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The geopolymerization process is a cost-effective, innovative, and promising green technique for the synthesis of geopolymer materials from industrial residues and natural materials. These materials found many applications in the environmental field like water treatment. In the last years, geopolymer materials are elaborated and applied for the remediation of inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewaters, as they are also modified by agents to improve their specific surface area and type of surface function to increase the adsorption performances. This mini-review reports the elaboration of the porous geopolymers by several feedstocks rich in aluminosilicate materials, solution activators, and foaming agents and their effectiveness in the remediation of contaminated aqueous mediums. Adsorption nature and mechanism of hazardous compounds onto porous geopolymers are summarised and discussed. The capacity and reuse of porous geopolymer materials to eliminate hazardous contaminants from aqueous environments and wastewater were considered comparable to that of other materials. Future investigations could focus on monitoring the porosity and surface type of porous geopolymer in order to improve its application to other pollutants, such as pharmaceutical pollutants, active radials, salts, pesticides, and herbicides, as well as monitoring their effectiveness in other treatment processes, such as immobilisation, encapsulation, and photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conducting polymer that can be used in flexible bioelectronic devices. The electrode/electrolyte interface interaction is one of the most important factors in improving the electrochemical performance of energy storage materials, and these polymers are often combined with a negatively charged poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) chain to improve their interaction with alkali metal cations such as sodium and potassium. In this work, we performed a one‐step electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT on carbon fabric using the molecule 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) to create highly effective materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The electrode had a significant increase in capacitance value, measured 16.4 times higher than that of the PEDOT electrode. The 2‐electrode system exhibited a specific capacitance value of 495.2 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. It exhibited a high operating voltage of 2.3 V in aqueous electrolyte system. It showed a significant energy density of 109.0 Wh kg−1 when operating at 6.1 kW kg−1 power density and 85.2 Wh kg−1 when operating at 30.6 kW kg−1 power density. Recent findings reveal that the capacitance retention performance value of the device increased significantly to 113.9% after 25,000 cycles in 3.0 M NaCl aqueous electrolyte, demonstrating its outstanding long‐term durability. Thus, the creation of the synthesized supercapacitor electrode is a significant advance in the study of conducting polymers, which often have a limited lifetime in real‐world electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers are inorganic polymers whose formation is based on the reaction between precursors and reagents, which may be alkaline or acidic. The geopolymerisation process involves the reaction between alumina and silicate materials, known as precursors and reagents, which produces a three-dimensional polymeric network. This review provides a detailed classification of precursors used globally for geopolymer concrete (GPC) production, along with their various oxide contents. As the precursors used in the process of geopolymerisation involve a wide range of variations in their physio-chemical features, it is difficult to control the properties of GPC without going into a micro-level understanding of the precursor characteristics that affect the geopolymerisation mechanism. A comprehensive study was conducted on the influence of these physio-chemical precursor characteristics on the geopolymerisation process and the development of GPC properties. Finally, critical observations are drawn for the design of suitable precursors, along with possible methods to achieve the desired GPC property development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free halide perovskites (LFHP) are one of the most promising materials for CO 2 photoreduction; however, their stability is an issue that must be solved to scale up the manufacturing. To overcome this limitation, this work proposes the encapsulation of LFHP of K 3 Bi 2 I 9 in three inorganic supports based on aluminosilicates such as (i) geopolymer, (ii) tobermorite, and other based on (iii) magnesium oxychloride. These supports provide a porous structure and active sites to host the perovskite particles, which favor enhanced light absorption, stability, and their activity for CO 2 reduction under visible light. The encapsulated perovskites exhibited activity to photoconvert CO 2 into formic acid (HCOOH) with efficiencies up to 2500 μmol h−1 using the K 3 Bi 2 I 9 host in geopolymer. This support provides stable polysialate-diloxo chains to encapsulate the perovskite, delayed the degradation in aqueous medium, and its activity was demonstrated during 16 h of continuous visible light irradiation. The good stability and efficiency for CO 2 reduction was associated to the formation of K 3 Bi 2 I 9 /BiOI heterojunction that prevent the degradation of the structure and enhance the charge transfer between both semiconductors. • K 3 Bi 2 I 9 perovskite was encapsulated in inorganic supports to assure its stability. • The implementation of this approach allowed the stability of K 3 Bi 2 I 9 up to 16 h. • HCOOH was the main product of CO 2 reduction with high efficiencies (2.5 mmol h−1). • Partial leaching of K+ could enhanced the CO 2 sorption and the BiOI formation. • Geopolymer is an excellent K 3 Bi 2 I 9 host for stability and enhanced charge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all-solid lithium metal batteries, sulfide electrolytes offer superior ion conductivity. Nevertheless, they also confront significant challenges, such as the formation of internal dendrites and instability in lithium and humid air. In order to overcome these issues, a sulfide composite electrolyte has been prepared by mixing polyethylene oxide polymers with air-stable inorganic sulfide, Li4SnS4, which can achieve good chemical and electrochemical stability. Meanwhile, the introduced Li4SnS4 can facilitate the movement of Li+ ions in the composite electrolyte, which exhibits an elevated ion conductivity up to 2.55 × 10−5 S cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular hybrid materials based on widely available polymers crosslinked with an inorganic species have received increasing interest for their unique property sets outside of the usual range of commodity plastics and/or nanocomposites. Here, we provide a mini‐review on molecular hybrids based on metal oxide hydrates—compounds that readily react with, for example, hydroxylated polymers to form inorganic:organic materials systems with many desirable features and properties. Focusing on titanium oxide hydrates, we discuss here that such molecular hybrids can exhibit a broad refractive index range in addition to an increased glass transition temperature, mechanical stiffness and swelling resistance in comparison to the neat polymer, which illustrates that such hybrid systems offer a new, low‐cost, robust and versatile functional materials platform with great promise for, for example, solution‐processed photonics, catalysts and antimicrobial coatings. Generally, our mini‐review seeks to provide a concise and accessible overview of titanium oxide hydrate:polymer hybrid systems, focusing on their unique properties and processability as well as their broad and largely untapped potential as functional materials. © 2024 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes modified with functional catalysts overcome the energy barriers of green hydrogen production through the electrolysis of aqueous media. Noble and non-noble metals, their alloys and other derivatives, carbonaceous compounds and polymers have been widely explored efficiently as catalysts and/or supports in enhancing the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although the efficiency of conductive polymer as a catalyst as well as conductive support are critically evaluated extensively, these materials and their electrocatalytic characteristics didn't get reasonable attention and exploration in electrocatalysis, particularly in HER. Without critical scientific challenges, the limited exploration in HER might be due to the lack of comprehensive data on the properties of conductive polymers and their role in HER. In this scenario, this review unveils the scope of most of the conductive polymers belong to different classes and their scientific details towards HER. Discussion on various kinds of conductive polymers (both metal and non-metal based), their features such as intrinsic catalytic efficacy, electrochemical characteristics, functional moieties and their role on catalysis and support. Various modification techniques for enhancing the intrinsic activity and the number of active catalytic sites, mechanism of interaction of polymer catalyst with reactant and intermediates for hydrogen evolution are detailed respective to instances. Characteristics of epoxy polymers are analyzed in detail with respect to the peculiarities of an HER electrocatalysts, which is never debated before. The content in this work also summarized the challenges and future directions of polymer based HER electrocatalysis. The review inculcates the role of polymer and divulges new direction to polymer based electrocatalytic HER. • Conductive polymers in hydrogen evolution. • Metallic, Non-metallic, Organic, Inorganic & Epoxy polymers are studied. • Role as catalyst and conductive support in electrolysis. • Mechanism of CP assisted water splitting. • Advanced strategies for enhancing the intrinsic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last years, solid‐state electrolytes made of an ionic liquid (IL) confined in a solid (inorganic or polymer) matrix, also known as ionogels, have been proposed to solve the leakage problems occurring at high temperatures in classical electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) with an organic electrolyte, and thereof improve the safety. However, making ionogel‐based EDLCs perform with reasonable power at low temperature is still a major challenge due to the high melting point of the confined IL. To overcome these limitations, the present contribution discloses ionogel films prepared in a totally oxygen/moisture‐free atmosphere by encapsulating 70 wt % of an equimolar mixture of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate – [EMIm][BF4]0.5[FSI]0.5 – into a poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐HFP) network. The further called "binary ionogel" films demonstrated a high flexibility and a good ionic conductivity of 5.8 mS cm−1 at 20 °C. Contrary to the ionogels prepared from either [EMIm][FSI] or [EMIm][BF4], displaying melting at Tm=−16 °C and −7 °C, respectively, the crystallization of confined [EMIm][BF4]0.5[FSI]0.5 is quenched in the binary ionogel, which shows only a glass transition at −101 °C. This quenching enables an increased ionicity and ionic diffusion at the interface with the PVdF host network, leading the binary ionogel membrane to display higher ionic conductivity below −20 °C than the parent binary [EMIm][BF4]0.5[FSI]0.5 liquid. Laminate EDLCs were built with a 100 μm thick binary ionogel separator and electrodes made from a hierarchical micro‐/mesoporous MgO‐templated carbon containing a reasonable proportion of mesopores to enhance the mass transport of ions, especially at low temperature where the ionic diffusion noticeably decreases. The EDLCs operated up to 3.0 V with ideal EDL characteristics from −40 °C to room temperature. Their output specific energy under a discharge power of 1 kW kg−1 is ca. 4 times larger than with a cell implementing the same carbon electrodes together with the binary [EMIm][BF4]0.5[FSI]0.5 liquid. Hence, this binary ionogel electrolyte concept paves the road for developing safe and flexible solid‐state energy storage devices operating at subambient temperatures in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfacial compatibility between inorganic particles and polymer is crucial for ensuring high performance of composites. Current efforts to improve interfacial compatibility preferentially rely on organic modification of inorganic particles, leading to their complex process, high costs, and short lifespans due to aging and decomposition of organic modifiers. However, the fabrication of inorganic particles free from organic modification that is highly compatible in polymer still remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel facet‐engineered inorganic particle that exhibit high compatibility with widely used polymer interface without organic modification is reported. Theoretical calculations and experimental results show that (020) and (102) facets of inorganic particles modulate local coordination environment of Ca atoms, which in turn regulate d‐orbital electron density of Ca atoms and electron transfer paths at interfaces between polymer and inorganic particles. This difference alters the molecular diffusion, orientation of molecular chains on surface of inorganic particles, further modulating interfacial compatibility of composites. Surprisingly, the facet‐engineered inorganic particles show exceptional mechanical properties, especially for tensile strain at break, which increases by 395%, far superior to state‐of‐the‐art composites counterparts. Thus, the method can offer a more benign approach to the general production of high‐performance and low‐cost polymer‐inorganic composites for diverse potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list from the journal CrystEngComm, focusing on the design and understanding of solid-state and crystalline materials. It includes research papers on topics such as organic-inorganic hybrid oxygen evolution catalysts, crystal structure prediction, battery construction, and magnetic studies of coordination polymers. The journal also covers topics like colorimetric detection, degradation of pollutants, and laser crystal growth, showcasing a diverse range of research in the field of chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

The preparation of so-called hybrid nanomaterials has been widely developed in terms of functional and morphological complexity. However, the specific control of the arrangement of organic and inorganic species, which determines the properties of the final material, still remains a challenge. This article offers a review of the strategies that have been used for the preparation of polymer–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanocapsules via processes involving miniemulsions. Different polymer–inorganic nanostructures are classified into four main groups according to the sequential order followed between the synthesis of the polymer and the inorganic species, and the presence or not of their counterpart precursors. The minimization of the energy of the system governs the self-assembly of the different material components and can be addressed by the miniemulsion formulation to reduce the interfacial tensions between the phases involved. The state of the art in the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles is reviewed, offering insight into the structural possibilities allowed by miniemulsion as a versatile synthetic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the torsional micro-nano stacking method with the state proprietary intellectual property rights, the dispersive regulation of inorganic particles by micro-nano stacking units was analyzed using a particle tracer technology, and it was compared with the twin-screw mixing effect under the same flow field. The results indicated that the micro-nano laminated element used in this study had a strong shear stress in the flow channel because of its unique torsional structure. Under the same conditions, the average shear stress was dozens of times as much as that of the twin-screw mixing. The outlet particle size of the micro-nano laminated unit had a larger proportion in the small size area, and its peak density was 0.09, which was 0.07 higher than that of the twin-screw mixing. Based on these characterization results, the used micro-nano stacked units exhibited a strong ability to disperse and regulate inorganic particles, resulting in better dispersion and mixing of particles in the polymer matrix. The mixing effect of inorganic particles and polymer melt by micro-nano lamination device was also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface between the polymer matrix and inorganic fillers plays a determinative role in dielectric properties of the composites. In this work, dielectric composites containing core‐shell structured BaTiO3@Al2O3 (BT@AO) nanoparticles and cyano functionalized cellulose (cyanoethyl cellulose, CEC) were prepared to achieve enhanced interface and dielectric properties. With the wide bandgap Al2O3 (AO) shell, the carrier motion inspired by elevating electric filed and temperature was significantly impeded in the composites. Meanwhile, the moderate dielectric constant and surface energy of AO shell between CEC and BaTiO3 (BT) alleviated the inhomogeneous local electric field distribution and improve the interfacial compatibility between inorganic filler and CEC matrix. As a result, enhanced dielectric properties including restrained dielectric loss (0.23 for BT@AO/CEC versus 0.51 for BT/CEC at 100 Hz), suppressed conductivity, increased breakdown strength and improved dielectric constant were accessed in the BT@AO/CEC composites. The excellent thermal conductivity of AO also offered the composites with additional advantage of low electrical conductivity at high temperature of 100°C (1.56 × 10−10 S/cm) exhibiting two orders of magnitude smaller than that of pure CEC. Highlights: Core‐shell structured BaTiO3@Al2O3 were prepared and incorporated into cyanoethylated cellulose to yield flexible nanocomposites.Carrier motion was significantly restricted by the wide band gap of Al2O3 shell.Enhanced interfacial compatibility was accessed in the BaTiO3@Al2O3/CEC composite.Improved dielectric properties and thermal conductivity were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing traditional disposable, non-biodegradable plastic packaging with biodegradable plastic packaging is one of the key approaches to address the issue of "white pollution". PBAT/PLA/inorganic filler composites are widely utilized as a biodegradable material, commonly employed in the field of packaging films. However, the poor dispersion of inorganic fillers in the polymer matrix and the limited compatibility between PBAT and PLA have led to inferior mechanical properties and elevated costs. In this work, we propose a simple and effective strategy to improve the dispersion of nano-CaCO3 in a PBAT/PLA matrix through solid-state shear- milling (S3M) technology, combined with mechanochemical modification and in situ compatibilization to enhance the compatibility between PBAT and PLA. The impact of varying milling conditions on the structure and performance of the PBAT/PLA/CaCO3 composites was investigated. During the milling process, PBAT and PLA undergo partial molecular chain fragmentation, generating more active functional groups. In the presence of the chain extender ADR during melt blending, more branched PBAT-g-PLA is formed, thereby enhancing matrix compatibility. The results indicate that the choice of milling materials significantly affects the structure and properties of the composite. The film obtained by milling only PBAT and CaCO3 exhibited the best performance, with its longitudinal tensile strength and fracture elongation reaching 22 MPa and 437%, respectively. This film holds great potential for application in the field of green packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the development on sustainable and environmentally friendly materials has paid more and more attention. The polyglycolic acid (PGA), a biodegradable polymer, has emerged as a prime candidate due to its remarkable mechanical strength, rigidity, and gas barrier properties, which has been widely used in various practical applications. To gain insights into the PGA's behavior and properties under acidic and neutral and basic situations, a comprehensive theoretical and experimental study were performed to investigate PGA's hydrolysis behaviors in aqueous solutions. The density functional theory calculation was carried out to unveil the difference of PGA degradation mechanisms. The calculated results demonstrate that different degradation solutions play a significant impact on the degradation rates of PGA. Specifically, PGA degradation was the fastest in NaOH solution, followed by acidic solutions, with the slowest degradation observed in deionized water. Meanwhile, the experiments were performed and verified this preference of PGA degradation under basic condition. It was observed that the PGA experienced a greater degree of mass loss when exposed to basic condition, compared to those exposed to neutral and acidic environments. This work pointed out that the alkaline environment will facilitate the hydrolysis reaction of PGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) composed of polymer matrix and inorganic fillers show considerable potential for applications in all-solid-state lithium (Li) metal batteries. However, challenges such as fillers agglomeration and low lithium ion transference number (t Li+) remain significant obstacles to the practical application of CSEs. Herein, a general strategy of graft polymerization on the fillers surface to modulate the interface compatibility with the polymer matrix is proposed, and CSEs are prepared to verify the feasibility. The microstructure and composition of the surface coating of the fillers are analyzed, with subsequent studies of the fillers distribution within the CSEs confirming the improved interface compatibility. The enhancement of interface compatibility facilitates uniform dispersion of fillers, thereby greatly improving the utilization of fillers. CSEs exhibits high ionic conductivity (0.163 mS·cm−1 at 30 °C) and t Li+ (0.77), which gives the battery excellent rate performance and cycle stability. Therefore, chemical grafting of polymer onto the fillers surface to enhance the interface compatibility with the polymer matrix represents a promising strategy for the practical application of solid-state batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic/inorganic nanocomposites uniquely combine the dual advantages of inorganic nanomaterials and organic polymers. However, poor compatibility between inorganic nanoparticles and polymer matrices always arises as a huge obstacle to be addressed while designing and preparing high performance organic/inorganic nanocomposites. In situ surface grafting of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) onto nanosilica and partial cross-linking of EVA via dynamic Si–O–C bonds with nanosilica as the core were simultaneously achieved via the transesterification reactions between the inherent Si–OH groups on the surface of nanosilica and the ester groups in EVA. The reactions were conducted thorough a one-step, simple and scalable reactive blending approach. The cross-linking reaction of EVA was evidenced by torque curves, FT-IR spectra and gel fraction testing. Uniform dispersion of silica particles in EVA matrix was observed for resulting EVA/silica nanocomposites due to surface modification of silica. Consequently, tremendous enhancement in mechanical properties of resultant EVA/silica nanocomposites were detected. Compared to the original EVA, the tensile strengths and tensile modulus of the EVA/silica nanocomposites increased by 72.5% and 37.8%, respectively, while the elongation at breaks of the EVA/silica nanocomposites remained as high as that of the original EVA. Additionally, the dynamic nature of Si–O–C cross-linkages enabled partially cross-linked EVA/silica nanocomposites to demonstrate exceptional reprocess ability and recyclability. This was evidenced by the sustained mechanical properties of the EVA/silica nanocomposites, which were still maintained even after undergoing three rounds of reprocessing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coagulation and flocculation properties of chitosan, an organic biopolymer derived from chitin, have been researched as an alternative to synthetic polymers and inorganic metal salt coagulants currently used in water and wastewater treatment. In an effort to encourage further research into the practical uses of chitosan as green chemistry in water and wastewater treatment and to promote the efficacious removal of microbial contaminants in drinking and wastewater, we have summarized the current state of research pertaining to the treatment of microorganisms in water and wastewater. A search of PubMed revealed 720 possible titles and abstracts, of which 44 full-text articles were identified as matching the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Results are presented based on the type of water matrix treated (i.e., drinking water, wastewater, and recreational waters) and a summary table providing details on the types and forms of chitosan utilized and the treatment mechanisms and processes described in the study. We find chitosan to be an effective coagulant, flocculant, and adsorbent for removing microbes from water and wastewater; some modified forms of chitosan can inactivate microbes and achieve disinfection, such as those containing metals like silver and antimicrobial chemicals like quaternary ammonium compounds or other strong oxidants, and use with filtration or electrochemical processes can achieve extensive reductions in microbes to meet performance targets of the World Health Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the catalytic layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, water molecules in ionomers tend to be accumulated at the ionomer/Pt interface, preventing oxygen from reaching the Pt surface to participate in chemical reactions. It is necessary to take measures to improve the water molecules distribution and proton transport performance in the ionomer on the Pt surface. In this work, the effect of "acid–base pair" functionalized graphene oxide (AB‐GO) as the additive on the distribution of water molecules and transport property in the ionomer is evaluated. The results demonstrate that with the addition of AB‐GO, the distribution uniformity of water molecules and hydronium ions in the ionomer on the Pt surface is improved. The connectivity of water cluster is also increased. When the doping ratio of BAF‐GO and TF‐GO is 1:3, the connectivity coefficient of water cluster is about 1.37 times that of Nafion ionomer without the doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocycles containing both phosphorus and nitrogen have seen increasing use in recent years in luminescent materials, coordination chemistry and as building blocks for inorganic polymers, yet their chemistry is currently dominated by five- and six-membered derivatives. Seven-membered P/N heterocycles are comparatively scarce and lack general, high yielding syntheses. Here, we explore the synthesis and characterisation of 1,2,5-diazaphosphepines from azophosphines. The mechanism has been probed in detail with both computational and experimental studies supporting a stepwise mechanism to form a five-membered ring, and subsequent ring expansion to the diazaphosphepine. Regioselective synthesis of five- and seven-membered rings is possible using asymmetric alkynes. The Lewis acidic borane B(C6F5)3 could either catalyse the formation of the seven-membered ring (iPr derivative) or trap out a key intermediate via a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mechanism (tBu derivative). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Highlights: The lithium-ion conduction mechanism of organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes (OICSEs) is thoroughly conducted and concluded from the microscopic perspective based on filler content, type, and system. The classic inorganic filler types, including inert and active fillers, are categorized with special emphasis on the relationship between inorganic filler structure design and the electrochemical performance of OICSEs. Advanced characterization techniques for OICSEs are discussed, and the challenges and prospects for developing superior all-solid-state lithium batteries are highlighted. To address the limitations of contemporary lithium-ion batteries, particularly their low energy density and safety concerns, all-solid-state lithium batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes have been identified as an up-and-coming alternative. Among the various SEs, organic–inorganic composite solid electrolytes (OICSEs) that combine the advantages of both polymer and inorganic materials demonstrate promising potential for large-scale applications. However, OICSEs still face many challenges in practical applications, such as low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability, which severely limit their applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research advancements in OICSEs. Specifically, the influence of inorganic fillers on the main functional parameters of OICSEs, including ionic conductivity, Li+ transfer number, mechanical strength, electrochemical stability, electronic conductivity, and thermal stability are systematically discussed. The lithium-ion conduction mechanism of OICSE is thoroughly analyzed and concluded from the microscopic perspective. Besides, the classic inorganic filler types, including both inert and active fillers, are categorized with special emphasis on the relationship between inorganic filler structure design and the electrochemical performance of OICSEs. Finally, the advanced characterization techniques relevant to OICSEs are summarized, and the challenges and perspectives on the future development of OICSEs are also highlighted for constructing superior ASSLBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop more sustainable purification and recovery processes, it is critical to accurately determine inorganic impurities of natural graphite (NG) and valuable elements present in low concentrations in steelmaking slag. This study applied three microwave-assisted acid digestion methods for basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, NG, and NG ash. Nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) were used in method 1. In method 2, method 1 was followed by microwave-assisted boric acid (H3BO3) digestion. In method 3, acids (HNO3, HCl, HF, and H3BO3) were added simultaneously. Concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. Analytical performance was evaluated using spiking recovery tests (NG) and certified reference (slag) material (CRM). Spiking recoveries for Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Si were between 5% and 116% (method 1) and 94%–116% (methods 2 and 3). CRM recoveries for Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Si, Ti, and V were between 2% and 102% (method 1) and 92%–103% (methods 2 and 3). The unsuitability of method 1 was evident due to the low recoveries. Methods 2 and 3 digested Ca- and Si-containing BOF slag completely without visible residue. The sufficient recoveries verified the adequacy of the methods. The suitability of method 3 probably depended on the phases of samples, as quartz was not completely digested from the NG. Method 2 completely digested the inorganic material of NG, and the spiking test showed no loss of volatile silicon compounds. These methods have not been published for NG or NG ash and validated for slag before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developing electric vehicles and portable electronics urgently require rechargeable lithium batteries with high energy density and high safety. Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries have shown significant advantages in their high energy density. However, the use of traditional polymer binders faces significant challenges, such as soluble polysulfides, large volume changes, and electrode flammability, resulting in performance degradation and safety hazards. Here, a polymeric aluminophosphate (AP) is for the first time proposed as an inorganic polymer binder to simultaneously realize high energy density, long cycling stability, and reliable safety of Li‐S batteries. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of polar P‐O and Al‐O chain segments, the AP binder provides strong mechanical adhesion, anchors polysulfides, and promotes the redox kinetics of sulfur electrodes. The AP binder also ensures high flame retardancy for sulfur electrodes at an extremely low dosage of 2 wt%. Consequently, the retardant sulfur electrode can be operated stably with high specific capacities (1190 mAh g−1), high capacity retention rates (>99.1%) during 500 cycles, and excellent rate capability (3 C). Based on the entire cell, the soft‐packaged Li‐S full battery provides high capacities (3.6 mAh cm−2), high cell energy density (415 Wh kg−1 and 297 Wh L−1), and high capacity retention rates (>99.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blackgrm is one of the most important pulse crops majorly cultivated in rainfed conditions of India. Soil moisture deficit, low and erratic rainfall, use of poor quality seeds, poor crop stand and improper crop management resulting in lower productivity in rainfed ecosystem. Reduced crop stand alone leads to 30% deficit in production. Availability of technology to overcome drought stress is one of the way to expand blackgram cultivation in dry tracks. Hydrophilic polymers may have great potential in restoration and reclamation, when used the polymers correctly and an ideal situations will have atleast 95% of their stores water available for plant absorption. There are N number of inorganic polymers available in the market, that can be applied in the form of soil application. Studies on Hydrophilic bio polymer seed coating to mitigate water stress is very megar or nil. Hence, the present study was formulated in blackgram as hydrophilic bio polymer seed coating on seed germination and field emergence. Methods: Seed coating experiment consists of seven hydrophilic biopolymers (Ethyl cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Carboxyl methyl cellulose, Agar, Gum Arabic, Xanthangum and Carrageenan); two coating methods (dry and dry powder concoction). The germination test conducted in sand media with 60% Water Holding Capacity of sand and PEG induced water stress and evaluated for seed quality parameters against uncoated seeds. Field experiments conducted with water stress periods of 10 days, 20 days and 25 days after life irrigation and observed for biometric and yield parameters. Result: Results revealed that blackgram seeds coated with bio polymerconcoctionof xanthan gum : carrageenan : Agar agar (4:1:1) @ 20 g/kg performed better in terms ofall seed quality parameters and withstand water stress upto 20 days after life irrigation with the yield increase of 53% over stressed control (Skipping irrigation for 20 days after life irrigation) and can be recommended as a pre sowing treatment for drought mitigation in blackgram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to properly handle the high-level radionuclides cesium(Cs) and strontium(Sr) generated during the nuclear fuel cycle has become a challenging issue. Geopolymer, a novel aluminosilicate inorganic gel material, can be in-situ converted into zeolite and ceramics, exhibiting excellent immobilization capability for radioactive nuclides. This work provides a comprehensive review of the research on the conversion and synthesis methods of geopolymer into zeolite and ceramics, and conducts a detailed analysis of the performance and mechanisms of geopolymers, geopolymer-zeolite composites, and geopolymer ceramics in the immobilization of Cs and Sr. Through a thorough analysis and summary of existing literature, this study presents the optimal conditions for the conversion of geopolymers into zeolite and proposes improved methods for geopolymer ceramic immobilization of Cs. Furthermore, a comparison and analysis are conducted of the applicability, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these three solidification matrices in immobilizing Cs and Sr. Finally, the challenges and prospects faced by geopolymer and its derivative materials in the immobilization of high-level radionuclides Cs and Sr are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the basics of, inorganic-polymer composite electrolyte materials that combine inorganic components with polymer matrices to enhance the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of the electrolyte. These composite electrolytes are commonly employed in solid-state batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical devices. The incorporation of inorganic components, such as ceramic nanoparticles or metal oxides, into a polymer matrix provides several advantages. The inorganic components can improve the overall ionic conductivity by providing pathways for ion transport, reducing the tortuosity of the polymer matrix, and facilitating ion hopping between polymer chains. Additionally, inorganic materials often exhibit higher thermal and chemical stability compared to pure polymers, which can enhance the safety and durability of composite electrolytes. Polymer matrices used in inorganic-polymer composite electrolytes can vary, but common choices include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide (PEO/PPO) blends. These polymers offer good mechanical flexibility and processability, allowing for the fabrication of thin films or membranes. The fabrication methods for inorganic-polymer composite electrolytes depend on the specific application and desired properties. Common approaches include solution casting, in situ polymerization, melt blending, and electrospinning. During the fabrication process, the inorganic components are typically dispersed or mixed with the polymer matrix, and the resulting composite is processed into the desired form, such as films, membranes, or coatings. The performance of inorganic-polymer composite electrolytes is evaluated based on their ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, electrochemical stability, and compatibility with the electrode materials. Researchers continue to explore various combinations of inorganic and polymer components, as well as optimization strategies, to further improve the overall performance of these composite electrolytes for advanced energy storage and conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel inorganic‐organic‐inorganic ternary bioactive material formulated on antimicrobial peptide‐based polymer has been reported. Supramolecular approach has been employed to incorporate molecularly crowded tyrosine‐based polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles into membrane bound vesicles exploiting polyoxometalate‐triggered surface templating strategy. Utilizing the covalent reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and exploiting templated supramolecular architectonics at biopolymer interface, the bioactive ternary polymeric nanohybrids have been designed against Shigellosis leveraging the antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticle, cationic amphiphilic tyrosine polymer and inorganic polyoxometalate. The detail investigation against Shigella flexneri 2a cell line demonstrates that the collaborative mechanism of the ternary hybrid composite enhances the bactericidal activity in comparison to only polyoxometalate and polymer stabilized silver nanoparticle with an altered mechanism of action which is established via detailed biological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their high energy conversion efficiency, unique properties, low cost, and simplified fabrication process. However, the reactivity of these devices to external factors such as moisture, water, and UV light presents significant challenges for their commercial viability, potentially compromising their long-term stability and functionality. To overcome these limitations, researchers have focused on two primary strategies: surface passivation and additive engineering. Recent research developments have shown that surface passivation and additive engineering using conducting polymers (CPs), metal-organic framework materials (MOFs), and inorganic additives have significantly improved the operability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). CPs form resilient interactions with perovskite grains, enhancing film stability through cross-link bonds. MOFs possess a unique network of functional holes that interact with multiple perovskite layers, maintaining morphology and improving interlayer charge transport. Inorganic additives suppress defects at grain boundaries, promoting the formation and growth of perovskite absorbers while providing mechanical protection. These advancements contribute to overcoming the reactivity limitations of PSCs and bring us closer to the commercialization of this technology. The review focuses on the advancements in similar materials, their passivation principles, and the resulting effects on PSC performance. Key aspects covered include the device structure, targeted defects, passivation processes, and synthesis outcomes. By providing a comprehensive overview, the review aims to assist in the selection and synthesis of novel materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an anomalous structural transformation of a Cu(I) cluster into two different types of copper‐silver (CuAg) alloy nanoclusters. Different from previous reports, we demonstrate that under specifically designed reaction conditions, the Ag‐doping could induce a substantial growth of the starting Cu15 and a Ag13Cu20 nanocluster was obtained via the unexpected insertion of an Ag13 kernel inside the Cu(I)‐S shell. Ag13Cu20 demonstrates high activity to initiate the photopolymerization of previously hard‐to‐print inorganic polymers in 3D laser microprinting. Interestingly, a slight modification of the reaction condition leads to the formation of another Ag18‐xCuxS (8≤x) nanocluster templated by a central S2− anion, which possesses a unique electronic structure compared to conventional template‐free CuAg nanoclusters. Overall, this work unveils the intriguing doping chemistry of Cu clusters, as well as their capability to create different types of alloy nanoclusters with previously unobtainable structures and multifunctionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydration reaction mechanism of geopolymers is intimately linked to their composition and structure. Additionally, pore structure characteristics play a vital role in the properties of hardened geopolymer pastes, significantly influencing the material's strength, impermeability, and thermal conductivity. In this study, fly ash geopolymer (FAG) was synthesized by utilizing NaOH, Na2SiO3 , and low-calcium fly ash. The pore structure characteristics of FAGs were analyzed using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and the fractal dimension of FAGs was calculated using the Menger sponge model (Df) and a fractal model based on thermodynamic relationships (Ds). Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric differential thermal (TG/DTA), and scanning electron microscopy secondary electron phase (SEM-SE) were used to test the composition of the hydration products of FAGs and their microscopic morphology. The results showed that after 90 days of maintaining ambient temperature, the porosity of FAG is between 20% and 30%, and the most available pore size is 10–50 nm. The fractal dimension calculated using the analytical model based on thermodynamic relations can more comprehensively determine the pore structure characteristics of FAG. The geopolymerization reaction process of fly ash particles can be categorized into four primary processes, forming an amorphous aluminosilicate gel as the hydration product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to improve the antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by fixing them on the surface of polymeric particles. ZnO NPs synthesized by microwave-assisted gel combustion method were decorated on the surface of polymeric microspheres using 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane coupling agent and characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, TEM, and thermal analyses. The synthesized composite material was investigated for antibacterial and photocatalytic activity, in comparison with an equivalent amount of ZnO NPs. Results showed the formation of a hexagonal, wurtzite phase of ZnO with 40 nm particle size. The ZnO-decorated composite material was formed as uniform microspheres with 1400 nm diameter and − 23.3 mV zeta potential, containing 10% w/w ZnO NPs. Time-kill assays showed increased antibacterial activity of the composite material against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both ZnO NPs and the composite material were more potent against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The photocatalytic activity was also significantly improved; the composite material showed potent adsorption and photocatalytic activity for removing methylene blue from its aqueous solution. It can be concluded that decoration of the silane coupling agent-modified ZnO NPs on the surface of polymeric microspheres was an efficient strategy to enhance the antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs by reducing the agglomeration and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A material capable of curing due to UV irradiation based on an alkyd oligomer and oligoorganosilsesquioxanes (OOSs) with functional thiol groups was obtained. Using microinterferometry, it was shown that the alkyd oligomer and OOS are completely compatible (mutually soluble). The resulting alkyd‐siloxane composition was cured under the action of UV irradiation due to reaction between double bonds of alkyd oligomer and thiol‐groups of silsesquioxane oligomer. The curing reaction takes 5 min with formation of coating, containing 99% of gel fraction, which is in 30 times faster in comparison with the classical method of alkyd curing in the presence of siccatives. The hydrophobicity of alkyd‐siloxane coatings also increases and varies depending on the content of OOS. The introduction of 50% OOS into the alkyd oligomer makes it possible to increase the water contact angle by 10° relative to the coating based on pure alkyd. A similar dependence is observed when studying the thermal stability of coatings. Thus, even with the introduction of 10% OOS into alkyd oligomer, the temperature at which a loss of 50% of mass occurs increases by 24°C relative to coatings based on a pure alkyd oligomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation reveals the successful incorporation of strontium‐doped thorium oxide (SrThO3) NPs into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer nanocomposites. The fabrication process of these PVA nanocomposites entails utilizing varying amounts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt%) of SrThO3 nanofillers through a straightforward solution casting technique. The microstructure and overall structure of the resulting polymer nanocomposites were analyzed using powdered x‐ray diffraction for crystalline structure and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for molecular composition. The introduced SrThO3 nanofiller demonstrates a strong affinity for the hydroxyl groups present in the PVA polymer, a phenomenon validated through FTIR spectroscopy. In order to comprehend the impact of doping, the surface morphology of the PVA polymer nanocomposites underwent examination via scanning electron microscopy. The absorption and transmission of light were quantitatively assessed using UV–visible spectroscopy. The excitation and emission behaviors of electrons in both the PVA and SrThO3‐doped PVA nanocomposites were scrutinized through photoluminescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, the extent of UV light absorption was investigated by studying the degradation of methylene blue dye, a substance known for its sensitivity to UV light. Results indicate that the intentional incorporation of SrThO3 NPs significantly enhances UV stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the contribution of glass phase and rubber phase to polymer failure, and establishes a theoretical model of temperature‐dependent tensile strength (TDTS) considering the effect of two‐phase transition based on the Force‐heat Equivalence Energy Density Principle (FHEEDP). The model achieves good verification by comparison with the TDTS experimental data of various polymer materials, including epoxy‐based shape memory polymer (SMP), PEEK‐based SMP and CdS/PMMA. The results demonstrate that the model can perform an accurate prediction for the tensile strength of polymer at different temperatures by easily obtainable material parameters. In conclusion, the proposed theoretical model deepens the understanding on the two‐phase transition and their effect on the TDTS, as well as supplies a practical predicted method on the TDTS of polymer, which is crucial for polymer applied in extreme condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution‐processed inorganic perovskites cause chemical and structural defects unfavorable for photodetector application. Using a binary solvent, defects in CsPbIxBry (CPIB) perovskite are passivated with poly 4‐vinylpyridine (PVP) and Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR spectra reveal a Lewis base‐acid interaction between Pb2+ and polymer, confirming the passivation of CPIB perovskite. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows a dual‐surface morphology with microribbons and microcrystals in perovskites. After PMMA treatment, CPIB perovskite exhibits a blue shift in the bandgap (1.8 to 1.95 eV), while the PVP induced a redshift, reducing the bandgap to 1.7 eV. Blue shift in PL analysis indicates modification of grain boundaries. A higher lifetime obtained for CPIB/PVP confirms the restraint of non‐radiative recombinations. Photodetectors are fabricated with pristine CPIB, CPIB/PVP, and CPIB/PMMA perovskites. The passivated CPIB/PVP‐based photodetector exhibits a quick rise time of ≈23 ms and a decay time of ≈17 ms. It also demonstrates a remarkable photoresponsivity of 23 mA W−1, an internal quantum efficiency of 4.9%, and a detectivity of 15.0 × 1010 Jones at 10 mW cm−2 light intensity. This approach shows the potential for environmentally stable polymers to passivate inorganic perovskites for high photodetection performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on six bentonite-polymer (B–P) geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) to investigate the effect of the slow cation exchange process and polymer elution on the long-term hydraulic conductivity of B–P GCLs. Tests were conducted up to 1458 days and as many as 443 pore volumes of flows (PVFs). Three B–P GCLs consist of linear polymer whereas the other three have crosslinked polymer. One sodium geosynthetic clay liner (Na–B GCL) was used as a control. Hydraulic conductivities (K 6766) of B–P GCLs (5.4 × 10−12 m/s to 3.7 × 10−11 m/s) per ASTM D6766 were approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of Na–B GCL (2.3 × 10−9 m/s to 3.5 × 10−9 m/s). Tests were continued after hydraulic and chemical equilibrium to investigate the long-term hydraulic conductivity of GCLs. Hydraulic conductivities of GCLs had an increasing trend after hydraulic and chemical equilibrium. The ratio of K L /K 6766 for B–P GCLs was 3.5–14.7, whereas ratio of K L /K 6766 for Na–B GCLs was 1.0–1.7. Total organic carbon (TOC) tests results confirmed that polymer elution occurred during the entire permeation process. The higher ratio of K L /K 6766 for B–P GCLs was attributed to the effect of polymer elution. • Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted up to 4 years to test long-term hydraulic conductivity of B–P GCLs. • The ratios of K L /K 6766 for B–P GCLs to synthetic CCP leachate were higher than that of Na–B GCLs (e.g., 3.5 to 14.7 vs. 1.7). • Polymer elution from B–P GCLs affects the long-term hydraulic conductivity of B–P GCLs. • The polymer elution should be measured and considered as an additional termination criterion in ASTM D6766. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymer/nano-inorganics composite microsphere possesses excellent application prospects, but it is difficult to resolve the problem of the aggregation of nano-inorganic particles in polymer and the affinity between inorganics and polymer matrix. In this study, the preparation and characterization of polystyrene (PS)/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/CaCO3 microspheres fabricated via a novel phase inversion emulsion process are described. By this one-pot method, the PS/EVA/CaCO3 microspheres are obtained by firstly converting styrene monomer containing EVA and nano CaCO3 into droplets dispersed in water with help of emulsifiers and a following polymerization. Because the inorganic nanoparticles are ultrasonically dispersed in liquid monomer mixture before the polymerization, the aggregation of nano-inorganic particles could be prevented to a great extent. The EVA is designed to enhance toughness of polystyrene matrix and increase the affinity between polymer and inorganic particles. The morphological structure of PS/EVA/CaCO3 microspheres is that nano CaCO3 particles are embedded both in the interior and on the surface of the microspheres. The micro-sized PS/EVA/CaCO3 microspheres showed a significantly improved mechanical property and a better heat resistance. This technique also offers the possibility for fabricating many kinds of new and useful polymer/inorganic microspheres with tailored performance by using special monomers and inorganic particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonizing the building sector to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) is a complex issue that poses significant challenges to the scientific community. In this context, the current paper aims to assess the viability of employing incinerated by-products as a sustainable mineral resource to produce sustainable geopolymers. To this end, the study focuses on the formulation of geopolymer binders using fly ash with various proportions (ranging from 0 % to 50 %) of metakaolin (MK), investigating their physico-mechanical, microstructural analysis as well as their sealing capacity. The results indicate that incorporating 30 % MK not only preserves good workability but also significantly improves mechanical strength, ensuring long-term durability by increasing bulk density and concurrently reducing water absorption and harmful porosity. Moreover, the results of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) demonstrated that the released contaminants remained within the regulatory limits established by the USEPA. The geopolymer binder developed exhibited a significant reduction of 77.23 % and 57.92 % in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -e) emissions and energy demand compared to conventional cement. This study introduces a novel approach to promoting a circular economy within the building sector. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room-temperature elastocaloric cooling is considered as a zero-global-warming-potential alternative to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration technology. However, the limited entropy and large-deformation features of elastocaloric polymers hinder the creation of the breakthrough in their caloric responses and device development. Herein, we report that the addition of a small amount of inorganic nanofillers into the polymer induces the aggregate of the effective elastic chains via shearing the interlaminar molecular chains, which provides an additional contribution to the entropy in elastocaloric polymers. Consequently, the adiabatic temperature change of −18.0 K and the isothermal entropy change of 187.4 J kg−1 K−1 achieved in the polymer nanocomposites outperform those of current elastocaloric polymers. Moreover, a large-deformation cooling system with a work recovery efficiency of 56.3% is demonstrated. This work opens a new avenue for the development of high-performance elastocaloric polymers and prototypes for solid-state cooling applications. In this work, inorganic nanofillers are added to SEBS polymers to induce shearo-caloric effects, enhancing the elastocaloric response. Authors design and demonstrate a double-unit cooling device with a work recovery efficiency of 56.3% and a system coefficient of performance of 8.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of a heterogenous silver catalyst stabilized by bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst is inherently derived from the unprecedented internal structural features observed for the catalyst. X-ray studies show that the silver complex forms a two-dimensional cross-linked system, where one dimension of the network is formed by inorganic polymer strings and the second direction is formed by the interconnection of these inorganic strings with NHC bidentate ligands. This organized internal arrangement renders the complex insoluble in many common organic solvents and enables its utilization as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst in multicomponent A3 coupling reactions. Notably, propargylic amines were obtained with yields of up to 97%, and the catalyst demonstrated reusability for six cycles. These results can facilitate the further development of heterogeneous NHC catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement production is responsible for 5%–7% of global CO2 emissions, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives like geopolymer composite (GCOMP) to meet the growing demand for concrete. This study investigates the mechanical, microstructural, and thermal properties of GCOMP by incorporating nano‐alumina (n‐alumina) and MSF (MSF). The n‐alumina content was varied at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of the mix, while the MSF content remained fixed at 0.5% by weight. Thermal characterization was conducted up to 800°C. The performance of GCOMP blends with n‐alumina was compared to a control blend consisting of only 0.5% MSF. Various mechanical properties were evaluated for all GCOMP blends. Microstructural and mineralogical characteristics were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis were performed up to 800°C for the thermal analysis of the GCOMP mix. The results indicate that the optimal mechanical properties were achieved with 2% n‐alumina (compressive and flexural strength increased by 35.65% and 77.7%, respectively). Additionally, the incorporation of n‐alumina improves the interfacial zones and results in a denser structure. GCOMP mortars portrayed a mass loss between 25°C and 250°C, with a marginal mass loss occurring between 250°C and 715°C. No mass loss was observed between 715°C and 800°C. The MSF‐reinforced GCOMP mortars experienced an ultimate mass loss of approximately 12%, with the MSF showing negligible influence. The addition of n‐alumina particles to MSF‐reinforced GCOMP resulted in the development of stronger samples characterized by the presence of C–S–H, calcium aluminate oxide hydroxide, and quartz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on optimising the mix design of ultra high-performance geopolymer mortar by employing the Taguchi method’s orthogonal array parameters through a systematic experimental approach. Utilising an L9 orthogonal array, the investigation was structured into two phases, each examining a distinct set of variables across three levels to ascertain their impact on compressive strength. The optimal mix was characterised by a water to binder ratio of 0.28, a fibre volume of 3%, a silicon carbide to binder ratio of 0, and a superplasticizer to binder ratio of 2%. This mix achieved 126 MPa of compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐metal batteries are prospective energy storge devices due to their intrinsically high safety and cost effectiveness. Yet, uneven deposition of zinc ions in electrochemical reduction and side reactions at the anode interface significantly hinder their development and application. Here, we propose a solvation‐interface attenuation strategy enabled by a frustrated tertiary amine amphiphilic dipolymer electrolyte additive. The configuration of superhydrophilic segments with covalently bonded lipophilic spacers enables coupled steric hindrance/coordination, which establishes a balanced push‐pull dynamic of dipolymer‐H2O‐Zn2+. Such interplay reconstructs the solvation structure of Zn2+ and allows the formation of a stable dipolymer‐inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. This SEI layer effectively shields the zinc‐metal anode from water and anions, significantly reducing side reactions. In addition, the dipolymer adsorbed at the zinc‐metal anode interface regulates the interfacial electrochemical reduction kinetics and ensures uniform zinc deposition. As a result, the Zn−Zn symmetric cells with dipolymer‐containing electrolyte exhibit remarkable cycling stability exceeding 5800 h (242 days). The Zn‐NVO batteries and Zn‐AC hybrid ion supercapacitors also deliver stable cycling for up to 1440 h (60 days) with high‐capacity retention over 80 %. This research demonstrates the potential to facilitate the development and commercialization of zinc‐based energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are challenged by complex interfacial chemistry and poor ion transport through the interfaces they form with battery electrodes. Here, we investigate a class of SSE composed of micrometer-sized lithium oxide (Li2O) particles dispersed in a polymerizable 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) liquid. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of the DOL by Lewis acid salts inside a battery cell produces polymer-inorganic hybrid electrolytes with gradient properties on both the particle and battery cell length scales. These electrolytes sustain stable charge-discharge behavior in Li||NCM811 and anode-free Cu||NCM811 electrochemical cells. On the particle length scale, Li2O retards ROP, facilitating efficient ion transport in a fluid-like region near the particle surface. On battery cell length scales, gravity-assisted settling creates physical and electrochemical gradients in the hybrid electrolytes. By means of electrochemical and spectroscopic analyses, we find that Li2O particles participate in a reversible redox reaction that increases the effective CE in anode-free cells to values approaching 100%, enhancing battery cycle life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of carbon fiber and graphite on the cyclic electrothermal performance of geopolymers (inorganic polymers). It was observed that carbon fibers, graphite, and the carbon fiber/graphite composite could form a stable conductive network at low voltage (3 V). However, under high voltages (9 and 12 V), the current of the geopolymer exhibited a peak shape in the first cycle, with higher voltages resulting in larger peak values and decreased conductivity in subsequent cycles. While graphite improved electrical and thermal conductivity, it weakened the microstructure, leading to an increase in microcracks and voids, and a reduction in the strength of geopolymers. The cumulative energy during the electrothermal process was calculated. The failure mechanism of the conductive network in the geopolymer during cyclic electrical heating was explained, highlighting the disruptive effect of gel shrinkage due to water loss on conductive networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice‐templated porous biomaterials possess transformative potential in regenerative medicine; yet, scaling up ice‐templating processes for broader applications—owing to inconsistent pore formation—remains challenging. This study reports an innovative semi‐solid freeze‐casting technique that draws inspiration from semi‐solid metal processing (SSMP) combined with ice cream‐production routines. This versatile approach allows for the large‐scale assembly of various materials, from polymers to inorganic particles, into isotropic 3D scaffolds featuring uniformly equiaxed pores throughout the centimeter scale. Through (cryo‐)electron microscopy, X‐ray tomography, and finite element modeling, the structural evolution of ice grains/pores is elucidated, demonstrating how the method increases the initial ice nucleus density by pre‐fabricating a semi‐frozen slurry, which facilitates a transition from columnar to equiaxed grain structures. For a practical demonstration, as‐prepared scaffolds are integrated into a bilayer tissue patch using biodegradable waterborne polyurethane (WPU) for large‐scale oral mucosal reconstruction in minipigs. Systematic analyses, including histology and RNA sequencing, prove that the patch modulates the healing process toward near‐scarless mucosal remodeling via innate and adaptive immunomodulation and activation of pro‐healing genes converging on matrix synthesis and epithelialization. This study not only advances the field of ice‐templating fabrication but sets a promising precedent for scaffold‐based large‐scale tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers can act as a facile forming route to aluminosilicate ceramic composites due to being processed as fluids rather than as powders. However, the compositions available via typical alkali geopolymers are limited by the presence of alkali cations, introduced by the alkali silicate solution precursors. In order to expand the ceramic compositions that are accessible by geopolymer processing, this study explored the use of three strong organic bases (guanidine, tetramethylguanidine [TMG], and tetramethylammonium hydroxide [TMAOH]) as alternatives to inorganic alkali hydroxides in geopolymer synthesis. Silicate solutions were able to be produced with all three bases and favorable silica speciation was identified in the guanidine and TMG silicate solutions. Monolithic bodies were produced using guanidine and TMAOH, while no TMG samples hardened. By 27Al and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction, the guanidine samples were determined to be structurally similar to those made using sodium hydroxide and hence can be called geopolymers, while the solids made with TMAOH were not structurally similar to sodium geopolymers and contained one or more unknown phases. This study has demonstrated that geopolymers can be made using organic bases rather than alkali hydroxides and that the speciation of dissolved silica alone does not indicate that an organic base silicate solution will be reactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution behavior of the main elements of fly ash in acid-base systems. Fly ash mainly leaches aluminum-iron elements in the acid system, and the leaching rate of iron is much higher than that of aluminum. Under alkaline conditions, silicon-aluminum elements are mainly dissolved, and the leaching rate of silicon elements is much higher than that of aluminum elements. Silicon aluminum exists in the amorphous phase state, and the extraction rate of silicon aluminum is low by acid leaching and alkali solution alone, and the use of high temperature melting combined with acid leaching and alkaline solution process can make silicon aluminum bond break and improve the element extraction rate. The types of fly ash synthetic flocculants are summarized, and they are divided into inorganic polymer flocculants and inor- ganic-organic hybrid polymer flocculants according to the chemical components of fly ash to prepare flocculants, among which inorganic polymer flocculants are divided into monoacids, diacids and polyacids according to the number and types of acids contained in their anion series, and anionic acids are mainly silicate, sulfate, chloride ion and phosphate. The development of fly ash synthetic flocculants and the problems to be solved urgently are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]