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The demand for rice varieties with lower amylose content (AC) is increasing in Southeast Asia, primarily due to their desirable texture and cooking qualities. This study presents the development of whole-grain rice lines with low to intermediate glycemic index (GI) and reduced AC. We selected six rice lines for in vivo GI assessment based on their starch properties. We successfully identified two lines with low AC that exhibited low and intermediate GI values, respectively. Our findings indicate that dietary fiber (DF) content may significantly influence rice GI. The selected whole-grain low-GI line showed a higher ratio of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) to insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) compared to control varieties, highlighting SDF's potential positive role in lowering whole-grain rice's GI. This study underscores the feasibility of developing rice varieties with desirable agronomic traits, nutritional traits, and culinary attributes, particularly for individuals managing their blood sugar levels. Additionally, we proposed the positive role of starch composition, especially DF content, in modulating the GI of rice. This study reinforces the importance of incorporating starch properties and DF content into rice breeding programs to produce more health-oriented and marketable rice varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different extraction methods on the physical and chemical properties and functional characteristics of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from Polygonatum sibiricum residue were investigated. The complex enzyme method (CE), ultrasonic-assisted complex enzyme method (UCE) and enzyme-alkali method (CEA) were used to extract IDF. The composition, physicochemical properties, glucose adsorption capacity, cation exchange capacity and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of three IDFs were analyzed. Results showed that the yield of ultrasound-assisted compound enzyme method was the highest (84.68%). Three IDFs had a higher purity and mainly consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The purity of UCE-IDF was up to 82.24%. UCE-IDF had the best water holding capacity (4.74±0.66) g/g, oil holding capacity (3.84±0.29) g/g, binding capacity (3.29±0.09) g/g, the highest total phenol content (7.77±0.07) mg/g, the best cation exchange capacity (0.40±0.003) mmol/g, and the antioxidant capacity. CEA-IDF had the highest swelling capacity (5.33±0.11) mL/g and flavonoid content (1.88±0.03) mg/g. CE-IDF had the best glucose adsorption capacity (19326.67±41.63) μmol/g. Physical and chemical characterization indicated that the structure of UCE-IDF was more irregular and had higher thermal stability. The infrared spectra suggested that the three IDFs had the characteristic absorption peaks of cellulose. The X-ray results revealed that the three IDFs were cellulose I crystal. In summary, there were differences in physical and chemical properties and functional characteristics among the three IDFs. UCE-IDF showed significant advantages in several physical and chemical properties, such as water holding, oil holding thermal stability, and antioxidant activity. CEA-IDF was distinguished by its high flavonoid content and the best swelling power. CE-IDF had the best glucose adsorption capacity. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the application of IDF in food processing industry.

This study investigated the impact of different ratios of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber (SDF:IDF) formulations by sugar beet pulp (SBP) supplementation on piglet growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune function, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbiota and intestinal health. A total of 60 crossbred piglets (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]) at 40 d old with body weight of 10.0 ± 0.3 kg were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 2 piglets per replicate in a 21-d trial. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal diet (0% SBP supplementation; CON), and diets supplemented with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% SBP, representing different SDF:IDF ratios at 10.16%, 13.53%, 16.79%, 19.86%, and 24.81%, respectively. The results indicated that the 8% SBP treatment had a negative effect on feed-to-gain ratio (linear, P = 0.009) compared with the CON treatment (P = 0.021). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein was lower in treatments supplemented with SBP (P = 0.002) and showed a linear decrease (P = 0.001), while the ATTD of IDF showed a linear increase (P = 0.037) in four SBP treatments compared to the CON treatment. The 4% SBP treatment increased serum concentrations of triglyceride (quadratic, P = 0.019) and K (linear, P = 0.037), and decreased alanine transaminase concentration (quadratic, P = 0.015) compared with the CON treatment. The concentrations of Cit, Cys, Ile, Leu, Orn, Arg, taurine, urea, 1-methylhistidine, α-aminoadipic acid, α-aminobutyric acid and cystathionine in the 4% SBP treatment were highest among all treatments (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the 6% SBP treatment were higher than those in the CON treatment (P < 0.05), which also increased mucin-2 and G protein-coupled receptor 41 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) in colonic mucosa compared with the CON treatment and improved the intestinal barrier function. Diets containing more than 19.86% SDF:IDF could impair the intestinal health in piglets when SBP was used as the SDF source. Supplementing nursery piglet diets with 16.79% to 19.86% SDF:IDF is recommended for improving intestinal barrier function, increasing short-chain fatty acids concentrations, and improving intestinal microbiota composition.

The insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) of grape skins was modified by high-temperature steaming combined with the snail enzyme method using grape skins as raw material, the aim of this study was to increase the yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and improve the physicochemical properties of SDF and IDF. The effects of different factors on the yield of SDF were studied, and the physicochemical indexes of dietary fiber before and after modification were determined. The experimental results were as follows: Steaming time of 60 minutes, steaming temperature of 120 ℃, the material to liquid ratio was 1:25 g/mL, enzyme addition of 3.50%, enzymatic hydrolyswas temperature of 34.0 ℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 55 minutes. Under these conditions, the yield of SDF was 10.25%. The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and swelling capacity of modified SDF were increased by 1.74, 1.53, and 1.13 times, respectively. The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and swelling capacity of the modified IDF were increased by 1.01, 1.26, and 1.27 times, respectively. Compared with the unmodified SDF and IDF, the structure of the modified SDF and IDF became more loose, and the glucose adsorption capacity, glucose dialysis retardation index, and α-amylase inhibition were significantly improved. Among them, the modified SDF had the strongest glucose adsorption capacity, and the glucose dialysis delay index was also higher than other dietary fiber samples. When the addition amount was 8 mg/mL, the inhibition rate of the modified SDF on α-amylase reaches its maximum value (54.71%). In summary, the modified SDF and modified IDF had better characteristics, which would provide a theoretical basis for modified grape skin dietary fiber.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) of grape skins was modified by high-temperature steaming combined with the snail enzyme method using grape skins as raw material, the aim of this study was to increase the yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and improve the physicochemical properties of SDF and IDF. The effects of different factors on the yield of SDF were studied, and the physicochemical indexes of dietary fiber before and after modification were determined. The experimental results were as follows: Steaming time of 60 minutes, steaming temperature of 120 °C, the material to liquid ratio was 1:25 g/mL, enzyme addition of 3.50%, enzymatic hydrolys was temperature of 34.0 °, and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 55 minutes. Under these conditions, the yield of SDF was 10.25%. The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and swelling capacity of modified SDF were increased by 1.74, 1.53, and 1.13 times, respectively. The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and swelling capacity of the modified IDF were increased by 1.01, 1.26, and 1.27 times, respectively. Compared with the unmodified SDF and IDF, the structure of the modified SDF and IDF became more loose, and the glucose adsorption capacity, glucose dialysis retardation index, and α-amylase inhibition were significantly improved. Among them, the modified SDF had the strongest glucose adsorption capacity, and the glucose dialysis delay index was also higher than other dietary fiber samples. When the addition amount was 8 mg/mL, the inhibition rate of the modified SDF on α-amylase reaches its maximum value (54.71%). In summary, the modified SDF and modified IDF had better characteristics, which would provide a theoretical basis for modified grape skin dietary fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of ball milling on the physicochemical, functional, and emulsification characteristics of Polygonatum sibiricum insoluble dietary fiber (PIDF) were investigated. Through controlling milling time (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h), five PIDFs (PIDF-1, PIDF-2, PIDF-3, PIDF-4, and PIDF-5) were obtained. The results showed that ball milling effectively decreased the particle size and increased the zeta-potential of PIDF. Scanning electron microscope results revealed that PIDF-5 has a coarser microstructure. All PIDF samples had similar FTIR and XRD spectra. The functional properties of PIDF were all improved to varying degrees after ball milling. PIDF-3 had the highest water-holding capacity (5.12 g/g), oil-holding capacity (2.83 g/g), water-swelling capacity (3.83 mL/g), total phenol (8.12 mg/g), and total flavonoid (1.91 mg/g). PIDF-4 had the highest ion exchange capacity. Fat and glucose adsorption capacity were enhanced with ball milling time prolongation. PIDF-5 exhibited a contact angle of 88.7° and lower dynamic interfacial tension. Rheological results showed that PIDF-based emulsions had shear thinning and gel-like properties. PE-PIDF-5 emulsion had the smallest particle size and the highest zeta-potential value. PE-PIDF-5 was stable at pH 7 and high temperature. The findings of this study are of great significance to guide the utilization of the by-products of Polygonatum sibiricum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayberry pomace, a nutrient-rich material abundant in dietary fiber (DF), has historically been underutilized due to a lack of thorough research. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of the DF. Ultrasonic enzymatic treatment was performed to extract the total DF, which was then optimized to produce modified soluble dietary fiber (MSDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (MIDF). The optimized conditions yielded 15.14% of MSDF with a water-holding capacity (WHC) of 54.13 g/g. The DFs were evaluated for their structural, physicochemical, and functional properties. The MSDF showed a higher (p < 0.05) WHC, oil-holding capacity (OHC), swelling capacity (SC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) (about 14.15, 0.88, 1.23, 1.22, and 0.34 times) compared to the DF. Additionally, the MSDF showed strong, superior radical scavenging and blood sugar-lowering capabilities, with a more porous surface morphology. A Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated that enzymatic modification degraded the cellulose and hemicellulose, reducing the DF crystallinity. Overall, the results demonstrated that cellulase hydrolysis could effectively improve the physicochemical and functional properties of DF, thereby paving the way for its development into functional food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insoluble dietary fibers (IDFs) were extracted from sweet potato leaves and modified by physical crushing or using an acid, alkali-hydrogen peroxide, and cellulases. The modified samples were characterized, and changes in their physical and chemical properties were evaluated. The effects of different modification treatments on the micromorphology, chemical structure, crystal phase structure, and functional properties were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the microstructure of IDF in sweet potato leaves was altered by the different treatments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested no obvious changes in the chemical structure. Additionally, the specific surface areas of IDFs in sweet potato leaves before and after modification varied. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the positions of characteristic diffraction peaks were mostly unchanged before and after modification. The cation exchange capacity and total negative charge of IDFs increased by 0.31~2.86- and 0.75~2.88-fold, respectively. Acid-modified SIDF3 showed the highest water-holding, swelling, and glucose adsorption capacities, which were 0.34, 4.33, and 0.16~0.39-fold higher than those of unmodified SIDF1, respectively. The oil-holding capacity of enzyme-modified SIDF5 was the highest, 0.24-fold higher than that of unmodified SIDF1. The results demonstrated that the properties and functional properties of sweet potato leaves can be altered by different modification treatments, providing a basis for further application of insoluble dietary fibers in sweet potato leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain the preparation process and adsorption characteristics of insoluble dietary fiber from pomelo peel using composite enzyme method, the orthogonal test was used to optimize the extraction of insoluble dietary fiber from pomelo peel, and its characteristics were studied. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows, material-liquid ratio of 1:40 g/mL, amylase addition amount of 0.6%, amylase hydrolysis time of 90 min, papain addition amount of 0.2% and papain hydrolysis time of 30 min. Under these conditions, the yield of pomelo peel IDF was 55.07%. The swelling capacity, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of pomelo peel IDF were 2.84±0.09 mL/g, 12.54±0.11 g/g, 1.54±0.02 g/g and 0.36±0.04 mmol/g, respectively. In addition, in vitro adsorption capability test indicated that the adsorption capacity of pomelo peel IDF for glucose, cholesterol and sodium cholate was 0.13±0.003 mmol/g, 12.27±0.020 mg/g and 53.25±0.100 mg/g, respectively. FT-IR results showed that pomelo peel IDF had characteristic absorption peaks of cellulose polysaccharides, which was consistent with the structure of dietary fiber. In summary, the extracted pomelo peel IDF exhibited good characteristics after optimizing the process. It can provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of pomelo peel IDF.

Hericium erinaceus (HE) is an important common edible mushroom, which is rich in dietary fiber. The objective of this study is to explore the potential lipid-reducing impact and regulation mechanism of Hericium erinaceus insoluble dietary fiber (HEIDF) by intervening mice caused by high-fat diet (HFD). The results demonstrated that HEIDF could significantly reduce hyperlipidemia induced by HFD and deposition of lipid droplets in liver and adipose cells to achieve the effect of lipid reduction. The 16S rRNA sequencing results of fecal bacteria indicated that HEIDF intervention significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidota, norank_f_Muribaculaceae and Akkermansia, while reducing the abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfovibrio. Serum metabolomics revealed that HEIDF decreased the content of 2-isopropylmalic acid, 3-isopropylmalic acid and inosine. Relying on the correlation analysis between serum metabolites and gut microbiota, we found that with the increase of Akkermansia, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and Acinetobacter, glycerides, bile acids, alcohols and their derivatives, fatty acids and acid conjugates of the serum were decreased. KEGG pathway enrichment showed that HEIDF could regulate the valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis by improving the above gut microbiota. Therefore, this research indicated that HEIDF intervention increased the abundance of Akkermansia and norank_f_Muribaculaceae in gut microbiota, led to changes in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and then reduced the production of metabolites such as glycerides, bile acids, alcohols and their derivatives, which provided new insights for improving the mechanism of obesity and laid a theoretical foundation for improving the utilization rate of HEs and promoting functional foods rich in dietary fiber.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace is rich in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). This study aimed to investigate the influence of three modification methods on Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace insoluble dietary fiber (RIDF). The three modified RIDFs, named U-RIDF, C-RIDF, and UC-RIDF, were prepared using ultrasound, cellulase, and a combination of ultrasound and cellulase methods, respectively. The structure, physicochemical characteristics, and functional properties of the raw RIDF and modified RIDF were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that all three modification methods, especially the ultrasound–cellulase combination treatment, increased the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of RIDF, while also causing a transition in surface morphology from smooth and dense to wrinkled and loose structures. Compared with the raw RIDF, the modified RIDF, particularly UC-RIDF, displayed significantly improved water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-binding capacity (OHC), and swelling capacity (SC), with increases of 12.0%, 84.7%, and 91.3%, respectively. Additionally, UC-RIDF demonstrated the highest nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), and bile salt adsorption capacity (BSAC). In summary, the combination of ultrasound and cellulase treatment proved to be an efficient approach for modifying IDF from RRTP, with the potential for developing a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of particle size and phenolics bounded-insoluble dietary fiber (IB) of white kidney bean skin (WS) on in vitro fermentation profiles, the IB was extracted enzymatically, modified by ordinary and superfine grinding, followed by the preparation of different particle sizes. Their microscopic morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal scanning microscopy. In vitro fermentation experiments and 16S rRNA sequencing were used to investigate the fermentation properties of the two sets of samples and their effects on the abundance of gut microbiota composition. The results showed that the bound phenolics were distributed more equally on the surface of the smaller particles. The slowed fermentation rate and short-chain fatty acid production of WS and IB increased with decreasing particle size. The smaller particle size promoted the Bacteroides and demoted the Lachnospira more significantly. The results suggested that IB could promote the beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae ruminococcus, and regulate the structure composition of the gut microbiota. The probiotic effect of IB was more significant than that of WS with the same particle size. This study provides the school of thought on the prebiotic effect of dietary fiber, guides on the modification of dietary fiber by superfine grinding, and suggests the comprehensive utilization of white kidney bean skin.

The demand for rice varieties with lower amylose content (AC) is increasing in Southeast Asia, primarily due to their desirable texture and cooking qualities. This study presents the development of whole-grain rice lines with low to intermediate glycemic index (GI) and reduced AC. We selected six rice lines for in vivo GI assessment based on their starch properties. We successfully identified two lines with low AC that exhibited low and intermediate GI values, respectively. Our findings indicate that dietary fiber (DF) content may significantly influence rice GI. The selected whole-grain low-GI line showed a higher ratio of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) to insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) compared to control varieties, highlighting SDF’s potential positive role in lowering whole-grain rice’s GI. This study underscores the feasibility of developing rice varieties with desirable agronomic traits, nutritional traits, and culinary attributes, particularly for individuals managing their blood sugar levels. Additionally, we proposed the positive role of starch composition, especially DF content, in modulating the GI of rice. This study reinforces the importance of incorporating starch properties and DF content into rice breeding programs to produce more health-oriented and marketable rice varieties.

Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) is a nutritional component constituting the building block of plant cell walls. Our understanding of the role of IDF in plant-based foods has advanced dramatically in recent years. In this Review, we summarize research progress on the subtypes, structure, analysis, and extraction methods of IDF. The impact of different food processing methods on the properties of IDF is discussed. The role of gut microbiota in the health benefits of IDF is introduced. This review provides a better understanding of the chemical features and biological functions of IDF, which may promote the future application of IDF in functional food products. Further investigation of the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of IDF enables the development of effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the changes of structure and functional properties of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from lotus root residue before and after alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment. Results showed that D-glucose content of lotus root residue IDF increased significantly by 9.52% (=O.O5), while the expansion capacity was greatly reduced (=

BACKGROUND: Wheat bran is rich in dietary fiber (DF), particularly insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). Although the benefits for human health following the consumption of these DFs have been documented, the lower water retention capacity (WRC) and other properties still limit the applications of DF. Therefore, the current research investigated the impact of acetylation on the changes in the corresponding physicochemical and functional properties of DF. RESULTS: The current results indicated the acetylated group restricted the alignment of the molecular chains, which led to an increased amorphous phase in the fiber structure, followed by an enhanced thermal sensitivity and a reduced crystallinity as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the acetylation of the IDFs enhanced the cholesterol absorption capacity, but the corresponding antioxidant capacity and cation exchange capacity were reduced, which might be due to the partial loss of the phenolic compounds onto the polysaccharides during the modification. Interestingly, a lower degree of substitution (DS) of the IDF achieved from water‐acetic anhydride modification led to a higher WRC and water swelling capacity (WSC). In contrast, a higher DS from acetic anhydride modification demonstrated a greatly improved in vitro hypoglycemic performance of the IDF, including α‐amylase inhibitory activity and glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), compared to the other samples. CONCLUSION: This study highlights a new approach to modify the functionality of IDFs via acetylation and the design of a novel IDF with hypoglycemic activity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrahigh pressure processing (UHP) of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 MPa for 20, 40 and 30 min on physicochemical and bioactive properties of the insoluble dietary fiber Pholiota nameko (PN-IDF). The results revealed that UHP were capable of decreasing the particle size of PN-IDF and binding phenolic content. Moreover, UHP technique had an improving effect on the bioaccessible phenolic content, the water-holding capacity, the oil-holding capacity and the nitrite ion adsorption capacity. Further, UHP technique presented a promoting effect on the antioxidant activity by scavenging ABTS or DPPH free radicals and increasing reducing power, and the anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting carrageenan-induced paw edema on PN-IDF. Overall, this study well proved that UHP technology could improve the physicochemical and functional quality of PN-IDF, which could be used as a promising green technique for functional food ingredients processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Legumes are widely appreciated for their abundant reserves of insoluble dietary fiber, which are characterized by their high fiber content and diverse bioactive compounds. Insoluble dietary fiber in leguminous crops is primarily localized in the structural cell walls and outer integument and exhibits strong hydrophilic properties that enable water absorption and volumetric expansion, resulting in increased food bulk and viscosity. This contributes to enhanced satiety and accelerated gastrointestinal transit. The benefits of legume insoluble dietary fiber extend to its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, as well as its ability to modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while suppressing the proliferation of harmful pathogens, thereby promoting optimal intestinal health. It is highly valued as a valuable thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier, contributing to the texture and stability of a wide range of food products.

Lycium barbarum seed dregs (LBSDs) were used for carboxymethyl modification, resulting in three degree of substitution samples (DS). Based on the substitution degree, samples were designated as low degree of substitution insoluble dietary fiber (L-IDF), medium degree of substitution insoluble dietary fiber (M-IDF) and high degree of substitution insoluble dietary fiber (H-IDF). Physicochemical and functional properties of IDFs were examined in relation to carboxymethylation degree. Infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the carboxymethyl group. According to the results, IDF, L-IDF, M-IDF, and H-IDF acquired higher enthalpy changes, and their thermal stability improved significantly. A higher DS resulted in an increase in hydration properties such as water retention capacity and water swelling capacity, as well as functional properties such as glucose adsorption capacity, nitrite ion adsorption capacity, and cholesterol adsorption capacity. As a result, carboxymethylation could effectively enhance the biological properties of L. barbarum seed dreg insoluble dietary fiber (LBSDIDF).

Ginseng residue, the by-product of the extraction of bioactive components from ginseng, is rich in dietary fiber. In this study, ginseng insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was prepared by ginseng residues fermented with Morchella esculenta, Hericium erinaceus or Armillaria mellea in order to explore the effect of fermentation by edible fungi on the structure and functional properties of IDF. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that a large number of honeycomb pores appeared on the fermented fiber surface and the specific surface area increased compared with that before fermentation. The particle size of fermented fiber decreased. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that fermentation resulted in partial degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in IDF. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the fermented fiber had a higher degree of crystallinity. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the fermented fiber had better thermal stability. The results of functional characteristics showed that compared with unfermented IDF, the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity and water-swelling capacity of IDF fermented by Armillaria mellea increased by 74.2%, 93.6% and 124.38%, and all of the increases were higher than those in IDF fermented by the other three strains. Additionally, IDF fermented by Armillaria mellea had the highest glucose adsorption capacity (17.91–83.56 mg/g), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI, 30.29%–68.27%), cholesterol adsorption capacity (8.44 mg/g at pH 2.0, and 12.35 mg/g at pH 7.0), sodium cholate adsorption capacity (6.57–12.7 mg/g), nitrite adsorption capacity (1 642.37 μg/g at pH 2.0, and 1 249.13 μg/g at pH 7.0) and cation exchange capacity. In summary, fermentation by edible fungi can effectively improve the functional properties of ginseng insoluble dietary fiber, which will promote its application in foods.

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization value of pomelo resources, to establish an efficient extraction method of the insoluble dietary fiber in pomelo peel. The insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was extracted from pomelo peel by response surface alkali methodology. Taking the yield of pomelo peel IDF as an index, on the basis of single factor test, response surface methodology was used to optimize the alkali extraction process of insoluble dietary fiber from pomelo peel. The physicochemical properties of pomelo peel insoluble dietary fiber were evaluated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions of alkali extraction of pomelo peel IDF were as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 15:1 mL/g, alkaline hydrolysis temperature of 50 ℃, pH9.0, alkaline hydrolysis time of 75 min. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of pomelo peel IDF was 35.28%. The infrared spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of pomelo peel IDF had 1160 cm−1 carboxyl absorption peak, but there was no such absorption peak in the original pomelo peel. The results showed that the hydrophilic group of pomelo peel increased. Compared with original pomelo peel, the water holding capacity of pomelo peel IDF was increased by 4.52 times, the oil holding capacity was increased by 0.32 times, the swelling property was increased by 0.41 times. In this study, the alkaline extraction process of pomelo peel was optimized to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of pomelo peel.

To improve the high-value utilization of the coffee processing by-product, the coffee peel insoluble dietary fiber (CPIDF) was modified by wet ball milling, the effects of ball milling time on the composition, structure and functional properties of the CPIDF was investigated. The results showed that the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of CPIDF increased significantly (P

The effects of ball milling on the physicochemical, functional, and emulsification characteristics of Polygonatum sibiricum insoluble dietary fiber (PIDF) were investigated. Through controlling milling time (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h), five PIDFs (PIDF-1, PIDF-2, PIDF-3, PIDF-4, and PIDF-5) were obtained. The results showed that ball milling effectively decreased the particle size and increased the zeta-potential of PIDF. Scanning electron microscope results revealed that PIDF-5 has a coarser microstructure. All PIDF samples had similar FTIR and XRD spectra. The functional properties of PIDF were all improved to varying degrees after ball milling. PIDF-3 had the highest water-holding capacity (5.12 g/g), oil-holding capacity (2.83 g/g), water-swelling capacity (3.83 mL/g), total phenol (8.12 mg/g), and total flavonoid (1.91 mg/g). PIDF-4 had the highest ion exchange capacity. Fat and glucose adsorption capacity were enhanced with ball milling time prolongation. PIDF-5 exhibited a contact angle of 88.7° and lower dynamic interfacial tension. Rheological results showed that PIDF-based emulsions had shear thinning and gel-like properties. PE-PIDF-5 emulsion had the smallest particle size and the highest zeta-potential value. PE-PIDF-5 was stable at pH 7 and high temperature. The findings of this study are of great significance to guide the utilization of the by-products of Polygonatum sibiricum.

Bayberry pomace, a nutrient-rich material abundant in dietary fiber (DF), has historically been underutilized due to a lack of thorough research. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of the DF. Ultrasonic enzymatic treatment was performed to extract the total DF, which was then optimized to produce modified soluble dietary fiber (MSDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (MIDF). The optimized conditions yielded 15.14% of MSDF with a water-holding capacity (WHC) of 54.13 g/g. The DFs were evaluated for their structural, physicochemical, and functional properties. The MSDF showed a higher (p < 0.05) WHC, oil-holding capacity (OHC), swelling capacity (SC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) (about 14.15, 0.88, 1.23, 1.22, and 0.34 times) compared to the DF. Additionally, the MSDF showed strong, superior radical scavenging and blood sugar-lowering capabilities, with a more porous surface morphology. A Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated that enzymatic modification degraded the cellulose and hemicellulose, reducing the DF crystallinity. Overall, the results demonstrated that cellulase hydrolysis could effectively improve the physicochemical and functional properties of DF, thereby paving the way for its development into functional food products.

A comprehensive investigation aimed to access the impacts of ultrasonic, microwave, and ultrasonic-microwave synergistic modification on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and functional properties of corn bran insoluble dietary fiber (CBIDF). Our findings revealed that CBIDF presented a porous structure with loose folds, and the particle size and relative crystallinity were slightly decreased after modification. The CBIDF, which was modified by ultrasound-microwave synergistic treatment, exhibited remarkable benefits in terms of its adsorption capacity, and cholate adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the modification improved the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of the CBIDF by enhancing glucose absorption, retarding the starch hydrolysis, and facilitating the diffusion of glucose solution. The findings from the in vitro probiotic activity indicate that ultrasound-microwave synergistic modification also enhances the growth-promoting ability and adsorbability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum. Additionally, the level of soluble dietary fiber was found to be positively correlated with CBIDF adsorbability, while the crystallinity of CBIDF showed a negative correlation with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity, as well as water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity.

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plant fibers are rich in dietary fiber and micronutrients but often exhibit poor functionality. Ultrasonication can affect the particle size of plant fiber, thereby influencing other techno-functional properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity ultrasound on citrus, apple, oat, and pea fiber. Initially, solutions containing 1 wt% of plant fiber were homogenized using ultrasonication (amplitude 116 µm, t = 150 s, energy density = 225 kJ/L, P ¯   = 325 W). Due to cavitation effects induced by ultrasound, differences in particle size and a shift in the ratio of insoluble and alcohol-insoluble fractions for dietary fiber were observed. Additionally, viscosities for citrus and apple fiber increased from 1.4 Pa·s to 84.4 Pa·s and from 1.34 Pa·s to 31.7 Pa·s, respectively, at shear rates of 100 1 s . This was attributed to observed differences in the microstructure. Freeze-dried samples of purified citrus and apple fiber revealed thin and nearly transparent layers, possibly contributing to enhanced water binding capacity and, therefore, increased viscosity. Water binding capacity for citrus fiber increased from 18.2 g/g to 41.8 g/g, and a 40% increase was observed for apple fiber. Finally, ultrasound demonstrated itself be an effective technology for modifying the techno-functional properties of plant fiber, such as water binding capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace is rich in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). This study aimed to investigate the influence of three modification methods on Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace insoluble dietary fiber (RIDF). The three modified RIDFs, named U-RIDF, C-RIDF, and UC-RIDF, were prepared using ultrasound, cellulase, and a combination of ultrasound and cellulase methods, respectively. The structure, physicochemical characteristics, and functional properties of the raw RIDF and modified RIDF were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that all three modification methods, especially the ultrasound–cellulase combination treatment, increased the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of RIDF, while also causing a transition in surface morphology from smooth and dense to wrinkled and loose structures. Compared with the raw RIDF, the modified RIDF, particularly UC-RIDF, displayed significantly improved water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-binding capacity (OHC), and swelling capacity (SC), with increases of 12.0%, 84.7%, and 91.3%, respectively. Additionally, UC-RIDF demonstrated the highest nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), and bile salt adsorption capacity (BSAC). In summary, the combination of ultrasound and cellulase treatment proved to be an efficient approach for modifying IDF from RRTP, with the potential for developing a functional food ingredient.

Instant noodles are a popular food consumed worldwide, lacking essential nutrients, particularly dietary fiber (DF). Therefore, in the present study, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) extracted from two varieties of mango, i.e. Totapuri (A) and Safeda (B) and pomegranate, i.e. Bhagwa (C) and Daru (D) peel was incorporated into refined wheat flour at various concentrations as 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% respectively to produce IDF rich instant noodles. The biophysical attributes that include nutritional and functional properties exhibited enhanced characteristics with the incorporation of IDF. The scanning electron microscopy revealed the rough and loosened structure of IDF-incorporated noodles. The textural analysis exhibited a significant (p

In this study, oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by insoluble dietary fibre from citrus peel (CIDF) exhibited an obviously delayed lipid digestion property through gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model. Our results suggested that the rate and extent of lipid digestion greatly relied on particle sizes and concentrations of CIDF, and the inhibition effect of lipolysis was markedly enhanced with decreasing particle sizes and increasing CIDF levels. Furthermore, compared with Tween80-stabilized emulsion, the maximum inhibition extent of lipolysis was 38.77% for CIDF400-stabilized one at 0.4 wt% concentration. Effects of CIDFs on lipid digestion was mainly due to the formation of protective layers around oil droplets, further blocking the entry of lipase to the internal lipids, and/or attributed to the increasing viscosity of emulsions caused by CIDFs, finally limiting the transportation of some substances in the simulated small intestine digestion. Our research would provide useful references for the application of CIDF-stabilized emulsions in low-calorie food.

Enzymatic, acidic, and alkaline treatments were applied to extract insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from mycoprotein. The structural properties of IDFs were elucidated using scanning electron microscopy, molecular weight analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and monosaccharide composition analysis. The results indicated that all three treatment methods led to IDFs with higher water holding capacity and oil holding capacity compared to untreated mycoprotein. Moreover, the alkali and enzymatic treated IDFs displayed more loose and porous structures, resulting in higher water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and emulsifying activity compared to citric acid treated IDFs. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the application of mycoprotein IDFs and optimizing the IDFs extraction from filamentous fungi.

In this study, the effects of enzymatic modification using cellulase/xylanase on the composition and structural and functional properties of ginseng insoluble dietary fiber (G-IDF) were evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microcopy showed that enzymatic extraction treatment caused obvious structural alterations in ginseng-modified (G-MIDF) samples, which exhibited more porous and completely wrinkled surfaces. Comparing the peak morphology of G-MIDF with untreated IDF using X-ray diffractometry, the G-MIDF sample exhibited split peaks at a 2θ angle of 23.71°, along with the emergence of sharp peaks at 28.02°, 31.78°, and 35.07°. Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed that G-MIDF exhibited a specified range of pyrolysis temperature and is suitable for food applications involving processing at temperatures below 300 °C. Overall, it was evident from rheograms that both G-IDF and G-MIDF exhibited a resemblance with respect to viscosity changes as a function of the shear rate. Enzymatic treatment led to significant (p < 0.05) improvement in water holding, oil retention, water swelling, nitrite ion binding, bile acid binding, cholesterol absorption, and glucose absorption capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insoluble dietary fiber is a macromolecular polysaccharide aggregate composed of pectin, glycoproteins, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. All agricultural by-products contain significant levels of insoluble dietary fiber. With the recognition of the increasing scarcity of non-renewable energy sources, the conversion of single components of dietary fiber into renewable energy sources and their use has become an ongoing concern. The isolation and extraction of single fractions from insoluble dietary fiber is one of the most important recent research directions. The continuous development of technologies for the separation and extraction of single components is aimed at expanding the use of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin for food, industrial, cosmetic, biomedical, and other applications. Here, to expand the use of single components to meet the new needs of future development, separation and extraction methods for single components are summarized, in addition to the prospects of new raw materials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity preventing or relieving effect of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from Pleurotus eryngii through its modulations on intestinal microbiota. The IDF was extracted and structurally characterized through FTIR, X-Ray and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The mice for in vivo experiments were divided into obesity preventing group (feeding high-fat diet while gavage IDF simultaneously) and obesity relieving group (IDF intervention after the establishment of the obese model) to evaluate its hypolipidemic effect. Results: The yield of P. eryngii IDF extracts was 56.49% (on P. eryngii dry weight base) with IDF content of 85.15% in the extracts. The in vivo results showed that the body weight of the obesity-preventing groups was still increasing after intervention with IDF, but the growth rate was lowered, and the abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation syndromes were alleviated; the acetic acid content of the medium and low dose dietary fiber intervention groups was significantly higher than that of the normal group, and the structure of the intestinal flora was improved. The mice weight from the obesity-relieving group decreased significantly. The abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation were alleviated. In conclusion, The IDF intervention decreased the abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in both obesity-preventing and relieving experiments. The intestinal flora structure was obviously improved. P. eryngii IDF is a good candidate as hypolipidemic agent.

In this experiment, Forsythia suspensa was used as raw material to extract insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) by double enzyme method, and then the extracted IDF was chemically modified by carboxymethylation (CM), hydroxypropylation (HP) and cross-linking (CL), and their physicochemical properties, structure and emulsifying properties were analyzed. The results showed that the modified treatment reduced the water holding capacity of Forsythia suspensa IDF and significantly increased the oil holding capacity by 21%~53.0% (P

Numerous investigations have shown that insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) has a potentially positive effect on obesity due to a high-fat diet (HFD). Our previous findings based on proteomic data revealed that high-purity IDF from soybean residue (okara) (HPSIDF) prevented obesity by regulating hepatic fatty acid synthesis and degradation pathways, while its intervention mechanism is uncharted. Consequently, the goal of this work is to find out the potential regulatory mechanisms of HPSIDF on hepatic fatty acid oxidation by determining changes in fatty acid oxidation-related enzymes in mitochondria and peroxisomes, the production of oxidation intermediates and final products, the composition and content of fatty acids, and the expression levels of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins in mice fed with HFD. We found that supplementation with HPSIDF significantly ameliorated body weight gain, fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis caused by HFD. Importantly, HPSIDF intervention promotes medium- and long-chain fatty acid oxidation in hepatic mitochondria by improving the contents of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), malonyl coenzyme A (Malonyl CoA), acetyl coenzyme A synthase (ACS), acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1). Moreover, HPSIDF effectively regulated the expression levels of proteins involved with hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation. Our study indicated that HPSIDF treatment prevents obesity by promoting hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from feijoa supplementation on the physicochemical and functional properties of wheat bread. The results showed that feijoa IDF (FJI) had the typical structures of hydrolysis fiber, polysaccharide functional groups, and crystal structure of cellulose. The gradual increase of FJI levels (from 2 to 8%) in wheat bread resulted in increased total DF, ash, and protein contents, accompanied by a reduction in moisture, carbohydrates, and energy value. The inclusion of FJI in the bread crumb caused a rise in both redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values while decreasing the brightness (L*) relative to the control specimen. In addition, adding FJI up to 2% significantly increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity, as well as flavor score of supplemented bread samples, while additions above 2% resulted in undesirable taste and texture. FJI addition caused higher bile acid, NO2−, and cholesterol adsorption capacities. Moreover, FJI addition up to 4% significantly reduced glucose adsorption capacities at different in vitro starch digestion intervals. The findings revealed that FJI offers great potential as an ideal functional ingredient in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fiber (DF) consumption has been associated with improved glycemic control in epidemiological and long-term interventional studies. However, its acute effects are not yet clear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the postprandial effects of DF in starchy products on glycemia and insulinemia. An electronic search of databases was conducted, and forty-one records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. It was shown that soluble DF does not clearly affect glycemia in individuals with normal weight, while resistant starch may be more effective in flattening glycemic responses. Concerning insulinemia, both soluble DF and resistant starch have mixed results, with either favorable or no effects. Data on insoluble DF and glucose metabolism are scarce. The same mixed results for glycemia can be seen in healthy volunteers with overweight/obesity, while resistant starch seems to improve insulinemic responses. Finally, more studies need to examine the acute effects of DF in starchy foods on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in individuals facing glucose abnormalities. Additionally, more studies are needed to prove whether ingesting high-fiber carbohydrate-containing products per se can result in blunted glycemic and insulinemic responses and which DF type and amount are more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endogenous components of okara can affect the extraction and modification of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). This study was intended to investigate the effect of extraction and purification of IDFs from okara affected by the endogenous components and composite enzyme Viscozyme®L. After that, the physicochemical, functional, and structural characteristics of IDFs were analyzed. The results showed that with the purification of degreasing, deproteinizing and destarching, Viscozyme®L can accurately act on the cell wall of okara, leading to the increase in specific surface area of IDF and the formation of honeycomb‐like structure. In accordance with the X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectrum investigations, relative crystallinity decreased and certain cellulose components were reallocated and changed into soluble dietary fiber. Moreover, the modified IDF showed improved water‐holding capacity (10.73–11.59 g/g), oil‐holding capacity (5.37–6.60 g/g), and swelling capacity (8.99–12.37 mL/g), leading to improved adsorption capacities of glucose (maximum: 39.60 mg/g), cholesterol (14.54–33.56 mg/g at pH 7; 10.94–19.37 mg/g at pH 2), and cholate and better cation‐exchange capacity. The outcomes demonstrated the potential for the acquired IDFs, particularly the high‐purity modified‐IDFs T3 and T4, to be exploited as functional fiber components in the food sector. Practical Application: This study advances the understanding of the internal mechanism of modified insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) with different purities in okara. The obtained high‐purity modified IDF can be employed as a functional fiber raw material in the manufacture of functional foods, and can also be utilized to assist in the treatment of some illnesses due to its well‐established in vivo function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the composition, physicochemical, functional, and structural properties of citrus insoluble dietary fiber concentrate from citrus peel affected by different particle sizes, citrus insoluble dietary fiber concentrate was modified by coarse crush and superfine grinding treatments. The results showed that the contents of hemicellulose and lignin significantly decrease and a significant increase in cellulose and insoluble dietary fiber contents with the reduction in particle size. In addition, the markedly decreased particle size and obviously microstructural changes of citrus insoluble dietary fiber concentrate powder were observed. The color value of citrus insoluble dietary fiber concentrate was observably improved, crystallinity and thermal stability of modified fiber slightly increase with the decrease in particle size, which is due to the partial elimination of hemicellulose and lignin after the treatments. However, water holding capacity, water swelling capacity, and oil holding capacity were found to be lower with the reduction in particle size, which might be attributed to the fact that superfine grinding treatment destroyed the structure integrity, thus causing some soluble components to break away from the cellulose backbone, or due to aggregation of smaller granules. The present study suggested that decreasing the particle size could effectively change some properties of citrus insoluble dietary fiber concentrate, which will provide new perspectives for the application of citrus insoluble dietary fiber concentrate in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many efforts have been made to characterize the functional properties of flaxseed, knowledge concerning the properties of insoluble and soluble dietary fibers in flaxseed is still limited. Here, insoluble and soluble dietary fibers were extracted from flaxseed cake—a valuable resource that has not been fully exploited. Subsequently, their monosaccharide compositions, structural properties, and anti-obesity effects in male mice were characterized. The anti-obesity effects of flaxseed cake insoluble dietary fiber (FIDF), flaxseed cake soluble dietary fiber (FSDF), and FIDF combined with FSDF in diet-induced obese mice were investigated in our study. Supplementation with FSDF alone or FIDF and FSDF together lowered the fat accumulation, improved the serum lipid profile, increased the basal metabolism, and improved the gut microbiota of obese mice. Supplementation with FIDF and FSDF together significantly enriched the abundance of g_Akkermansia and g_Bifidobacterium, which are negatively associated with obesity. Supplementation with FIDF alone improved the liver lipid profile, raised the basal metabolism, and enhanced the short-chain fatty acid levels in the guts of the mice. In conclusion, our results collectively support the therapeutic potential of FIDF and FSDF in obesity treatment and indicate that FIDF and FSDF play different roles in the process of obesity treatment. Furthermore, our results provide critical information for flaxseed cake resource exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]