age group, respectively. There were substantial regional variations in prevalence of chronic HBV infection, but even more so for HDV (from 1% to 54%). In multivariable analysis, HDV seropositivity was independently associated with living with an HDV-seropositive person (OR=8.80; 95% CI: 3.23 to 24.0), being HIV infected (OR=2.82; 95% CI: 1.32 to 6.02) and living in the South (latitude ConclusionWe found evidence for effective intra-household transmission of HDV in Cameroon. We also identified large differences in prevalence between regions, with cases concentrated in forested areas close to the Equator, as described in other tropical areas. The reasons underlying these geographical variations in HDV prevalence deserve further investigation.
Published: 2020

18. In‐field evaluation of Xpert® HCV viral load Fingerstick assay in people who inject drugs in Tanzania

Author: Jessie Mbwambo, Basra Doulla, Stéphane Chevaliez, Simon D. Taylor-Robinson, Nicodem Mgina, John Rwegasha, Mark Thursz, Promise Mwakale, Edouard Tuaillon, Maud Lemoine, Ashley Brown, Yusuke Shimakawa, Zameer Mohamed, Imperial College London, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Muhimbili National Hospital [Dar es Salaam, Tanzanie] (MNH), Tanzania Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory [MNH, Tanzania], CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Laboratoire de bactériologie et de virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites B, C et Delta, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine [Paris] (INTS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was supported by an Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre Global Health Research Seed Grant. In addition, infrastructure support was provided by the Imperial College London NIHR Biomedical Facility., The authors thank all patients for their willingness to participate and staff members working MNH OAT clinic for their support in during the study. We also thank Cepheid for donating Xpert® HCV VL and FS cartridges., Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Wellcome Trust, and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: sub-Saharan Africa, IMPACT, subSaharan Africa, HEPATITIS-C, Hepacivirus, medicine.disease_cause, Tanzania, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, biology, virus diseases, Hepatitis C, Viral Load, PREVALENCE, 3. Good health, hepatitis C viurs (HCV) diagnosis, point-of-care (POC), Pharmaceutical Preparations, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, RNA, Viral, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Original Article, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Liver Disease and Public Health, ACCESS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Viral load, people who inject drugs (PWID), medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Fingerstick, Hepatitis C virus, Concordance, DIAGNOSIS, Sensitivity and Specificity, World health, LESSONS, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Xpert, hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis, ELIMINATION, [SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Science & Technology, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hepatology, business.industry, 1103 Clinical Sciences, CARE, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, digestive system diseases, point‐of‐care (POC), RNA, business, sub‐Saharan Africa
Abstract: International audience; Background: Although novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA point‐of‐care technology has the potential to enhance the diagnosis in resource‐limited settings, very little real‐world validation of their utility exists. We evaluate the performance of HCV RNA quantification using the Xpert® HCV viral load Fingerstick assay (Xpert® HCV VL Fingerstick assay) as compared to the World Health Organisation pre‐qualified plasma Xpert® HCV VL assay among people who inject drugs (PWID) attending an opioid agonist therapy (OAT) clinic in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: Between December 2018 and February 2019, consecutive HCV seropositive PWID attending the OAT clinic provided paired venous and Fingerstick samples for HCV RNA quantification. These were processed onsite using the GeneXpert® platform located at the Central tuberculosis reference laboratory.Results: A total of 208 out of 220 anti‐HCV‐positive participants recruited (94.5%) had a valid Xpert® HCV VL result available; 126 (61%; 95% CI 53.8‐67.0) had detectable and quantifiable HCV RNA. About 188 (85%) participants had paired plasma and Fingerstick whole blood samples; the sensitivity and specificity for the quantification of HCV RNA levels were 99.1% and 98.7% respectively. There was an excellent correlation (R2 = .95) and concordance (mean difference 0.13 IU/mL, (95% CI −0.9 to 0.16 IU/mL) in HCV RNA levels between plasma samples and Fingerstick samples.Conclusion: This study found excellent performance of the Xpert® HCV VL Fingerstick assay for HCV RNA detection and quantification in an African‐field setting. Its clinical utility represents an important watershed in overcoming existing challenges to HCV diagnosis, which should play a crucial role in HCV elimination in Africa
Published: 2019

19. Impact of booster vaccination on the control of COVID-19 in the context of waning immunity: Application to France in the autumn-winter 2021-2022

Author: Bosetti, Paolo, Tran Kiem, Cécile, Andronico, Alessio, Paireau, Juliette, Levy-Bruhl, Daniel, ALTER, Lise, Fontanet, Arnaud, Cauchemez, Simon, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,VEO, Noel, Anne-Laure, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory - VEO - - H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD2020-01-01 - 2024-12-31 - 874735 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: Europe is confronted with a large COVID-19 wave caused by the Delta variant in autumnwinter 2021-2022. Using a mathematical model applied to Metropolitan France, we find that the hospitalisation peak might be reduced by 25%, 36% and 43% if boosters are administered to those aged 65+, 50+ or 18+, respectively, with a delay of 5 months between the second and third dose. Ten percent reduction in transmission rates might further reduce peak size by 41%, indicating that even small increases in protective behaviours may play a critical role to mitigate the wave.Most European countries have experienced an important rise in SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalisations in the Autumn 2021. In response to this resurgence and to the reported partial decay of immunity, countries have started administering vaccine booster doses, relying on different eligibility criteria. Here, we present modelling analyses assessing different administration strategies for booster doses that informed the recommendations of the French National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (Haute Autorité de Santé) in the context of Metropolitan France.
Published: 2021

20. Bacterial vaginosis and other infections in pregnant women in Senegal

Author: Bonneton, Marion, Huynh, Bich-Tram, Seck, Abdoulaye, Bercion, Raymond, Sarr, Fatoumata Diene, Delarocque-Astagneau, Elisabeth, Vray, Muriel, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale [Dakar, Sénégal], Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale [Dakar, Sénégal], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was financially supported by the Total Foundation, the African Center for Maternal and Child Health (Centre d’Excellence Africain pour la Santé de la Mère et de l’Enfant – CEA-SAMEF) and by the Department of International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and Bich-Tram, Huynh
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Vaginal microbiome, MESH: Vaginosis, Bacterial, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Senegal, Humans, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, MESH: Humans, Pregnant women, MESH: Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Vaginosis, Bacterial, Bacterial vaginosis, Senegal, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Vagina, Vagina, Female, MESH: Pregnant Women, MESH: Female, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; BackgroundBacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery and spontaneous abortion. Yet little data on BV prevalence exist for sub-Saharan countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Senegal.MethodsFrom October 2013 to December 2018, pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited in two primary health centers (one suburban, one rural) in Senegal. Healthcare workers interviewed women and collected a lower vaginal swab and a blood sample. Vaginal flora were classified into four categories using vaginal smear microscopic examination and Gram’s coloration. In our study, BV was defined as vaginal flora with no Lactobacillus spp. Variables associated with BV were analyzed using STATA® through univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 457 women provided a vaginal sample for analysis. Overall, BV prevalence was 18.6% (85/457) [95% CI 15.4–22.6]) and was similar in suburban and rural areas (18.9% versus 18.1%, p = 0.843). Multivariate analysis showed that primigravidity was the only factor independently associated with a lower risk of BV (aOR 0.35 [95% CI 0.17–0.72]).ConclusionsOur study showed significant BV prevalence among pregnant women in Senegal. Although the literature has underscored the potential consequences of BV for obstetric outcomes, data are scarce on BV prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. Before authorities consider systematic BV screening for pregnant women, a larger study would be useful in documenting prevalence, risk factors and the impact of BV on pregnancy outcomes.
Published: 2021

21. Kinetics of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Response and Serological Estimation of Time Since Infection

Author: Pelleau, Stéphane, Woudenberg, Tom, Rosado, Jason, Donnadieu, Françoise, Garcia, Laura, Obadia, Thomas, Gardais, Soazic, Elgharbawy, Yasmine, Velay, Aurelie, Gonzalez, Maria, Nizou, Jacques Yves, Khelil, Nizar, Zannis, Konstantinos, Cockram, Charlotte, Merkling, Sarah Hélène, Meola, Annalisa, Kerneis, Solen, Terrier, Benjamin, de Seze, Jerome, Planas, Delphine, Schwartz, Olivier, Dejardin, François, Petres, Stéphane, von Platen, Cassandre, Pellerin, Sandrine Fernandes, Arowas, Laurence, de Facci, Louise Perrin, Duffy, Darragh, Cheallaigh, Clíona Ní, Dunne, Jean, Conlon, Niall, Townsend, Liam, Duong, Veasna, Auerswald, Heidi, Pinaud, Laurie, Tondeur, Laura, Backovic, Marija, Hoen, Bruno, Fontanet, Arnaud, Mueller, Ivo, Fafi-Kremer, Samira, Bruel, Timothée, White, Michael, Epidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses - Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Malaria : parasites et hôtes - Malaria : parasites and hosts, Santé publique : épidémiologie & sciences de l'information biomédicale (ED 393), Sorbonne Université (SU), Département de Biologie Computationnelle - Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Strasbourg, Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris (IMM), Régulation spatiale des Génomes - Spatial Regulation of Genomes, Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Virologie Structurale - Structural Virology, Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-CUP), Université de Paris, Paris, France, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CIC Strasbourg (Centre d’Investigation Clinique Plurithématique (CIC - P) ), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Plateforme technologique Production et purification de protéines recombinantes – Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform (PPR), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Immunologie Translationnelle - Translational Immunology lab, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Trinity College Dublin, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), University of Melbourne, Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), This work was supported by the European Research Council (MultiSeroSurv ERC Starting Grant 852373, MW), l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche and Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (CorPopImm, MW), and the Institut Pasteur International Network (CoronaSeroSurv, MW). JR was supported by the Pasteur Paris University (PPU) International PhD Program. CC was supported by the European Research Council 771813. MB, AL and HA were supported by the « URGENCE COVID-19 » fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur. HA is supported by Centre for International Migration and Development. NC and CNC are part-funded by a Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) grant, Grant Code 20/SPP/3685. LT has been awarded the Irish ClinicalAcademic Training (ICAT) Programme, supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Health Research Board (Grant Number 203930/B/16/Z), the Health Service Executive, National Doctors Training and Planning and the Health and Social Care, Research and Development Division, Northern Ireland (https://icatprogramme.org/). MB and AM were supported by Institut Pasteur TaskForce funding (TooLab project). IM is supported by a NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship. SFK lab is funded by Strasbourg University Hospitals (SeroCoV-HUS, PRI 7782), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE17-0028), Laboratoire d'Excellence TRANSPLANTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0070_TRANSPLANTEX), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR_S1109)., ANR-20-COVI-0052,CorPopImm,Évaluer l'immunité contre SARS-CoV-2 à l'échelle de la population grâce aux tests sérologiques(2020), ANR-18-CE17-0028,HuMABK,Les anticorps monoclonaux humains : une Nouvelle approche thérapeutique contre l'infection par le virus BK et les maladies associées(2018), ANR-11-LABX-0070,TRANSPLANTEX,Nouveaux loci d'histocompatibilité/biomarqueurs en transplantation humaine: de la découverte à l'app(2011), European Project: 852373,ERC-2019-STG,MultiSeroSurv(2020), European Project: 771813,ERC-2017-COG,SynarchiC(2018), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), HESAM Université (HESAM), Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Male, Aucun, Antibodies, Viral, time since infection, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Antibody Specificity, Seroepidemiologic Studies, MESH: COVID-19, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, seroprevalence, MESH: Kinetics, Middle Aged, MESH: Antibody Formation, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, MESH: Young Adult, surveillance, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, France, Adult, antibody kinetics, Adolescent, SARS-SoV-2, Sensitivity and Specificity, Young Adult, Major Article, Humans, Serologic Tests, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, MESH: Antibody Specificity, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, SARS-CoV-2, MESH: Serologic Tests, COVID-19, MESH: Adult, MESH: Male, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, MESH: France, Kinetics, sero-prevalence, Immunoglobulin G, Antibody Formation, MESH: Female, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract: Background Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a complex antibody response that varies by orders of magnitude between individuals and over time. Methods We developed a multiplex serological test for measuring antibodies to 5 SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the spike proteins of seasonal coronaviruses. We measured antibody responses in cohorts of hospitalized patients and healthcare workers followed for up to 11 months after symptoms. A mathematical model of antibody kinetics was used to quantify the duration of antibody responses. Antibody response data were used to train algorithms for estimating time since infection. Results One year after symptoms, we estimate that 36% (95% range, 11%–94%) of anti-Spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) remains, 31% (95% range, 9%–89%) anti-RBD IgG remains, and 7% (1%–31%) of anti-nucleocapsid IgG remains. The multiplex assay classified previous infections into time intervals of 0–3 months, 3–6 months, and 6–12 months. This method was validated using data from a seroprevalence survey in France, demonstrating that historical SARS-CoV-2 transmission can be reconstructed using samples from a single survey. Conclusions In addition to diagnosing previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, multiplex serological assays can estimate the time since infection, which can be used to reconstruct past epidemics., Longitudinal follow-up of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reveals differences in the duration of antibodies to multiple antigens. Mathematical models of antibody waning and statistical algorithms can estimate an individual’s time since SARS-CoV-2 infection, and previous transmission waves in a population.
Published: 2021

22. SARS-CoV-2 transmission across age groups in France and implications for control

Author: Tran Kiem, Cécile, Bosetti, Paolo, Paireau, Juliette, Crepey, Pascal, Salje, Henrik, Lefrancq, Noémie, Fontanet, Arnaud, Benamouzig, Daniel, Boëlle, Pierre-Yves, Desenclos, Jean-Claude, Opatowski, Lulla, Cauchemez, Simon, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Recherche en Pharmaco-épidémiologie et Recours aux Soins (REPERES), Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CSO), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), Santé Publique France, the 101003589 project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER), AXA and Institut Pasteur., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), Santé Publique France, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA, and Groupama., Tran Kiem, Cécile [0000-0003-0563-8428], Paireau, Juliette [0000-0002-5143-6256], Crépey, Pascal [0000-0003-1852-0752], Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], Lefrancq, Noemie [0000-0001-5991-6169], Desenclos, Jean-Claude [0000-0003-0892-8252], Cauchemez, Simon [0000-0001-9186-4549], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Lassailly-Bondaz, Anne, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre de sociologie des organisations (CSO), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Sorbonne Université, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay-Hôpital Paul Brousse, Jonchère, Laurent, and Lefrancq, Noémie [0000-0001-5991-6169]
Subjects: Adult, Male, 141, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, Statistical methods, Epidemiology, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Physical Distancing, Young Adult, 631/114/2397, Humans, Computational models, Transmission, Computer Simulation, 692/308/174, 129, Child, Pandemics, 631/326/596/4130, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, Infant, Newborn, article, COVID-19, Infant, Middle Aged, 631/114/2415, Hospitalization, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Child, Preschool, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, SARS - CoV-2
Abstract: The shielding of older individuals has been proposed to limit COVID-19 hospitalizations while relaxing general social distancing in the absence of vaccines. Evaluating such approaches requires a deep understanding of transmission dynamics across ages. Here, we use detailed age-specific case and hospitalization data to model the rebound in the French epidemic in summer 2020, characterize age-specific transmission dynamics and critically evaluate different age-targeted intervention measures in the absence of vaccines. We find that while the rebound started in young adults, it reached individuals aged ≥80 y.o. after 4 weeks, despite substantial contact reductions, indicating substantial transmission flows across ages. We derive the contribution of each age group to transmission. While shielding older individuals reduces mortality, it is insufficient to allow major relaxations of social distancing. When the epidemic remains manageable (R close to 1), targeting those most contributing to transmission is better than shielding at-risk individuals. Pandemic control requires an effort from all age groups., In this study, Tran Kiem et al. examine the contribution of different age groups to COVID-19 transmission. Using data from the French epidemic in summer 2020, they report that while individuals aged 80 years and older are more at risk, pandemic control in the absence of vaccines required measures targeted at all age groups.
Published: 2021

23. Including the voice of people living with viral hepatitis: lessons learned from Japan to accelerate progress towards global hepatitis elimination

Author: Yusuke Shimakawa, Rebecca Grant, Atsuko Yonezawa, Japan Hepatitis Council, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Sorbonne Université (SU), We thank the members of the Steering Committee of the Japan-Africa Hepatitis Exchange Program for their support., Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Hepatitis, 0303 health sciences, Economic growth, Civil society, medicine.medical_specialty, Public health, RC955-962, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, medicine, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Business, Viral hepatitis, Letter to the Editor, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Despite the growing momentum created by the WHO for eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, the global response is still slow and more actions are needed to meet the elimination goals, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Japan is one of a handful of countries currently on track to achieve the WHO hepatitis elimination targets by 2030. To better understand the successful control of viral hepatitis in Japan, it is important to recognize the role of the patient association for viral hepatitis, known as the “Japan Hepatitis Council”, which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2021. The greatest impact of the Japan Hepatitis Council has been in achieving wider access to antiviral treatments for viral hepatitis. The example of Japan and the Japan Hepatitis Council highlights the need for the engagement of civil society and patient groups to ensure equitable access to hepatitis services and to accelerate the global hepatitis elimination.
Published: 2021

24. Factors Associated with Stunted Growth in Children Under Five Years in Antananarivo, Madagascar and Bangui, Central African Republic

Author: Pascale, Vonaesch, Serge Ghislain, Djorie, Kaleb Jephté Estimé, Kandou, Maheninasy, Rakotondrainipiana, Laura, Schaeffer, Prisca Vega, Andriatsalama, Ravaka, Randriamparany, Bolmbaye Privat, Gondje, Synthia, Nigatoloum, Sonia Sandrine, Vondo, Aurélie, Etienne, Annick, Robinson, Francis Allen, Hunald, Lisette, Raharimalala, Tamara, Giles-Vernick, Laura, Tondeur, Frédérique, Randrianirina, Alexandra, Bastaraud, Jean-Chrysostome, Gody, Philippe Jean, Sansonetti, Rindra Vatosoa, Randremanana, Inès, Vigan-Womas, Pathogénie microbienne moléculaire, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre pédiatrique de Bangui, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant de Tsaralalàna (CHUMET), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHUJRA), Anthropologie et écologie de l’émergence des maladies - Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre de Biologie Clinique [Antananarivo] (IPM), Laboratoire d'hygiène des aliments et de l'environnement [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Unité d’Épidémiologie et de Recherche clinique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], The epidemiological part of AFRIBIOTA was funded by the Total Foundation and the Fondation Petram. PV was supported by an Early Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant No. P2EZP3_152159), an Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant No. P300PA_177876) as well as a Return Grant (Grant No. P3P3PA_17877) from the Swiss National Science Foundation, a Roux-Cantarini Fellowship (2016) and a L’Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science France Fellowship (2017). PJS is a HHMI Senior Foreign Scholar. The funders had no role in study design or collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing this manuscript., AFRIBIOTA Investigators: Laurence Barbot-Trystram, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, Robert Barouki, Hôpital Necker-Enfants maladies, Paris, France, Alexandra Bastaraud, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Jean-Marc Collard, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Maria Doria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Aurélie Etienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France/Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Madagascar, Serge Ghislain Djorie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Bolmbaye Privat Gondje, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Jean-Chrysostome Gody, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Francis Allen Hunald, Service de Chirurgie pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHU-JRA), Antananarivo, Madagascar, Nathalie Kapel, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, Jean-Pierre Lombart, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Alexandre Manirakiza, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Synthia Nazita Nigatoloum, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Lisette Raharimalala, Centre de Santé Materno-Infantile, Tsaralalana, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Maheninasy Rakotondrainipiana, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Rindra Randremanana, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Harifetra Mamy Richard Randriamizao, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHU-JRA), Antananarivo, Madagascar, Frédérique Randrianirina, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Annick Robinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère Enfant de Tsaralalana, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Pierre-Alain Rubbo, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine, Philippe Sansonetti, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Laura Schaeffer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Ionela Gouandjika-Vassilache, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine, Pascale Vonaesch, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Sonia Sandrine Vondo, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Inès Vigan-Womas, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar. We wish to thank further all families and fieldworkers who contributed to this study, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Vigan-Womas, Inès
Subjects: [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Stunted growth, Nutritional Status, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, [SDV.BBM.BM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Article, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Child, Prevalence, Madagascar, Humans, Child, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Children, Growth Disorders, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Humans, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, Undernutrition, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, MESH: Growth Disorders, MESH: Nutritional Status, MESH: Case-Control Studies, MESH: Infant, Central African Republic, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Risk factors, MESH: Central African Republic, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Female
Abstract: Objectives With a fourth of all under-five children affected, stunting remains one of the biggest health challenges worldwide. Even though the main underlying factors are known, the exact pathways to stunting varying in affected regions, and interventions thus need to be tailored to the local contexts. This study aimed assessing and comparing factors associated with stunting in two understudied sub-Saharan urban contexts with some of the highest stunting prevalence globally: Bangui, Central African Republic (~ 36%) and Antananarivo, Madagascar (42%). Methods We performed a case–control study on 175 + 194 stunted and 237 + 230 non-stunted control children aged 2–5 years and matched for age, gender and district of residency. Factors associated with stunting were identified using a standardized, paper questionnaire delivered by trained interviewers. Statistical analysis was done using logistic regression modelling. Results In both sites, formal maternal education lowered the risk of being stunted and restricted access to soap, suffering of anaemia and low birth weight were associated with higher risk of stunting. Short maternal stature, household head different from parents, diarrhoea and coughing were associated with an increased risk and continuing breastfeeding was associated with a lower risk of stunting in Antananarivo. Previous severe undernutrition and dermatitis/ fungal skin infections were associated with higher and changes in diet during pregnancy with lower risk of stunting in Bangui. Conclusions Our results suggest maternal education, antenatal care, iron supplementation and simple WASH interventions such as using soap and infection control as general and breastfeeding (Antananarivo) or better nutrition (Bangui) as area-specified interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10995-021-03201-8.
Published: 2021

25. Beta SARS-CoV-2 variant and BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness in long-term care facilities in France

Author: Benjamin Lefevre, Bruno Lina, Arnaud Fontanet, Rebecca Grant, Yoann Madec, Laura Tondeur, Sylvie van der Werf, Christian Rabaud, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Adaptation, mesure et évaluation en santé. Approches interdisciplinaires (APEMAC), Université de Lorraine (UL), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Institut des Agents Infectieux [Lyon] (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Virology and human respiratory Pathologies - Virology and human respiratory Pathologies (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Health (social science), Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 030231 tropical medicine, Vaccine Efficacy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Humans, Beta (finance), BNT162 Vaccine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Comment, COVID-19, Virology, Long-Term Care, 3. Good health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Long-term care, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Family Practice, business
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

26. Characteristics Associated with Olfactory and Taste Disorders in COVID-19

Author: Ludivine Grzelak, Charlotte Renaudat, Arnaud Fontanet, Timothée Bruel, Bruno Hoen, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Olivier Schwartz, Yoann Madec, Laura Tondeur, Simon Galmiche, Isabelle Cailleau, Isabelle Staropoli, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This work was supported by Institut Pasteur, and several laboratories participating in the study received funding from the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing, and the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) for studies focusing on emerging viruses. OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, ANRS, Sidaction, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), 'TIMTAMDEN' ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro-Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01, and the Gilead HIV cure program. L.G. is supported by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-08-BLAN-0046,REACTING,Reactivity of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution(2008), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Vaccine Research Institute (VRI)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Epidemiology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Anosmia, Antibodies, Viral, Olfaction Disorders, Taste Disorders, Young Adult, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, In patient, Child, Retrospective Studies, Original Paper, business.industry, Headache, Outbreak, COVID-19, Retrospective cohort study, Ageusia, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, Taste disorder, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: Introduction: Olfactory and taste disorders (OTDs) have been reported in COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the mechanisms of which remain unclear. We conducted a detailed analysis of OTDs as part of 2 seroepidemiological investigations of COVID-19 outbreaks. Methods: Two retrospective cohort studies were conducted in a high school and primary schools of Northern France following a COVID-19 epidemic in February-March 2020. Students, their relatives, and school staff were included. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified using a flow-cytometry-based assay detecting anti-S IgG. Results: Among 2,004 participants (median [IQR] age: 31 [11–43] years), 303 (15.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. OTDs were present in 91 (30.0%) and 92 (30.3%) of them, respectively, and had 85.1 and 78.0% positive predictive values for SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. In seropositive participants, OTDs were independently associated with an age above 18 years, female gender, fatigue, and headache. Conclusion: This study confirms the higher frequency of OTDs in females than males and adults than children. Their high predictive value for the diagnosis of COVID-19 suggests that they should be systematically searched for in patients with respiratory symptoms, fever, or headache. The association of OTDs with headache, not previously reported, suggests that they share a common mechanism, which deserves further investigation.
Published: 2021

27. Epidemiology and control of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in partially vaccinated populations: a modeling study applied to France

Author: Paolo Bosetti, Cécile Tran Kiem, Alessio Andronico, Vittoria Colizza, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Arnaud Fontanet, Daniel Benamouzig, Simon Cauchemez, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Services de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHU Bichat], AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre de sociologie des organisations (CSO), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the INCEPTION project(PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,VEO, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CSO), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020), Sorbonne Université, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Biologie Intégrative des Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes(2011), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Benamouzig, Daniel, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, and Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory - VEO - - H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD2020-01-01 - 2024-12-31 - 874735 - VALID
Subjects: Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Epidemics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, SARS-CoV-2, Non-pharmaceutical interventions, Vaccination, Infant, Newborn, COVID-19, Infant, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Child, Preschool, Medicine, Epidemiological Models, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, France, Research Article
Abstract: Background Vaccination is expected to change the epidemiology and management of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics. Methods We used an age-stratified compartmental model calibrated to French data to anticipate these changes and determine implications for the control of an autumn epidemic. We assumed vaccines reduce the risk of hospitalization, infection, and transmission if infected by 95%, 60%, and 50%, respectively. Results In our baseline scenario characterized by basic reproduction number R0=5 and a vaccine coverage of 70–80–90% among 12–17, 18–59, and ≥ 60 years old, important stress on healthcare is expected in the absence of measures. Unvaccinated adults ≥60 years old represent 3% of the population but 43% of hospitalizations. Given limited vaccine coverage, children aged 0–17 years old represent a third of infections and are responsible for almost half of transmissions. Unvaccinated individuals have a disproportionate contribution to transmission so that measures targeting them may help maximize epidemic control while minimizing costs for society compared to non-targeted approaches. Of all the interventions considered including repeated testing and non-pharmaceutical measures, vaccination of the unvaccinated is the most effective. Conclusions With the Delta variant, vaccinated individuals are well protected against hospitalization but remain at risk of infection and should therefore apply protective behaviors (e.g., mask-wearing). Targeting non-vaccinated individuals may maximize epidemic control while minimizing costs for society. Vaccinating children protects them from the deleterious effects of non-pharmaceutical measures. Control strategies should account for the changing SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology.
Published: 2021

28. Kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and serological estimation of time since infection

Author: Pelleau, Stéphane, Woudenberg, Tom, Rosado, Jason, Donnadieu, Françoise, Garcia, Laura, Obadia, Thomas, Gardais, Soazic, Elgharbawy, Yasmine, Velay, Aurelie, Gonzalez, Maria, Nizou, Jacques Yves, Khelil, Nizar, Zannis, Konstantinos, Cockram, Charlotte, Merkling, Sarah Hélène, Meola, Annalisa, Kerneis, Solen, Terrier, Benjamin, de Seze, Jerome, Planas, Delphine, schwartz, olivier, Dejardin, François, Petres, Stéphane, von Platen, Cassandre, Pellerin, Sandrine Fernandes, Arowas, Laurence, de Facci, Louise Perrin, Duffy, Darragh, Cheallaigh, Clíona Ní, Dunne, Jean, Conlon, Niall, Townsend, Liam, Duong, Veasna, Auerswald, Heidi, Pinaud, Laurie, Tondeur, Laura, Backovic, Marija, Hoen, Bruno, Fontanet, Arnaud, Mueller, Ivo, Fafi-Kremer, Samira, Bruel, Timothée, White, Michael, Epidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses - Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Malaria : parasites et hôtes - Malaria : parasites and hosts, Santé publique : épidémiologie & sciences de l'information biomédicale (ED 393), Sorbonne Université (SU), Département de Biologie Computationnelle - Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Strasbourg, Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris (IMM), Régulation spatiale des Génomes - Spatial Regulation of Genomes, Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Virologie Structurale - Structural Virology, Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-CUP), Université de Paris, Paris, France, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), CIC Strasbourg (Centre d’Investigation Clinique Plurithématique (CIC - P) ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg]-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Plateforme technologique Production et purification de protéines recombinantes – Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform (PPR), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Immunologie Translationnelle - Translational Immunology lab, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Trinity College Dublin, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), University of Melbourne, Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), This work was supported by the European Research Council (MultiSeroSurv ERC Starting Grant 852373, MW), l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche and Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (CorPopImm, MW), and the Institut Pasteur International Network (CoronaSeroSurv, MW). JR was supported by the Pasteur Paris University (PPU) International PhD Program. CC was supported by the European Research Council 771813. MB, AL and HA were supported by the « URGENCE COVID-19 » fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur. HA is supported by Centre for International Migration and Development. NC and CNC are part-funded by a Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) grant, Grant Code 20/SPP/3685. LT has been awarded the Irish ClinicalAcademic Training (ICAT) Programme, supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Health Research Board (Grant Number 203930/B/16/Z), the Health Service Executive, National Doctors Training and Planning and the Health and Social Care, Research and Development Division, Northern Ireland (https://icatprogramme.org/). MB and AM were supported by Institut Pasteur TaskForce funding (TooLab project). IM is supported by a NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship. SFK lab is funded by Strasbourg University Hospitals (SeroCoV-HUS, PRI 7782), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE17-0028), Laboratoire d'Excellence TRANSPLANTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0070_TRANSPLANTEX), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR_S1109)., ANR-20-COVI-0052,CorPopImm,Évaluer l'immunité contre SARS-CoV-2 à l'échelle de la population grâce aux tests sérologiques(2020), ANR-18-CE17-0028,HuMABK,Les anticorps monoclonaux humains : une Nouvelle approche thérapeutique contre l'infection par le virus BK et les maladies associées(2018), ANR-11-LABX-0070,TRANSPLANTEX,Nouveaux loci d'histocompatibilité/biomarqueurs en transplantation humaine: de la découverte à l'app(2011), European Project: 852373,ERC-2019-STG,MultiSeroSurv(2020), European Project: 771813,SynarchiC, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], and HESAM Université (HESAM)
Subjects: antibody kinetics, time since infection, sero-prevalence, surveillance, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, SARS-SoV-2
Abstract: All data and code used for reproducing the results is freely available on GitHub: https://github.com/MWhite-InstitutPasteur/SARSCoV2_AB_kinetics.; International audience; Background Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a complex antibody response that varies by orders of magnitude between individuals and over time. Methods We developed a multiplex serological test for measuring antibodies to five SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the Spike proteins of seasonal coronaviruses. We measured antibody responses in cohorts of hospitalized patients and healthcare workers followed for up to eleven months after symptoms. A mathematical model of antibody kinetics was used to quantify the duration of antibody responses. Antibody response data were used to train algorithms for estimating time since infection. Results One year after symptoms, we estimate that 36% (95% range: 11%, 94%) of anti-Spike IgG remains, 31% (9%, 89%) anti-RBD IgG remains, and 7% (1%, 31%) anti-Nucleocapsid IgG remains. The multiplex assay classified previous infections into time intervals of 0–3 months, 3–6 months, and 6–12 months. This method was validated using data from a sero-prevalence survey in France, demonstrating that historical SARS-CoV-2 transmission can be reconstructed using samples from a single survey. Conclusions In addition to diagnosing previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, multiplex serological assays can estimate the time since infection which can be used to reconstruct past epidemics.
Published: 2021

29. Education and mental health: good reasons to vaccinate children

Author: Arnaud Fontanet, Simon Cauchemez, Violette Mouro, Cécile Tran Kiem, Angèle Consoli, Paolo Bosetti, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé [Paris, France], CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Abord dimensionnel des épisodes psychotiques de l’enfant et de l’adolescent: implications génétiques, métaboliques et auto-immunes, Groupe de recherche clinique Troubles psychiatriques et développement (GRC 15 - PSYDEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), We declare funding from Investissement d'Avenir programme, the Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases programme, and the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière] (SPEA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Abord dimensionnel des épisodes phychotiques de l'enfant et de l'adolescent : implications génétiques, métaboliques et auto-immunes (PSYDEV), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, medicine.medical_specialty, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MEDLINE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], MESH: Child, Correspondence, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Humans, business.industry, MESH: Mental Health, Vaccination, MESH: Education, MESH: Patient Acceptance of Health Care, General Medicine, MESH: Vaccination, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Mental health, Mental Health, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, Family medicine, business
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

30. Impact of original, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351/P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineages on vaccine effectiveness of two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Results from a nationwide case-control study in France

Author: Alexandra Septfons, Simon Galmiche, Daniel Lévy-Bruhl, Simon Cauchemez, Sylvie van der Werf, Rebecca Grant, Alexandra Rogoff, Alexandra Maurizot, Cassandre Von Platen, Laura Schaeffer, Faïza Omar, Vincent Enouf, Olivia Chény, Christophe David, Alexandra Mailles, Fabrice Carrat, Bruno Lina, Louise H Lefrancois, Tiffany Charmet, Arnaud Fontanet, Alexandre Gaymard, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs salariés (CNAMTS), Ministère de l'économie et des finances, Ipsos, Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR), Institut des Agents Infectieux [Lyon] (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Virology and human respiratory Pathologies - Virology and human respiratory Pathologies (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), Plateforme de Microbiologie Mutualisée (PIBnet) - Mutualized Platform for Microbiology (P2M), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The study was funded by Institut Pasteur and Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases (REACTing). AF's laboratory receives support from the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) for studies on emerging viruses. TC is funded by the Fondation de France (Alliance 'Tous unis contre le virus'). SW's laboratory receives support from Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Université de Paris, Santé publique France, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing (Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases), and by the H2020 project 101003589 (RECOVER)., We would like to thank the Action Coordonnée transmission group of the ANRS-MIE for helpful discussions on the study design, and Violette Mouro (Conseil d'Orientation de la Stratégie Vaccinale) for providing us with data on vaccine distribution in France., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Gestionnaire, HAL Sorbonne Université 5, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Lineage (evolution), case-control study, Biology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Internal Medicine, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 030304 developmental biology, Vaccine effectiveness, 0303 health sciences, Messenger RNA, SARS-CoV-2 variants, Health Policy, Case-control study, COVID-19, Virology, Confidence interval, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Oncology, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, epidemiology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Paper
Abstract: Background: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19 with the original virus and other lineages circulating in France. Methods: In this nationwide case-control study, cases were SARS-CoV-2 infected adults with onset of symptoms between 14 February and 3 May 2021. Controls were non-infected adults from a national representative panel matched to cases by age, sex, region, population density and calendar week. Participants completed an online questionnaire on recent activity-related exposures and vaccination history. Information about the infecting virus was based on a screening RT-PCR for either B.1.1.7 or B.1.351/P.1 variants. Findings: Included in our analysis were 7 288 adults infected with the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, 31 313 with the B.1.1.7 lineage, 2 550 with B.1.351/P1 lineages, and 3 644 controls. In multivariable analysis, the vaccine effectiveness (95% confidence interval) seven days after the second dose of mRNA vaccine was estimated at 88% (81-92), 86% (81-90) and 77% (63-86) against COVID-19 with the original virus, the B.1.1.7 lineage, and the B.1.351/P.1 lineages, respectively. Recent (2 to 6 months) history of virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was found to be 83% (76-88), 88% (85-91) and 83% (71-90) protective against COVID-19 with the original virus, the B.1.1.7 lineage, and the B.1.351/P.1 lineages, respectively; and more distant (> 6 months) infections were 76% (54-87), 84% (75-90), and 74% (41-89) protective against COVID-19 with the original virus, the B.1.1.7 lineage, and the B.1.351/P.1 lineages, respectively. Interpretation: In real-life settings, two doses of mRNA vaccines proved to be effective against COVID-19 with the original virus, B.1.1.7 lineage and B.1.351/P.1 lineages. Funding: Institut Pasteur, Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases (REACTing), Fondation de France (Alliance “Tous unis contre le virus”).
Published: 2021

31. Cost-effectiveness of adding a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in the Dafra district of the Hauts-Bassins Region in Burkina Faso (NéoVac Study)

Author: Muriel Vray, Nicolas Meda, Laura Schaeffer, Roger Sombié, Mamadou Yaya Diallo, Edouard Betsem, Andréa Gosset, Sylvie Boyer, Yusuke Shimakawa, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut des sciences de la santé publique [Marseille] (ISSPAM), Agence de Médecine Préventive [Burkina Faso], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHUYO), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and Malbec, Odile
Subjects: Marginal cost, Hepatitis B vaccine, Cost effectiveness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Gross domestic product, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Pregnancy, Burkina Faso, Medicine, Humans, Hepatitis B Vaccines, 030212 general & internal medicine, Unit cost, Discounting, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Mother-to-child transmission, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Hepatitis B, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, 3. Good health, Vaccination, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), Africa, Molecular Medicine, Birth dose, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Female, Cost-effectiveness, business, Demography
Abstract: International audience; Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a first hepatitis B vaccine dose within 24 h of birth (HepB-BD) to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Evidence for this strategy's economic value in Africa is limited. We assessed the costs and cost-effectiveness of adding HepB-BD to the current three-dose pentavalent schedule (HepB3) in the Dafra district of the Hauts-Bassins Region in Burkina Faso.Methods: Using a decision tree combined with a Markov model, we estimated the expected number of life-years (LY) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) saved, incremental costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of HepB-BD + HepB3 versus HepB3 alone in Dafra's 2017 birth cohort (n = 11,462). Institutional delivery rates, vaccine coverage, and vaccination costs from a health system perspective were estimated from field-collected data. We estimated the effectiveness of HepB-BD, age-specific transition probabilities, and horizontal transmission risks using data from previous African studies. Costs and health outcomes were discounted at an annual rate of 3%. We conducted one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess uncertainty.Results: In the base-case analysis without discounting, HepB-BD + HepB3 yielded a net cost saving of US$18,979 and saved 163 DALYs compared with HepB3 alone. With discounting, HepB-BD + HepB3 compared with HepB3 resulted in an incremental cost of US$554 and 31 DALYs averted, translating into an ICER of US$18/DALY averted. In one-way sensitivity analyses, HepB-BD + HepB3 remained cost-effective (at the cost-effectiveness threshold of US$671 i.e. the Burkina Faso per-capita gross domestic product) for all parameter changes. However, results were very sensitive to variations in HepB-BD unit cost per vaccinated neonate and perinatal transmission risk in mothers carrying the hepatitis B e antigen. The probabilities of HepB-BD + HepB3 being cost-effective were 71.7% and 86.7%, at the cost-effectiveness thresholds of US$335 and US$671, respectively.Conclusion: Introducing HepB-BD in Burkina Faso is likely to be cost-effective.
Published: 2021

32. Benefits and risks associated with different uses of the COVID-19 vaccine Vaxzevria: a modelling study, France, May to September 2021

Author: Lise Alter, Daniel Lévy-Bruhl, Cécile Tran Kiem, Pierre-Yves Boëlle, Paolo Bosetti, Simon Cauchemez, Juliette Paireau, Alessio Andronico, Arnaud Fontanet, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir programme, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases programme (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grants 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA, Groupama, INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020), Gestionnaire, HAL Sorbonne Université 5, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory - VEO - - H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD2020-01-01 - 2024-12-31 - 874735 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and European Project: 874735,VEO
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Epidemiology, Vaxzevria, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Assessment, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, vaccine, Virology, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, benefit-risk balance, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Adverse effect, thrombosis, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, AstraZeneca, 3. Good health, Metropolitan France, Vaccination, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Risk of death, business, Risk assessment, Rapid Communication
Abstract: International audience; Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (TTS) has been identified as a rare adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination with Vaxzevria. We modelled the benefits and risks of Vaxzevria distribution from May to September 2021 in metropolitan France where other vaccines are available, considering French hospitalisation data and European data on TTS. Across different scenarios, benefits of Vaxzevria distribution in people 55 years and older exceeded the risk of death from COVID-19. In young adults, risks were at least of similar magnitude as benefits.
Published: 2021

33. Optimising HPV vaccination communication to adolescents: a discrete choice experiment

Author: Sandra Chyderiotis, Florian Jeanleboeuf, Isabelle Bonmarin, Morgane Michel, Judith E. Mueller, S. Bruel, Aurélie Gauchet, Bruno Giraudeau, Jocelyn Raude, Nathalie Thilly, Jonathan Sicsic, Anne-Sophie Le Duc Banaszuk, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Appliquée en Economie de la Santé (LIRAES (URP_ 4470)), Université de Paris (UP), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Centre régional de coordination des dépistages des cancers-Pays de la Loire, Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie : Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP-PC2S), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Health Service and Performance Research (HESPER), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Epidémiologie Clinique et Evaluation Economique Appliquées aux Populations Vulnérables (ECEVE (U1123 / UMR_S_1123)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université de Paris (UP), MethodS in Patients-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch (SPHERE), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université de Lorraine (UL), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), Chyderiotis, Sandra, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Adaptation, mesure et évaluation en santé. Approches interdisciplinaires (APEMAC), and Université de Tours-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, HPV, Sexual transmission, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Disease, Adolescents, Genital warts, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Promotion (rank), Pharmacovigilance, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Papillomavirus Vaccines, media_common, Response rate (survey), General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Communication, Papillomavirus Infections, Vaccination, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Discrete choice experiment, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Family medicine, Molecular Medicine, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Vaccine acceptance, business
Abstract: International audience; Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage in France is below 30%, despite proven effectiveness against HPV infections and (pre-)cancerous cervical lesions. To optimise vaccine promotion among adolescents, we used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to identify optimal statements regarding a vaccination programme, including vaccine characteristics.Methods: Girls and boys enrolled in the last two years of five middle schools in three French regions (aged 13-15 years) participated in an in-class cross-sectional self-administered internet-based study. In ten hypothetical scenarios, participants decided for or against signing up for a school-based vaccination campaign against an unnamed disease. Scenarios included different levels of four attributes: the type of vaccine-preventable disease, communication on vaccine safety, potential for indirect protection, and information on vaccine uptake among peers. One scenario was repeated with an added mention of sexual transmission.Results: The 1,458 participating adolescents (estimated response rate: 89.4%) theoretically accepted vaccination in 80.1% of scenarios. All attributes significantly impacted theoretical vaccine acceptance. Compared to a febrile respiratory disease, protection against cancer was motivating (odds ratio (OR) 1.29 [95%-CI 1.09-1.52]), but not against genital warts (OR 0.91 [0.78-1.06]). Compared to risk negation ("vaccine does not provoke serious side effects"), a reference to a positive benefit-risk balance despite a confirmed side effect was strongly dissuasive (OR 0.30 [0.24-0.36]), while reference to ongoing international pharmacovigilance without any scientifically confirmed effect was not significantly dissuasive (OR 0.86 [0.71-1.04]). The potential for indirect protection motivated acceptance among girls but not boys (potential for eliminating the disease compared to no indirect protection, OR 1.57 [1.25-1.96]). Compared to mentioning "insufficient coverage", reporting that ">80% of young people in other countries got vaccinated" motivated vaccine acceptance (OR 1.94 [1.61-2.35]). The notion of sexual transmission did not influence acceptance.Conclusion: HPV vaccine communication to adolescents can be tailored to optimise the impact of promotion efforts.
Published: 2021

34. Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018

Author: Nicolas, Berthet, Stéphane, Descorps-Declère, Camille, Besombes, Manon, Curaudeau, Andriniaina Andy, Nkili Meyong, Benjamin, Selekon, Ingrid, Labouba, Ella Cyrielle, Gonofio, Rita Sem, Ouilibona, Huguette Dorine, Simo Tchetgna, Maxence, Feher, Arnaud, Fontanet, Mirdad, Kazanji, Jean-Claude, Manuguerra, Alexandre, Hassanin, Antoine, Gessain, Emmanuel, Nakoune, Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Environnement et Risques infectieux - Environment and Infectious Risks (ERI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (Centre National de Référence) - Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (National Reference Center) (CIBU), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Département de Biologie Computationnelle - Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes / Oncogenic Virus Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (EPVO (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_3)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This study was supported by the CIRMF, which is supported by the Government of Gabon, the Ministère de la Coopération Française and Total-Fina-Elf Gabon. This project was also supported by Agence National de la Recherche (Grant AFRIPOX) and Fondation SCOR as well as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2019SHZDZX02), External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant no. 153211KYSB20160001)., We would like to acknowledge WHO teams, national and local health authorities and the Institut Pasteur Bangui teams for their active participation to field outbreak investigations. We acknowledge Dr. Carolyn Engel-Gautier for editing the English in the manuscript., ANR-19-CE35-0011,AFRIPOX,Etude 'One Health' sur le monkeypox: infection humaine, réservoir animal, écologie de la maladie et outils diagnostiques(2019), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Pox virus, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Genomics, Monkeypox, Biological Evolution, Article, Central African Republic, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogenetics, Humans, Medicine, Monkeypox virus, Viral evolution, Phylogeny
Abstract: International audience; Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). To date, no complete MPXV viral genome has been published from the human cases identified in the CAR. The objective of this study was to sequence the full genome of 10 MPXV isolates collected during the CAR epidemics between 2001 and 2018 in order to determine their phylogenetic relationships among MPXV lineages previously described in Central Africa and West Africa. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the 10 CAR isolates belong to three lineages closely related to those found in DRC. The phylogenetic pattern shows that all of them emerged in the rainforest block of the Congo Basin. Since most human index cases in CAR occurred at the northern edge of western and eastern rainforests, transmissions from wild animals living in the rainforest is the most probable hypothesis. In addition, molecular dating estimates suggest that periods of intense political instability resulting in population movements within the country often associated also with increased poverty may have led to more frequent contact with host wild animals. The CAR socio-economic situation, armed conflicts and ecological disturbances will likely incite populations to interact more and more with wild animals and thus increase the risk of zoonotic spillover.
Published: 2021

35. Hospital-based prospective study of pertussis in infants and close contacts in Tehran, Iran

Author: Gaelle Noel, Masoumeh Nakhost Lotfi, Sajedeh Mirshahvalad, Sedaghatpour Mahdi, David Tavel, Seyed M. Zahraei, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, Tahereh Heidary, Aliahmad Goudarzi, Azardokht Kazemi, Abdollah Karimi, Alireza Nateghian, Mohand Ait-Ahmed, Nicole Guiso, Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Fabien Taieb, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Department of Bacteriology [Tehran, Iran], Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Tehran, Iran] (MOHME), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, Iran University of Medical Sciences [Tehran, Iran] (IUMS), Direction Internationale de l'Institut Pasteur, This study was funded by the Institut Pasteur, Paris. Donation from the Clara Belliveau Foundation also supported this work., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Adult, Male, Whooping Cough, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, MESH: Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Iran, Pertussis, Diagnosis, Contact, Humans, Prospective Studies, MESH: Humans, Research, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, Whole-cell vaccine, MESH: Adult, MESH: Whooping Cough, MESH: Hospitals, MESH: Infant, Hospitals, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Vaccine compliance, Child, Preschool, MESH: Iran, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Infection, MESH: Female
Abstract: Background Pertussis remain a global health concern, especially in infants too young to initiate their vaccination. Effective vaccination and high coverage limit the circulation of the pathogen, yet duration of protection is limited and boosters are recommended during a lifetime. In Iran, boosters are given at 18 months and 6 years old using whole pertussis vaccines for which efficacy is not known, and pertussis surveillance is scant with only sporadic biological diagnosis. Burden of pertussis is not well understood and local data are needed. Methods Hospital-based prospective study implementing molecular laboratory testing in infants aged ≤6 months and presenting ≥5 days of cough associated to one pertussis-like symptom in Tehran. Household and non-household contact cases of positive infants were evaluated by comprehensive pertussis diagnosis (molecular testing and serology) regardless of clinical signs. Clinical evaluation and source of infection were described. Results A total of 247 infants and 130 contact cases were enrolled. Pertussis diagnosis result was obtained for 199 infants and 104 contact cases. Infant population was mostly
Published: 2021

36. Exposures associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in France: A nationwide online case-control study

Author: Cassandre Von Platen, Simon Galmiche, Alexandra Maurizot, Sophie Martin, Faïza Omar, Laura Schaeffer, Olivia Chény, Juliette Paireau, Annika Dinis, Alexandra Septfons, Rebecca Grant, Fabrice Carrat, Carole Blanc, Simon Cauchemez, Arnaud Fontanet, Alexandra Mailles, Christophe David, Tiffany Charmet, Daniel Lévy-Bruhl, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs salariés (CNAMTS), Ministère de l'économie et des finances, Ipsos, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur, Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases (REACTing), Fondation de France (Alliance' Tous unis contre le virus')., We would like to thank the AC transmission group of REACTing (Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases) for helpful discussions about the study design, Xavier Duval and Sarah Tubiana for pilot testing the questionnaire, and Nathalie Bajos and Dominique Costagliola for their critical review of an earlier version of the manuscript., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and Limouzin, Cécile
Subjects: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Computer-assisted web interviewing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], Environmental health, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Infection control, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sports activity, [MATH.MATH-ST] Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], business.industry, Health Policy, Risk of infection, Case-control study, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Increased risk, Oncology, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business, Research Paper
Abstract: Summary: Background: We aimed to assess the role of different setting and activities in acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: In this nationwide case-control study, cases were SARS-CoV-2 infected adults recruited between 27 October and 30 November 2020. Controls were individuals from the Ipsos market research database matched to cases by age, sex, region, population density and time period. Participants completed an online questionnaire on recent activity-related exposures. Findings: Among 3426 cases and 1713 controls, in multivariable analysis, we found an increased risk of infection associated with any additional person living in the household (adjusted-OR: 1•16; 95%CI: 1•11-1•21); having children attending day-care (aOR: 1•31; 95%CI: 1•02-1•62), kindergarten (aOR: 1•27; 95%CI: 1•09-1•45), middle school (aOR: 1•30; 95%CI: 1•15-1•47), or high school (aOR: 1•18; 95%CI: 1•05-1•34); with attending professional (aOR: 1•15; 95%CI: 1•04-1•26) or private gatherings (aOR: 1•57; 95%CI: 1•45-1•71); and with having frequented bars and restaurants (aOR: 1•95; 95%CI: 1•76-2•15), or having practiced indoor sports activities (aOR: 1•36; 95%CI: 1•15-1•62). We found no increase in risk associated with frequenting shops, cultural or religious gatherings, or with transportation, except for carpooling (aOR: 1•47; 95%CI: 1•28-1•69). Teleworking was associated with decreased risk of infection (aOR: 0•65; 95%CI: 0•56-0•75). Interpretation: Places and activities during which infection prevention and control measures may be difficult to fully enforce were those with increased risk of infection. Children attending day-care, kindergarten, middle and high schools, but not primary schools, were potential sources of infection for the household. Funding: Institut Pasteur, Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases (REACTing), Fondation de France (Alliance” Tous unis contre le virus”).
Published: 2021

37. Analytical validation of hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) using dried blood spots (DBS)

Author: Laura Vernoux, Séverine Mercier-Delarue, Jeanne Perpétue Vincent, François Simon, Yusuke Shimakawa, Sarah Maylin, Audrey Gabassi, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Fujirebio Diagnostics, Laboratoire de Virologie [CHU Saint-Louis], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Fujirebio Europe funded the work, and Fujirebio Japan provided the reagent. JPV was funded by the Institut Pasteur, Ambassade de France au Japon, and Fondation Pasteur Japon., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: hepatitis B core‐related antigen, Hepatitis B virus, analytical validation, resource-limited country, Coefficient of variation, hepatitis B core-related antigen, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatitis B, Chronic, law, Virology, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, resource‐limited country, Chemiluminescence, Detection limit, Chromatography, Hepatology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Reproducibility of Results, Repeatability, Original Articles, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, Hepatitis B Core Antigens, dried blood spot, Dried blood spot, Infectious Diseases, diagnostic test, Immunoassay, DNA, Viral, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Original Article, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Viral load
Abstract: International audience; Limited access to nucleic acid testing (NAT) to quantify HBV DNA levels, an essential tool to determine anti-HBV treatment eligibility, represents a significant barrier to scale up HBV diagnostic services in resource-limited countries. Hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) has the potential to become an affordable alternative because of its low cost (US$
Published: 2021

38. SARS-CoV-2 infection in schools in a northern French city: a retrospective serological cohort study in an area of high transmission, France, January to April 2020

Author: Ludivine Grzelak, Charlotte Renaudat, Yoann Madec, Lucie Kuhmel, Laurence Arowas, Caroline Demeret, Kuang-Yu Chen, Christèle Huon, Marie Noelle Ungeheuer, Marc Eloit, Olivier Schwartz, Thomas Bigot, Bernadette Crescenzo-Chaigne, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Arnaud Fontanet, Isabelle Staropoli, Bruno Hoen, Nathalie Jolly, Camille Besombes, Sandie Munier, Isabelle Cailleau, Timothée Bruel, Pierre Charneau, Laura Tondeur, Sarah Temmam, Blanca Liliana Perlaza, Rebecca Grant, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Découverte de pathogènes – Pathogen discovery, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Université de Paris (UP), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur, Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Biologie des ARN et virus influenza - RNA Biology of Influenza Virus, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-TheraVectys, Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie / Molecular Virology and Vaccinology, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), The study was funded by Institut Pasteur, and several laboratories participating in the study receive funding from the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing and the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) for studies focusing on emerging viruses. OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, ANRS, Sidaction, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), 'TIMTAMDEN' ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro- Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01 and the Gilead HIV cure program. LG is supported by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. ME lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing (Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases), EU Grant 101003589 RECoVER., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur (CMIP), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-TheraVectys
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Emerging infectious diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Schools, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), Asymptomatic, Serology, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, MESH: Child, Humans, Medicine, MESH: COVID-19, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, MESH: Cohort Studies, Retrospective Studies, Schools, MESH: Humans, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Research, 4. Education, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Outbreak, Retrospective cohort study, MESH: Retrospective Studies, 3. Good health, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), MESH: France, 030104 developmental biology, France, medicine.symptom, business, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Background Children’s role in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology remains unclear. We investigated an initially unnoticed SARS-CoV-2 outbreak linked to schools in northern France, beginning as early as mid-January 2020. Aims This retrospective observational study documents the extent of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, linked to an affected high school (n = 664 participants) and primary schools (n = 1,340 study participants), in the context of unsuspected SARS-CoV-2 circulation and limited control measures. Methods Between 30 March and 30 April 2020, all school staff, as well as pupils and their parents and relatives were invited for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing and to complete a questionnaire covering symptom history since 13 January 2020. Results In the high school, infection attack rates were 38.1% (91/239), 43.4% (23/53), and 59.3% (16/27), in pupils, teachers, and non-teaching staff respectively vs 10.1% (23/228) and 12.0% (14/117) in the pupils’ parents and relatives (p Conclusions Viral circulation can occur in high and primary schools so keeping them open requires consideration of appropriate control measures and enhanced surveillance.
Published: 2021

39. Short and medium-term challenges for COVID-19 vaccination: from prioritisation to the relaxation of measures

Author: Tran Kiem, Cécile, Massonnaud, Clément, Levy-Bruhl, Daniel, Poletto, Chiara, Colizza, Vittoria, Bosetti, Paolo, Fontanet, Arnaud, Gabet, Amélie, Olie, Valérie, Zanetti, Laura, Boëlle, Pierre-Yves, Crepey, Pascal, Cauchemez, Simon, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Recherche en Pharmaco-épidémiologie et Recours aux Soins (REPERES), Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département d'Informatique Médicale (D2IM), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), Haute Autorité de Santé, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Lassailly-Bondaz, Anne
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Vaccination, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, COVID-19, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
Abstract: BackgroundThe roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines is a multi-faceted challenge whose performance depends on pace of vaccination, vaccine characteristics and heterogeneities in individual risks.MethodsWe developed a mathematical model accounting for the risk of severe disease by age and comorbidity and transmission dynamics. We compared vaccine prioritisation strategies in the early roll-out stage and quantified the extent to which measures could be relaxed as a function of the vaccine coverage achieved in France.FindingsPrioritizing at-risk individuals reduces morbi-mortality the most if vaccines only reduce severity, but is of less importance if vaccines also substantially reduce infectivity or susceptibility. Age is the most important factor to consider for prioritization; additionally accounting for comorbidities increases the performance of the campaign in a context of scarce resources. Vaccinating 90% of ≥65 y.o. and 70% of 18-64 y.o. before the autumn 2021 with a vaccine that reduces severity by 90% and susceptibility by 80%, we find that control measures reducing transmission rates by 15-27% should be maintained to remain below 1,000 daily hospital admissions in France with a highly transmissible variant (basic reproduction numberR0=4). Assuming 90% of ≥65 y.o. are vaccinated, full relaxation of control measures might be achieved with a vaccine coverage of 89-100% in 18-64 y.o or 60-69% of 0-64 y.o.InterpretationEven in optimistic scenarios, current vaccination intentions in the French populations might not allow a complete relaxation of control measures. Vaccination of children, if possible, could help achieve this objective.
Published: 2021

40. SARS-CoV-2 population-based seroprevalence studies in Europe: a scoping review

Author: Grant, Rebecca, Dub, Timothée, Andrianou, Xanthi, Nohynek, Hanna, Wilder-Smith, Annelies, Pezzotti, Patrizio, Fontanet, Arnaud, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Sorbonne Université - Faculté de Médecine (SU FM), Sorbonne Université (SU), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare [Helsinki], Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Cyprus University of Technology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS)
Subjects: Public health, Greece, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], public health, COVID-19, Antibodies, Viral, Medical and Health Sciences, Europe, Italy, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Germany, Health Sciences, Humans, Pandemics
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: We aimed to review SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe to understand how they may be used to inform ongoing control strategies for COVID-19.Design: Scoping review of peer-reviewed publications and manuscripts on preprint servers from January 2020 to 15 September 2020.Primary measure: Seroprevalence estimate (and lower and upper CIs). For studies conducted across a country or territory, we used the seroprevalence estimate and the upper and lower CIs and compared them to the total number of reported infections to calculate the ratio of reported to expected infections.Results: We identified 23 population-based seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe. Among 12 general population studies, seroprevalence ranged from 0.42% among residual clinical samples in Greece to 13.6% in an area of high transmission in Gangelt, Germany. Of the eight studies in blood donors, seroprevalence ranged from 0.91% in North-Western Germany to 23.3% in a high-transmission area in Lombardy region, Italy. In three studies which recruited individuals through employment, seroprevalence ranged from 0.5% among factory workers in Frankfurt, Germany, to 10.2% among university employees in Milan, Italy. In comparison to nationally reported cases, the extent of infection, as derived from these seroprevalence estimates, is manyfold higher and largely heterogeneous.Conclusion: Exposure to the virus in Europe has not reached a level of infection that would prevent further circulation of the virus. Effective vaccine candidates are urgently required to deliver the level of immunity in the population.
Published: 2021

41. A laboratory-based study to explore the use of honey-impregnated cards to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva

Author: Fourniol, Lisa, Madec, Yoann, Mousson, Laurence, Vazeille, Marie, Failloux, Anna-Bella, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), This study was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under EVAg grant agreement no. 653316 and the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID)., We thank Malika Hocine and Jocelyne Alexandre for helping in rearing mosquitoes., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 653316,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,EVAg(2015), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: RNA viruses, Physiology, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Disease Vectors, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mosquitoes, Medical Conditions, Filter Paper, Animal Products, Aedes, Medicine and Health Sciences, Chikungunya Virus, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Eukaryota, virus diseases, Agriculture, Honey, Body Fluids, Insects, Laboratory Equipment, Infectious Diseases, Blood, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Engineering and Technology, RNA, Viral, Medicine, Pathogens, Anatomy, Salivation, Research Article, Paper, Arthropoda, Alphaviruses, Science, education, Equipment, Aedes Aegypti, Microbiology, Specimen Handling, Togaviruses, parasitic diseases, Animals, Saliva, Microbial Pathogens, Nutrition, fungi, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, Diet, Species Interactions, Food, Physiological Processes, Zoology, Entomology
Abstract: International audience; Mosquito control is implemented when arboviruses are detected in patients or in field-collected mosquitoes. However, mass screening of mosquitoes is usually laborious and expensive, requiring specialized expertise and equipment. Detection of virus in mosquito saliva using honey-impregnated filter papers seems to be a promising method as it is non-destructive and allows monitoring the viral excretion dynamics over time from the same mosquito. Here we test the use of filter papers to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva in laboratory conditions, before proposing this method in large-scale mosquito surveillance programs. We found that 0.9 cm 2 cards impregnated with a 50% honey solution could replace the forced salivation technique as they offered a viral RNA detection until 7 days after oral infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes with CHIKV.
Published: 2021

42. Improving care of migrants is key for viral hepatitis elimination in Europe

Author: Maud Lemoine, P. Ingiliz, Jin Un Kim, Yusuke Shimakawa, Imperial College London, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Medical Research Council, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Hepatitis, Viral, Human, MIGRATION, Refugee, 030231 tropical medicine, Vulnerability, Developing country, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Political science, Tropical Medicine, Development economics, Pandemic, medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, Humans, Mass Screening, European union, Disease Eradication, Developing Countries, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, media_common, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, Transients and Migrants, Refugees, Science & Technology, SARS-CoV-2, Politics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, QUANTIFICATION, medicine.disease, Europe, Policy & Practice, DRIED BLOOD SPOT, RNA, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, HEALTH, Viral hepatitis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Malaria, INTERVENTIONS
Abstract: By 2040, deaths from chronic viral hepatitis worldwide are projected to exceed those from human immunodeficiency virus infection, tuberculosis and malaria combined. The burden of this disease is predominantly carried by low-resource countries in Africa and Asia. In resource-rich countries, the epidemiological spread of viral hepatitis is partially driven by migrant movements from areas of high endemicity. In the last decade, Member States of the European Union and the European Economic Area have experienced an unprecedented influx of migrants, which has resulted in the polarization of political views about migration. In addition, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has worsened the economic and health conditions of migrants and contributed to hostility to ensuring their health rights. Moreover, the implementation of hostile laws in some host nations has increased the vulnerability of marginalized migrant subgroups, such as asylum seekers and undocumented individuals. These developments have complicated the historical challenge of identifying high-risk migrant groups for screening and treatment. However, if European countries can apply the simplified assessment tools and diagnostic tests for viral hepatitis that have been used for decentralized screening and monitoring in resource-poor countries, the uptake of care by migrants could be dramatically increased. Given the global calls for the elimination of viral hepatitis, European nations should recognize the importance of treating this vulnerable migrant population. Political and health strategies need to be adapted to meet this challenge and help eliminate viral hepatitis globally.D'ici 2040, les décès causés par l'hépatite virale chronique dans le monde devraient dépasser ceux dus à trois grandes maladies réunies: l'infection au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, la tuberculose et la malaria. Le fardeau que représente cette affection repose surtout sur les pays disposant de ressources limitées en Afrique et en Asie. Dans les pays riches en ressources, la propagation épidémiologique de l'hépatite virale est en partie liée aux mouvements migratoires depuis les zones à endémicité élevée. Au cours de la dernière décennie, les États membres de l'Union européenne et l'Espace économique européen ont connu un afflux de migrants sans précédent qui a polarisé les opinions politiques concernant la migration. En outre, la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus 2019 a aggravé la situation économique et sanitaire des migrants, contribuant à l'animosité ambiante à l'égard du respect de leurs droits en matière de santé. L'adoption de lois hostiles dans certains pays d'accueil a également accru la vulnérabilité des sous-groupes de migrants marginalisés, tels que les demandeurs d'asile et les sans-papiers. Des conditions qui compliquent la tâche d'identification des groupes de migrants à haut risque pour le dépistage et le traitement. Néanmoins, si les pays européens pouvaient appliquer les outils d'évaluation simplifiés et les tests de diagnostic de l'hépatite virale, qui ont été employés pour la surveillance et le dépistage décentralisé dans les pays disposant de ressources limitées, la prise en charge des migrants pourrait nettement s'améliorer. Compte tenu des nombreux appels internationaux à éliminer l'hépatite virale, les nations européennes devraient reconnaître l'importance de soigner ces populations de migrants vulnérables. Les stratégies politiques et sanitaires doivent être adaptées afin de relever ce défi et de contribuer à éradiquer l'hépatite virale dans le monde.Para 2040, se prevé que las muertes por hepatitis vírica crónica en todo el mundo superen a las causadas por la infección del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, la tuberculosis y la malaria juntas. La carga de esta enfermedad recae sobre todo en los países con recursos limitados de África y Asia. En los países ricos en recursos, la propagación epidemiológica de las hepatitis víricas se debe en parte a los movimientos migratorios desde las zonas altamente endémicas. En la última década, los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y del Espacio Económico Europeo han experimentado una afluencia de inmigrantes sin precedentes, lo que ha polarizado las opiniones políticas sobre la inmigración. Además, la pandemia de la enfermedad del coronavirus de 2019 ha empeorado las condiciones económicas y sanitarias de los inmigrantes y ha contribuido a la hostilidad para garantizar sus derechos sanitarios. Además, la aplicación de leyes hostiles en algunas naciones de acogida ha aumentado la vulnerabilidad de subgrupos de inmigrantes marginados, como los solicitantes de asilo y los indocumentados. Estos acontecimientos han complicado el reto histórico de identificar a los grupos de inmigrantes de alto riesgo para su detección y tratamiento. Sin embargo, si los países europeos pueden aplicar las herramientas de evaluación y las pruebas de diagnóstico simplificadas para la hepatitis vírica que se han utilizado para el cribado y el seguimiento descentralizados en los países con pocos recursos, la aceptación de la atención por parte de los inmigrantes podría aumentar drásticamente. Dados los llamamientos mundiales para la eliminación de la hepatitis vírica, las naciones europeas deberían reconocer la importancia de tratar a esta población inmigrante vulnerable. Es necesario adaptar las estrategias políticas y sanitarias para hacer frente a este reto y ayudar a eliminar la hepatitis vírica a nivel mundial.بحلول عام 2040، من المتوقع لحالات الوفاة الناجمة عن التهاب الكبد الفيروسي المزمن في جميع أنحاء العالم، أن تتجاوز الوفيات الناجمة عن عدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية، والسل، والملاريا مجتمعة. يتحمل عبء هذا المرض في المقام الأول البلدان منخفضة الموارد في إفريقيا وآسيا. أما في البلدان الغنية بالموارد، فيكون الانتشار الوبائي لالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي مدفوعًا جزئيًا بتحركات المهاجرين من مناطق ذات استشراء مرتفع للوباء. شهدت الدول الأعضاء في الاتحاد الأوروبي والمنطقة الاقتصادية الأوروبية في العقد الماضي تدفقاً غير مسبوق للمهاجرين، وهو مما أدى إلى استقطاب للآراء السياسية حول الهجرة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أدت جائحة فيروس كورونا 2019 إلى تفاقم الظروف الاقتصادية والصحية للمهاجرين، وساهمت في العداء تجاه ضمان حقوقهم الصحية. وبالإضافة لذلك، أدى تنفيذ القوانين المعادية في بعض الدول المضيفة إلى زيادة ضعف المجموعات الفرعية المهمشة من المهاجرين، مثل طالبي اللجوء والأفراد غير المسجلين. أدت هذه التطورات إلى تعقيد التحدي التاريخي الخاص بتحديد مجموعات المهاجرين عالية الخطورة، ليتم فحصهم وعلاجهم. وبالرغم مع ذلك، فإنه إذا كانت الدول الأوروبية تستطيع تطبيق أدوات التقييم المبسطة والاختبارات التشخيصية لالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي، والتي تم استخدامها للفحص والمراقبة اللامركزية في البلدان ذات الموارد الفقيرة، فإنه يمكن زيادة حصول المهاجرين على الرعاية بشكل كبير. مع وضع الدعوات العالمية للقضاء على التهاب الكبد الفيروسي في الاعتبار، يجب على الدول الأوروبية أن تدرك أهمية علاج هؤلاء السكان المهاجرين المعرضين للخطر. تحتاج الاستراتيجيات السياسية والصحية للتكيف حتى تواجه هذا التحدي وتساعد في القضاء على التهاب الكبد الفيروسي على مستوى العالم.到 2040 年，全球范围内因慢性病毒性肝炎导致的死亡人数预计将超过人类免疫缺陷病毒感染、结核病与疟疾导致的总死亡人数。在治疗这种疾病方面，非洲和亚洲那些资源匮乏的国家负担最重。在资源丰富的国家中，流行病学调查结果表明，病毒性肝炎的传播部分是因来自高流行地区的移民迁移造成的。在过去十年中，欧盟和欧洲经济区成员国经历了前所未有的移民潮，这导致了关于移民的政治观点出现两极化。此外，新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情使移民的经济状况和健康状况出现恶化并助长了敌对情绪，导致难以确保他们的保健权。此外，在一些东道国中实施怀有敌意的法律使边缘化移民小群体（例如寻求庇护者和无证人员）增加了患病的可能性。这些事态发展使我们在确定需要筛查和治疗的高风险移民群体方面所面临的历史挑战变得日益复杂。然而，如果欧洲国家可以采用在资源匮乏国家中用于分散筛查和监测病毒性肝炎的简化评估工具和诊断测试，则可以大幅提高移民的医疗保健覆盖率。鉴于全球呼吁消除病毒性肝炎，欧洲国家应该认识到治疗此类极易受感染的移民群体的重要性。目前需要调整政治和卫生策略来应对这一挑战并帮助在全球范围内消除病毒性肝炎。.Согласно прогнозам, к 2040 году смертность от хронического вирусного гепатита во всем мире превысит смертность от вируса иммунодефицита человека, туберкулеза и малярии, вместе взятых. Бремя этой болезни преимущественно несут страны Африки и Азии с ограниченными ресурсами. В богатых ресурсами странах эпидемиологическое распространение вирусного гепатита частично обусловлено перемещениями мигрантов из районов с высокой эндемичностью. За последнее десятилетие государства-члены Европейского союза и Европейской экономической зоны испытали беспрецедентный приток мигрантов, который привел к поляризации политических взглядов на миграцию. Кроме того, пандемия коронавирусного заболевания 2019 года ухудшила экономические условия и состояние здоровья мигрантов и поспособствовала враждебному отношению к обеспечению их прав на здоровье. Более того, реализация враждебных законов в некоторых принимающих странах повысила уязвимость отчужденных подгрупп мигрантов, таких как лица, ищущие убежища, и лица без документов. Эти события усложнили уже существующую задачу по выявлению групп мигрантов высокого риска для скринингового обследования и лечения. Однако, если европейские страны смогут применить упрощенные инструменты оценки и диагностические тесты на вирусный гепатит, которые использовались для децентрализованного скринингового обследования и мониторинга в странах с ограниченными ресурсами, обращение за медицинской помощью со стороны мигрантов может резко возрасти. С учетом глобальных призывов к ликвидации вирусного гепатита европейские страны должны признать важность лечения этой уязвимой группы мигрантов. Для решения этой проблемы и помощи в ликвидации вирусного гепатита во всем мире необходимо адаптировать политические стратегии и стратегии в области здравоохранения.
Published: 2021

43. A multicenter, randomized controlled comparison of three renutrition strategies for the management of moderate acute malnutrition among children aged from 6 to 24 months (the MALINEA project)

Author: Cassandre Von Platen, Ronan Jambou, Boris Gildas Hedible, Cecile Artaud, André Briend, Laura Tondeur, Pierrick Adam, Rindra Randremanana, Alexandre Manirazika, Mathias Altmann, Muriel Vray, Halima Mainassara, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (Niamey, Niger) (CERMES), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of Tampere [Finland], Pôle Intégré de Recherche Clinique (PIRC), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Action contre la Faim (ACF), The MALINEA project is funded by a grant from the French Foreign Office (MEAE 27 rue de la Convention 75732 Paris Cedex 15) through a Fond de Solidarité Prioritaire (FSP) n° 2101375618 (3 November 2014) and a grant from the Action against Hunger international foundation., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Moderate acute malnutrition, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Acknowledgement, Medicine (miscellaneous), Prebiotic, Azithromycin, 03 medical and health sciences, Metagenomic, Study protocol, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 2. Zero hunger, lcsh:R5-920, business.industry, Microbiota, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Malnutrition, 030104 developmental biology, business, lcsh:Medicine (General), [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background: The aim of this open-label, randomized controlled trial conducted in four African countries (Madagascar, Niger, Central African Republic, and Senegal) is to compare three strategies of renutrition for moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in children based on modulation of the gut microbiota with enriched flours alone, enriched flours with prebiotics or enriched flours coupled with antibiotic treatment. Methods: To be included, children aged between 6 months and 2 years are preselected based on mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) and are included based on a weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) between - 3 and - 2 standard deviations (SD). As per current protocols, children receive renutrition treatment for 12 weeks and are assessed weekly to determine improvement. The primary endpoint is recovery, defined by a WHZ ≥ - 1.5 SD after 12 weeks of treatment. Data collected include clinical and socioeconomic characteristics, side effects, compliance and tolerance to interventions. Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota is conducted at inclusion, 3 months, and 6 months. The cognitive development of children is evaluated in Senegal using only the Developmental Milestones Checklist II (DMC II) questionnaire at inclusion and at 3, 6, and 9 months. The data will be correlated with renutrition efficacy and metagenomic data. Discussion: This study will provide new insights for the treatment of MAM, as well as original data on the modulation of gut microbiota during the renutrition process to support (or not) the microbiota hypothesis of malnutrition. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03474276 Last update 28 May 2018.
Published: 2018

44. Systematic Booster after Rabies Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Alleviate Rabies Antibody Monitoring in Individuals at Risk of Occupational Exposure

Author: Perrine, Parize, Jérémie, Sommé, Laura, Schaeffer, Florence, Ribadeau-Dumas, Sheherazade, Benabdelkader, Agnès, Durand, Arnaud, Tarantola, Johann, Cailhol, Julia, Goesch, Lauriane, Kergoat, Anne-Sophie, Le Guern, Marie-Laurence, Mousel, Laurent, Dacheux, Paul-Henri, Consigny, Arnaud, Fontanet, Beata, Francuz, Hervé, Bourhy, Lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie - Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre National de Référence de la Rage - National Reference Center Rabies (CNR), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Cerballiance, Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur (CMIP), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM), This research was funded by Santé Publique France, the French Directorate for Health and Pasteur Institute, The authors thank Santé Publique France, the French Directorate General for Health and Institut Pasteur for their financial support. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Institut Pasteur’s Center for Translational Science Clinical Core for his support., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: humoral immunity, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:R, occupational health, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, lcsh:Medicine, booster immunization, rabies, Article, pre-exposure prophylaxis
Abstract: International audience; Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for people at frequent or increased risk of professional exposure to lyssavirus (including rabies virus). PrEP provides protection against unrecognized exposure. After the primary vaccination, one's immune response against rabies may decline over time. We aimed to evaluate the immune response to rabies in individuals immunized for occupational reasons before and after a booster dose of the rabies vaccine. With this aim, we retrospectively documented factors associated with an inadequate response in individuals vaccinated for occupational purposes. Our findings analyzed data from 498 vaccinated individuals and found that 17.2% of participants had an inadequate antibody titration documented after their primary vaccination without the booster, while inadequate response after an additional booster of the vaccine was evidenced in 0.5% of tested participants. This study showed that a single booster dose of vaccine after PrEP conferred a high and long-term immune response in nearly all individuals except for rare, low responders. A systematic rabies booster after primary vaccination may result in alleviating the monitoring strategy of post-PrEP antibody titers among exposed professionals.
Published: 2021

45. Impact of Introducing Hepatitis B Birth Dose Vaccines into the Infant Immunization Program in Burkina Faso: Study Protocol for a Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial (NéoVac Study)

Author: François Sawadogo, A. Sawadogo, Andréa Gosset, Alima T. Essoh, Dramane Kania, Lassané Kabore, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Yusuke Shimakawa, Nicolas Meda, Cassandre Von Platen, Pierrick Adam, Issa Ouedraogo, Alkadri Bokoum, Muriel Vray, Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin, Magali Herrant, Amariane Ouattara, Ghislain Bouda, Haoua Tall, Laura Schaeffer, Hervé Hien, Jeanne Perpétue Vincent, Edouard Betsem, Pauline Boucheron, Seydou Ouattara, Sylvie Boyer, Abdoul Salam Eric Tiendrebeogo, Agence de Médecine Préventive [Burkina Faso], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Ministère de la Santé [Burkina Faso], Direction Internationale de l'Institut Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou [Bobo-Dioulasso] (CHUSS), Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Anthropologie et écologie de l’émergence des maladies - Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Malbec, Odile
Subjects: sub-Saharan Africa, HBsAg, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatitis B vaccine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, medicine.disease_cause, Article, complex intervention, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Drug Discovery, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Cluster randomised controlled trial, stepped wedge cluster randomized trial, mixed method, 2. Zero hunger, Pharmacology, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis, implementation science, business.industry, birth dose vaccination, mother-to-child transmission, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, Immunization, Medicine, business, hepatitis B vaccine
Abstract: International audience; To achieve global hepatitis elimination by 2030, it is critical to prevent the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since 2009, the WHO has recommended administering hepatitis B vaccine to all neonates within 24 h of birth to prevent MTCT. However, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa only provide hepatitis B immunization at the age of 6, 10, and 14 weeks or 8, 12, and 16 weeks using a combined vaccine. To accelerate the introduction of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine (HepB-BD) into sub-Saharan Africa, it is critical to establish to what extent the addition of HepB-BD can further reduce HBV transmission in areas where three-dose infant vaccination has been implemented. We therefore designed a study to evaluate the impact, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of incorporating the HepB-BD into the routine immunization program in a real-life field condition in Burkina Faso, where the hepatitis B vaccination is currently scheduled at 8-12-16 weeks. Through a multidisciplinary approach combining epidemiology, anthropology, and health economics, the Neonatal Vaccination against Hepatitis B in Africa (NéoVac) study conducts a pragmatic stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in rural areas of the Hauts-Bassins Region. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04029454). A health center is designated as a cluster, and the introduction of HepB-BD will be rolled out sequentially in 24 centers. Following an initial period in which no health center administers HepB-BD, one center will be randomly allocated to incorporate HepB-BD. Then, at a regular interval, another center will be randomized to cross from the control to the intervention period, until all 24 centers integrate HepB-BD. Pregnant women attending antenatal care will be systematically invited to participate. Infants born during the control period will follow the conventional immunization schedule (8-12-16 weeks), while those born in the interventional period will receive HepB-BD in addition to the routine vaccines (0-8-12-16 weeks). The primary outcome, the proportion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity in infants aged at 9 months, will be compared between children born before and after HepB-BD introduction. The study will generate data that may assist governments and stakeholders in sub-Saharan Africa to make evidence-based decisions about whether to add HepB-BD into the national immunization programs.
Published: 2021

46. SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in non-human primates

Author: Andrés Pizzorno, Julien Lemaitre, Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet, Flora Donati, Raphael Ho Tsong Fang, Xavier de Lamballerie, Pauline Maisonnasse, Nidhal Kahlaoui, Olivier Terrier, Romain Marlin, Vanessa Contreras, Thibaut Naninck, Caroline Solas, Mélanie Albert, Bruno Hoen, Franck Touret, Antonio Gonçalves, Bruno Lina, Roger Le Grand, Catherine Chapon, Vincent Enouf, Angela Brisebarre, Sylvie van der Werf, Jeremie Guedj, Manuel Rosa Calatrava, Sylvie Behillil, Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virpath-Grippe, de l'émergence au contrôle -- Virpath-Influenza, from emergence to control (Virpath), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Plateforme de Microbiologie Mutualisée (PIBnet) - Mutualized Platform for Microbiology (P2M), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR), Institut des Agents Infectieux [Lyon] (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), This work was funded by the French national research agency (ANR) through the TheraCoV ANR-20-COVI-0018 (JG) and also by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through INV-017335 (JG)., ANR-20-COVI-0018,TheraCoV,Dynamique virale au niveau individuel et populationnel : implications pour l'optimisation des stratégies antivirales(2020), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR - laboratoire associé), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Donati, Flora, and Dynamique virale au niveau individuel et populationnel : implications pour l'optimisation des stratégies antivirales - - TheraCoV2020 - ANR-20-COVI-0018 - COVID-19 - VALID
Subjects: Pulmonology, medicine.medical_treatment, Monkeys, Medical Conditions, 0302 clinical medicine, Nasopharynx, Public and Occupational Health, MESH: Animals, Biology (General), Mammals, Innate Immune System, MESH: Cytokines, Eukaryota, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Trachea, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Modeling and Simulation, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viral growth, Cytokines, SARS CoV 2, Viral load, Macaque, Primates, QH301-705.5, Immunology, Microbiology, Antiviral Agents, Respiratory Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Experimental model, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Molecular Development, Virology, MESH: Nasopharynx, Macaca fascicularis, 030104 developmental biology, Viral dynamics, MESH: Macaca fascicularis, Preventive Medicine, MESH: Disease Models, Animal, Digestive System, Basic reproduction number, Developmental Biology, RNA viruses, 0301 basic medicine, Coronaviruses, Physiology, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Respiratory System, Basic Reproduction Number, Virus Replication, Immune Physiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: COVID-19, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pathology and laboratory medicine, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Ecology, Viral Load, Medical microbiology, Vaccination and Immunization, Infectious Diseases, Cytokine, Vertebrates, Viruses, Anatomy, Pathogens, MESH: Viral Load, Research Article, MESH: Antiviral Agents, SARS coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Biology, Virus, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Antiviral Therapy, Old World monkeys, medicine, Animals, SARS-CoV-2, MESH: Virus Replication, Viral pathogens, COVID-19, Microbial pathogens, Disease Models, Animal, MESH: Basic Reproduction Number, Immune System, Amniotes, Respiratory Infections, Pharynx, Zoology, Viral Transmission and Infection, MESH: Trachea
Abstract: Non-human primates infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit mild clinical signs. Here we used a mathematical model to characterize in detail the viral dynamics in 31 cynomolgus macaques for which nasopharyngeal and tracheal viral load were frequently assessed. We identified that infected cells had a large burst size (>104 virus) and a within-host reproductive basic number of approximately 6 and 4 in nasopharyngeal and tracheal compartment, respectively. After peak viral load, infected cells were rapidly lost with a half-life of 9 hours, with no significant association between cytokine elevation and clearance, leading to a median time to viral clearance of 10 days, consistent with observations in mild human infections. Given these parameter estimates, we predict that a prophylactic treatment blocking 90% of viral production or viral infection could prevent viral growth. In conclusion, our results provide estimates of SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetic parameters in an experimental model of mild infection and they provide means to assess the efficacy of future antiviral treatments., Author summary Non-human primates infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a mild infection resembling asymptomatic human infection. Here we used viral dynamic modelling to characterize the nasopharyngeal and tracheal viral loads. We found that viral load rapidly declined after peak viral load despite the absence of association between model parameters and immune markers. The within-host reproductive basic reproduction number was approximately equal to 6 and 4 in nasopharynx and trachea suggesting that a prophylactic therapy blocking viral entry or production with 90% efficacy could be sufficient to prevent viral growth and peak viral load.
Published: 2021

47. Etude des facteurs sociodémographiques, comportements et pratiques associés à l’infection par le SARS-CoV-2 (ComCor)

Author: Galmiche, Simon, Charmet, Tiffany, Schaeffer, Laura, Grant, Rebecca, Fontanet, Arnaud, Paireau, Juliette, Cauchemez, Simon, Chény, Olivia, Platen, Cassandre, Maurizot, Alexandra, Blanc, Carole, Dinis, Annika, Martin, Sophie, Omar, Faïza, David, Christophe, Carrat, Fabrice, Septfons, Alexandra, Mailles, Alexandra, Levy-Bruhl, Daniel, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs salariés (CNAMTS), Ministère de l'économie et des finances, Ipsos, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Projet financé par Reacting (Agence ANRS-MIE) et l’Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie, IPSOS, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Santé Publique France, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Lassailly-Bondaz, Anne
Subjects: [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: L’étude ComCor, qui couvre à ce jour la période du 1er octobre 2020 au 31 janvier 2021, inclut 77208 participants avec infection aiguë par le SARS-CoV-2, hors personnels soignants (8,2% des personnes contactées par mail par la CNAM). L’étude permet de décrire les lieux et les circonstances de contamination. Elle compare également les comportements de 8702 de ces cas avec ceux de 4351 témoins identifiés par IPSOS et appariés sur l’âge, le sexe, le lieu, et la date.
Published: 2021

48. Serological reconstruction of COVID-19 epidemics through analysis of antibody kinetics to SARS-CoV-2 proteins

Author: Thomas Obadia, Solen Kernéis, Konstantinos Zannis, Cliona Ni Cheallaigh, Laura Garcia, María Victoria González, Tom Woudenberg, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Stéphane Petres, Jérôme De Seze, Benjamin Terrier, François Dejardin, Delphine Planas, Marija Backovic, Ivo Mueller, Françoise Donnadieu, Laurence Arowas, Charlotte Cockram, Aurélie Velay, Darragh Duffy, Bruno Hoen, Nizar Khelil, Louise Perrin de Facci, Sarah H. Merkling, Timothée Bruel, Heidi Auerswald, Annalisa Meola, Arnaud Fontanet, Jacques Yves Nizou, Niall Conlon, Cassandre Von Platen, Soazic Gardais, Yasmine Elgharbawy, Olivier Schwartz, Michael A. White, Liam Townsend, Jason Rosado, Stéphane Pelleau, Malaria : parasites et hôtes - Malaria : parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Laboratoire de Virologie [Strasbourg], Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris (IMM), Département de Génomes et Génétique - Department of Genomes and Genetics, Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virologie Structurale - Structural Virology, GHU AP-HP Centre Université de Paris, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CIC Strasbourg (Centre d’Investigation Clinique Plurithématique (CIC - P) ), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Plateforme technologique Production et purification de protéines recombinantes – Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform (PPR), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Immunologie Translationnelle - Translational Immunology lab, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Trinity College Dublin, Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Michael, White, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence Maladies auto-immunes Systémiques Rares [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg]-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Service de Département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière] (DMIIC), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, biology, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Isotype, Confidence interval, Orders of magnitude (mass), 3. Good health, Serology, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, Immunology, biology.protein, Medicine, Multiplex, 030212 general & internal medicine, Antibody, business, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a complex antibody response that varies by orders of magnitude between individuals and over time. Waning antibody levels lead to reduced sensitivity of serological diagnostic tests over time. This undermines the utility of serological surveillance as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic progresses into its second year. Here we develop a multiplex serological test for measuring antibodies of three isotypes (IgG, IgM, IgA) to five SARS-CoV-2 antigens (Spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD), Nucleocapsid (N), Spike subunit 2, Membrane-Envelope fusion) and the Spike proteins of four seasonal coronaviruses. We measure antibody responses in several cohorts of French and Irish hospitalized patients and healthcare workers followed for up to eleven months after symptom onset. The data are analysed with a mathematical model of antibody kinetics to quantify the duration of antibody responses accounting for inter-individual variation. One year after symptoms, we estimate that 36% (95% range: 11%, 94%) of anti-S IgG remains, 31% (9%, 89%) anti-RBD IgG remains, and 7% (1%, 31%) anti-N IgG remains. Antibodies of the IgM isotype waned more rapidly, with 9% (2%, 32%) anti-RBD IgM remaining after one year. Antibodies of the IgA isotype also waned rapidly, with 10% (3%, 38%) anti-RBD IgA remaining after one year. Quantitative measurements of antibody responses were used to train machine learning algorithms for classification of previous infection and estimation of time since infection. The resulting diagnostic test classified previous infections with 99% specificity and 98% (95% confidence interval: 94%, 99%) sensitivity, with no evidence for declining sensitivity over the time scale considered. The diagnostic test also provided accurate classification of time since infection into intervals of 0 – 3 months, 3 – 6 months, and 6 – 12 months. Finally, we present a computational method for serological reconstruction of past SARS-CoV-2 transmission using the data from this test when applied to samples from a single cross-sectional sero-prevalence survey.
Published: 2021

49. Cluster of COVID-19 in northern France: A retrospective closed cohort study

Author: Nathalie Jolly, Christèle Huon, Laura Tondeur, Bernadette Crescenzo, Sarah Temmam, Sandie Munier, Camille Besombes, Isabelle Staropoli, Timothée Bruel, Isabelle Cailleau, Rebecca Grant, Pierre Gallian, Simon Cauchemez, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Yoann Madec, Sylvie van der Werf, Bruno Hoen, Ludivine Grzelak, Marc Eloit, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Olivier Schwartz, Caroline Demeret, Kuang-Yu Chen, Arnaud Fontanet, Lucie Kuhmel, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur (CMIP), Découverte de pathogènes – Pathogen discovery, Biologie des ARN et virus influenza - RNA Biology of Influenza Virus, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA), Funding: Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Université de Paris, Santé publique France, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing, EU grant Recover, INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université de Paris (UP), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Université de Paris (UP), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), demeret, caroline, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Attack rate, Ageusia, Disease cluster, Confidence interval, 3. Good health, Herd immunity, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Internal medicine, Case fatality rate, medicine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 030212 general & internal medicine, medicine.symptom, business, 030304 developmental biology, Cohort study
Abstract: SummaryBackgroundThe Oise department in France has been heavily affected by COVID-19 in early 2020.MethodsBetween 30 March and 4 April 2020, we conducted a retrospective closed cohort study among pupils, their parents and siblings, as well as teachers and non-teaching staff of a high-school located in Oise. Participants completed a questionnaire that covered history of fever and/or respiratory symptoms since 13 January 2020 and had blood tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The infection attack rate (IAR) was defined as the proportion of participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection based on antibody detection. Blood samples from two blood donor centres collected between 23 and 27 March 2020 in the Oise department were also tested for presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.FindingsOf the 661 participants (median age: 37 years), 171 participants had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The overall IAR was 25.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.6-29.4), and the infection fatality rate was 0% (one-sided 97.5% CI = 0 - 2.1). Nine of the ten participants hospitalised since mid-January were in the infected group, giving a hospitalisation rate of 5.3% (95% CI = 2.4 –9.8). Anosmia and ageusia had high positive predictive values for SARS-CoV-2 infection (84.7% and 88.1%, respectively). Smokers had a lower IAR compared to non-smokers (7.2% versus 28.0%, P InterpretationThe relatively low IAR observed in an area where SARS-CoV-2 actively circulated weeks before confinement measures indicates that establishing herd immunity will take time, and that lifting these measures in France will be long and complex.FundingInstitut Pasteur, CNRS, Université de Paris, Santé publique France, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing, EU grant Recover, INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005).Research in contextEvidence before the studyThe first COVID-19 cases in France were reported on 24 January 2020. Substantial transmission has occurred since then, with the Oise department, north of Paris, one of the heaviest affected areas in the early stages of the epidemic in France. As of 13 April 2020, 98,076 cases had been diagnosed in France, including 5,379 deaths.Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been widely reported, but this has largely been centred on cases requiring medical care. What remains unclear at this stage is the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 infections may be asymptomatic or present as subclinical, non-specific symptoms. While extensive contact tracing has identified asymptomatic infections using RT-PCR testing, serologic detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is needed to determine the real infection attack rate and the proportion of all infections that are asymptomatic or subclinical.Added value of this studyUsing a combination of serologic assays with high sensitivity and specificity for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, we conducted a retrospective closed cohort study. In a high school linked to a cluster of COVID-19 in the Oise department, we showed an overall infection attack rate (IAR) of 40.9% in the high school group, and 10.9% in parents and siblings of the pupils. The proportion of infected individuals who had no symptoms during the study period was 17.0%.Implications of all of the available evidenceThe relatively low IAR in this area where SARS-CoV-2 actively circulated before confinement measures were introduced indicates that establishing herd immunity will take time, and that the lifting of these measures in France will be long and complex.
Published: 2021

50. Clinical utility of quantifying hepatitis B surface antigen in African patients with chronic hepatitis B

Author: Frank Tacke, Gora Lo, Ka Mm, Vincent Leroy, Amina Sow, Madoky Magatte Diop, Yusuke Shimakawa, J. Howell, Lamin Bojang, Souleymane Toure, P. Ingiliz, Damien Cohen, Karine Lacombe, Gerrit Post, Maud Lemoine, Ramou Njie, Souleymane Mboup, Gibril Ndow, Maimuna Mendy, Amie Cessay, Isabelle Chemin, Coumba Toure-Kane, Mark Thursz, Jean Nana, Roger Sombié, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Monash University [Melbourne], Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Université de Thiès, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Imperial College London, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), The PROLIFICA project (www.prolifica.africa) was funded was the EC FP7 (2011-2016) and is currently funded by the MRC UK and received support from Gilead US company., The authors thank Echosens, France, for their support, they are also grateful to all the patients and their families., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis b surface antigen, Gastroenterology, Virus, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, Liver disease, selection for treatment, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Chronic hepatitis, Virology, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, chronic hepatitis B, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hepatitis B e Antigens, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Hepatology, business.industry, Antiviral therapy, medicine.disease, serologic Tests, Hepatitis B, Chronic infection, Infectious Diseases, Cohort, Africa, DNA, Viral, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: International audience; The clinical utility of quantifying hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) levels in African subjects with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been poorly documented. From a multicentre cohort of 944 HBV-infected African patients, we aimed to assess whether qHBsAg alone can accurately identify i) those in a HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection phase at low risk of liver disease progression and ii) those in need of antiviral therapy according to the 2017 EASL guidelines. We analysed 770 HBV mono-infected treatment-naïve patients, mainly males (61%) from West Africa (92%), median age 35 years (IQR: 30-44), median HBV DNA: 95.6 IU/ml (10.0-1,300.0), median qHBsAg 5,498 IU/ml (1,171-13,000) and HBeAg-pos 38 (5%). A total of 464/770 (60.2%) patients were classified as HBeAg-negative chronic infection (median age 36 years (31-46), median ALT 23 IU/l (18-28), median HBV-DNA 33.5 IU/ml (3.8-154.1), median LSM 4.8 kPa (4.1-5.8)) and qHBsAg levels had poor accuracy to identify these subjects with an AUROC at 0.58 (95%CI: 0.54-0.62), sensitivity 55.0% and specificity 55.6%; 118/770 (15.3%) patients were eligible for treatment according to the 2017 EASL criteria. qHBsAg correlated poorly with HBV DNA and had poor accuracy to select patients for antiviral therapy with an AUROC at 0.54 (0.49-0.60), sensitivity 46.6% and specificity 46.9%. In African treatment-naïve HBV-infected subjects, the clinical utility of qHBsAg to identify subjects in HBeAg-negative infection phase or subjects eligible for antiviral therapy seems futile. Whether qHBsAg levels can be used as a predictor of long-term liver complications in Africa needs to be further investigated.
Published: 2021

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