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The Infrared method has the potential to extend the shelf life of duku fruit by drying the duku’s skin into "shell likeness". Duku’s skin drying using infrared method could change the shape and characteristics of duku’s skin which would significantly affect the length of fruit shelf life. The texture of duku’s skin for the treatment of infrared emitter distance of 6 cm, temperature of 400 °C and exposure time of 80 seconds was increasing with the storage time which made the fruit inside the skin to experience a passive modified atmosphere and increase the shelf life of duku. The 3D visual depiction of the optimization result on drying process using infrared had the largest porosity and cavity value in the treatment of infrared emitter distance of 10 cm, temperature of 300 °C, and exposure time of 80 seconds. At the magnification of 2500 times, with a resolution of 10 mm, it was found that the porosity and thickness of the duku’s void were greater than duku fruit without treatment. The result of the porosity also found that drying process with the infrared emitter distance of 6 cm at temperature of 400 °C, and exposure time of 80 seconds has more stable porosity (without collapsing) which confirmed the result found on the texture of the skin. The results of scanning electron microscopy analysis and 3D visual analysis confirmed the results of optimization that had previously performed in the drying process of duku fruit using infrared method.

Duku (Lansium domesticum), tropical exotic fruit, was successfully preserved by drying using exposure to infrared radiation emitters. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize independent variables (IRE distance of 6 cm and 10 cm, IRE temperature of 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, and IRE exposure time of 50 s, 60 s, 70 s, and to produce response variables (weight loss, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, and browning index). It could be concluded from the optimization performed that drying duku skin in a whole fruit by exposing the fruit to the infrared emitter resulted in a duku fruit with a relatively good physical and chemical conditions and still be consumable. The IRE distance of 6 cm gave a desirability value of 0.80 while the IRE distance of 10 cm gave a desirability value of 0.92 however the IRE distance of6 cm gave a better storage time. The IRE distance of 6 cm has an optimum value of weight loss 2.2%; optimum value of fruit firmness of 40.92 N; optimum value of total soluble solid of 17.48 brix; optimum value of titratable acidity of 0.33%; and optimum value of browning index of 0.9. The fitting model base on RSM resulted from this research indicated that this study could be used as the basis for alternative process in food processing of duku but still need further research to increase the shelf life and a better result in the chemical and physical characteristics of duku.

The results of the temperatures and velocities fields calculations in a room heated by a gas infrared emitter are presented taking into account the presence in the field of a radiant flux of a horizontal surface that simulates a laboratory table. The calculations performed in COMSOL Multiphysics provide an estimate of the effect of the presence of the laboratory equipment in the heating field on the characteristics of the heating process.

The temperature and kinematic fields analysis results in a room heated by a gas infrared emitter (GIE) are presented. The analysis has been carried out based on the results of mathematical modeling using the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. The imitators of a laboratory table and a computer system unit located on it hath in modeling area have placed. Based on the calculated analysis of the influence of the laboratory equipment simulators location on heating parameters, it is concluded that this technique should be used at the initial stage of heating systems using GIE.

The results of experimental studies of heat transfer processes in the "radiator - air - working zone" system have been provided. The purpose of this research is to register the characteristic temperatures in this zone, which includes a horizontal remote panel and the enclosing structure - a wall, as well as air in the local working area under natural and mixed convection conditions. The results obtained provide a basis for the conclusion of the need to take into account the developed convective heat exchange, which occurs as a result of heat supply heating objects and the operation of air exchange systems. The results are useful for application during developing systems for ensuring the scheduled thermal regime of local working zones under conditions of radiant heat in large industrial premises

The article presents a new approach to determining the main characteristics of the thermal regime in the buildings and structures heated by the gas infrared emitters, based on the analysis of convective heat transfer in the air and thermal conductivity in the enclosing structures. The authors have considered a mathematical model of turbulent heat transfer in the framework of the standard k-e model under radiant heating conditions. The simulation was carried out for a large room with an approximation to the real operating conditions of an industrial facility. The options for heating an empty room and the room with an object were considered.

Various types of emitters are often used as energy sources in real engineering systems and technological processes. Investigations of heat transfer basic laws in such systems are of interest. We conducted mathematical modelling of conjugate heat transfer in a closed rectangular cavity under conditions of radiant energy source operating. The 2-D problem of conjugate natural convection in vorticity stream function-temperature dimensionless variables has been numerically solved by means of the finite difference method. Radiant energy distribution along the gas-wall interfaces was set by Lamberts? cosine law. We obtained fields of temperature and stream functions in a wide range of governing parameters (Rayleigh number 104 ? Ra ? 106, the length of radiant heating source 0.15 ? D ? 0.6). Then we analyzed how heat retaining properties of finite thickness heat conducting walls made of different materials affect the heat transfer intensity. Differential characteristics distribution showed significant non-uniformity and non-stationarity of the conjugate heat transfer process under study.

In this work, the processes of heat transfer in a premise heated by a gas infrared emitter (GIE) are studied on the basis of numerical solution of the heat and mass transfer equations in a two-dimensional formulation. Calculations are carried out taking into account the presence of supply and exhaust ventilation in the considered area. Ventilation is required during the operation of high-intensity type GIE. The analysis of the main heat and mass transfer parameters by radiant and convective flows is carried out.

A thermal radiation light source, such as an incandescent light bulb, is considered a legacy light source with low luminous efficacy. However, it is an ideal energy source converting light with high efficiency from electric power to radiative power. In this work, we evaluate a thermal radiation light source and propose a new type of filament using a refractory metasurface to fabricate an efficient light bulb. We demonstrate visible-light spectral control using a refractory metasurface made of tantalum with an optical microcavity inserted into an incandescent light bulb. We use a nanoimprint method to fabricate the filament that is suitable for mass production. A 1.8 times enhancement of thermal radiation intensity is observed from the microcavity filament compared to the flat filament. Then, we demonstrate the thermal radiation control of the metasurface using a refractory plasmonic cavity made of hafnium nitride. A single narrow resonant peak is observed at the designed wavelength as well as the suppression of thermal radiation in wide mid-IR range under the condition of constant surface temperature.

One of the possible methods of modeling heat energy losses in infrared apparatuses of the food industry is considered. It is proved that the Bouguer law is valid for weakly divergent beams of beams in most practical situations and can be used as the basis for solving the problems of finding energy losses in the working chambers of food industry apparatuses. The working chambers are considered to contain vapor with different relative humidity. The dependence of heat energy loss is found depending on the distance between the source and the receiver, and the medium in which the heat travels. The obtained dependence is based on the Bouguer law but in the three-dimensional formulation, that is, the energy from the emitter is considered on a flat angle, but in a solid angle. An estimation of the efficiency of radiant energy use taking into account absorption and carrying capacity of H20 (depending on the relative humidity of the steam-air environment). A number of computational experiments were carried out under the following conditions: the pressure of the steam-air medium in the working chamber P = 1,01 MPa, the relative humidity has a value of 0% (diathermic medium), 20%, 40%, 60%, a cylindrical emitter with a power of 1kW, the distance from the radiator to the surface of 600 mm, the dimensions of the receiver 300х300mm. The dependence between the humidity of gas and the distance traveled by thermal beam is established. From the results obtained, it is possible to see that the higher the humidity in the working chamber is, the more energy absorption occurs. The problem of finding the relationship between the absorption of heat and the shape of reflectors in the working chamber is also considered and solved. It turned out that the absorption of energy in the operating chamber has little effect on the shape of the reflecting surface, and more often leads to a decrease in the intensity of heat flux on the receiving surface. From the dependence found, one can conclude that when calculating forms of the reflective surfaces, absorption of energy by the medium and the surface of the reflector can be neglected.

The previous research showed that the duku’s peel which dried using infrared radiation could extend the shelf life up to 25 days. The aims of this study to illustrate using 3D visual analysis on microstructural of dried duku’s peel that had dried using infrared radiation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique with magnifications of x100, x500, and x2500, resolution of 10 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm in dried duku’s peel using infrared radiation at a distance of infrared emitter (IRE) 6 cm and 10 cm with an exposure temperature of 300°C for 60 s. The 3D visual illustration using Mountain Maps Program shows the porosity value on 6 cm distance of IRE, with 300°C of IRE temperature and 60 s of exposure time has 90,91%, while the 10 cm distances of IRE, 300°C of IRE temperature and 60 s of exposure time has 146,95%. It could conclude that from 3D illustrative of SEM by reconstructing a single image into pseudo-color view and a profile curve produced at drying distance of 6 cm, 300°C, and 60 s has lower porosity value, and more stable contour when compared to drying with a distance of 10 cm, 300°C, 6 s, and control treatment. This condition could confirm the previous research. The duku’s peel microtexture condition which was exposed by IRE could create a dry condition as shell-likeness that could maintain the fruit quality and prolong the shelf life.

Heat, whether from the sun or from engines and furnaces, is often wasted. Thermophotovoltaic devices, which convert heat into electricity, promise a superefficient way to scavenge it. And they coul...

At present, an urgent task is to reduce errors in non-contact thermal control. The article suggests a model of an extended infrared emitter as a working tool for calibration with thermal control of copper surfaces. The emitter is made of double-sided foil-coated glass-textolite measuring 5x5 cm. The heating element is made in the form of a conductive path. The calculated thermogram of the theoretical model of the emitter, made in the program ANSYS Workbench, is presented. During the simulation, a necessary and sufficient number of heating zones and their size are determined. A structural diagram of the automatic temperature control system for the emitter has been developed. Experimental data were obtained during the experiment: the temperature distribution of the real model of the infrared emitter and the quality of the PID regulator regulation. The real and theoretical models of the emitter are compared. The unevenness of the temperature distribution on the surface in both cases was not more than 1 K. В настоящее время актуальной задачей является уменьшение погрешностей при бесконтактном тепловом контроле. В статье предложена модель протяженного инфракрасного излучателя как рабочего средства калибровки при тепловом контроле поверхностей из меди. Излучатель выполнен из двустороннего фольгированного стеклотекстолита размером 5x5 см. Нагревательный элемент выполнен в виде токопроводящей дорожки. Представлена расчетная термограмма теоретической модели излучателя, выполненная в программе ANSYS Workbench. В ходе моделирования определено необходимое и достаточное количество зон нагрева и их размер. Разработана структурная схема системы автоматического регулирования температуры для излучателя. В ходе эксперимента получены опытные данные: распределение температуры реальной модели инфракрасного излучателя и качество регулирования ПИД-регулятора. Произведено сравнение реальной и теоретической моделей излучателя. Неравномерность распределения температуры на поверхности в том и другом случае составила не более 1 K.

In this article we consider the problem of starting a cold engine. The review of the prestarting heaters of engines existing technologies is carried out. And also proposed a method of warming up the engine sump on the basis of the heat-radiating elements, does not require installation in the vehicle. The principle of operation of the developed device, as well as noted its benefits.

The light–current characteristics of GaAlAs based infrared emitter (880 nm) have been studied at the temperature 303 K and 120 K and the light–temperature as well as the effective carrier lifetime is also measured in the temperature range 350–120 K. The experimental results show that the light output power versus current follows a linear relation when cooled to 120 K, for both high and low driving currents of the infrared emitter. On the other hand, this measurement shows deviation from linearity at room temperature and the deviation has been estimated. When the ambience temperature is lowered from 350 K to 120 K the light output increases by about 102%. Our experimental results show that light output is inversely related to the effective carrier lifetime.

Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas spectroscopy is a highly accurate optical gas sensing technology, which has been implemented in various industrial applications. However NDIR systems remain too expensive for many consumer and automotive apphcations. The cost of the infrared (IR) emitter component is a substantial part of the total system cost. In this paper we report of a single filament IR emitter that is fabricated using wire bonding technology. Our fabrication approach offers the prospect of a fully automated assembly by means of utihzing a wire bonding tool to integrate the single filament to the MEMS structured silicon substrate. An apphcation-specific wire bond trajectory enables the mechanical attachment of the filament to form the meander-shaped emitter with a total area of 1 mm2. The fabricated IR emitter utilizes a Kanthal (FeCrAl) filament with very high thermal stability and excellent emitting properties under atmospheric conditions. The packaged IR emitter has been characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the emitted IR spectrum with respect to the requirements of NDIR systems. QC 20171211

Based on the well-known optical NDIR gas measurement principle Micro-Hybrid developed an advanced gas sensor which works in harsh environments like extraordinary moistures and high temperatures up to 200 °C. A field of application is controlling the CO2 atmosphere and the measurement of the humidity in sterilisable incubators. Core components of the developed gas sensor are highly effective and high temperature stable infrared emitter and detector MEMS chips. The precondition for long term stability is a real hermetic housing especially under these rough conditions. Common gluing technologies are not suitable for such terms. To achieve these requirements Microhybrid developed sophisticated packaging technologies for the IR-MEMS chips and the housing components which are appropriate for harsh environments stable hermetic sealing like high temperatures, high humilities or solvent atmospheres.

This paper reports a novel approach for the fabrication of infrared (IR)emitters for non-dispersive infrared gas sensing. The proposed concept enables theintegration of superior resistive heater materials with microelectromechanical systems(MEMS) structures. In this study, non-bondable filaments made of nickel chromium areattached to mechanical attachment structures using a fully automated state-of-the-artwire bonder. The formation of the electrical contacts between the integrated filamentsand the electrical contact pattern on the substrate is performed using conventionalgold stud bumping technology. The placement accuracy of the integrated filamentsis evaluated using white-light interferometry, while the contact formation using studbumping to embed the filaments is investigated using focus ion beam milled crosssections.A proof-of-concept IR emitter has been successfully operated and heated upto 960 C in continuous mode for 3 hours. QC 20161121

A laboratory benchtop flameless catalytic infrared emitter was evaluated against all life stages of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), an insect species associated with stored wheat. The emitted infrared radiation was in the 3–7 μm range. A non-contact infrared thermometer measured grain temperatures continuously during exposures of infested wheat. Insect mortality was a function of the final grain temperature attained. In general, higher grain temperatures were attained when using 113.5 versus 227.0 g of wheat, and at 8.0 cm from the emitter versus 12.7 cm, and during a 60 s exposure versus a 45 s exposure. Complete mortality of all life stages of S. oryzae was achieved at 8.0 cm from the emitter using 113.5 g of wheat, with a 60 s exposure; the mean grain temperatures attained ranged from 108.4 to 111.8 °C. The log odds ratio tests showed that eggs (0 days old) were the least susceptible stage to infrared radiation, followed by adults within kernels (28 days old), pupae (24 days old), young larvae (7 days old), larvae that were 14–21 days old, and adults (42 days old). These data using small amounts of grain indicate infrared radiation from the flameless catalytic emitter to be a viable option for disinfesting wheat containing various life stages of S. oryzae.

The effects of a bench top flameless catalytic infrared emitter at temperatures and times used for disinfesting grain on the physical, chemical, rheological, and end-use qualities of wheat were evaluated in the laboratory. The test weight of wheat was unaffected when 113.5 and 227.0 g of hard red winter wheat were exposed for 45 or 60 s to infrared radiation. However, a slight drop in kernel moisture increased kernel hardness, but these effects were reversed when the wheat was tempered prior to milling. Flour, shorts, and bran yields, and chemical properties (protein and ash) of these fractions from untreated wheat and infrared-treated wheat showed minor differences that were inconsequential. Mixograph and bake test results did not reveal any consistent adverse effects of infrared radiation on the quality parameters studied. Our results show that infrared treatments that provide effective control of stored-grain insects do not affect the physical, chemical, rheological, and end-use qualities of hard red winter wheat.

This research focuses on designing low-cost aids in teaching materials, to help children with developmental disabilities. Using flash software and power point as interface design with the assistance of interactive device could also be developed teaching materials for children. When detected by a wii remote and infrared (IR emitter) device, corresponding information appears on a screen to increase the interaction of assistive technology aimed at children by adopting an enhanced learning process. There are two cases on this study, they are actually applied on children with developmental disabilities, and the overall equipment cost is approximately US$50.Case 1 is a child wearing hats with reflective stickers, a wii remote with an infrared emitter board in front. When we performed the initial probing of their interactive physical activity, the child was asked to wear hats with reflective stickers, while the teachers asked him to perform continual actions of standing and squatting. Sensors were set up next to the child so that when the child performed the movements, the movements would be sensed by the sensor. The signals were emitted to the computer, and then the corresponding synchronized screen would be displayed immediately. To put it simply, we used the cheap reflective stickers as a mouse, therefore we can design different teaching module courses. Case 2 is one kind of teaching materials for customer design, the participant is also a child with developmental disabilities.In this case, the research took the pictures of the subjects, then edited the images in flash through a mouse. The participating children wore the reflective stickers on their hands, when they moved their hands, their images on the screen would move accordingly as well. In this case, we dressed up the children differently, when the children saw that they were displayed on the screen, and the cursor movements were controlled by their limbs, they felt very happy. In this research, the devices relied upon user-center design, reducing the learning loading from their teaching materials and enhance their learning motivation and interest.

This study attempts to make use wii remote and infrared light emitter as an interactive interface for children on their activities. Using flash software to design teaching materials with the assistance of interactive device could also be developed in the children’s body activities and knowledge. When detected by a wii remote and infrared (IR emitter) device, corresponding information appears on a screen to increase the interaction of assistive technology aimed at children by adopting an enhanced learning process. This study is divided into training and testing steps. The training step allows researchers to learn how to created relative teaching materials for children with learning body coordination. The participants are children in elementary school and kindergarten in the testing step. In this study, the devices relied upon friendly design, reducing the loading from their learning process and enhance their learning motivation.

The QSO HE0450-2958 was brought to the front scene by the non-detection of its host galaxy and strong upper limits on the latter's luminosity. The QSO is also a powerful infrared emitter, in gravitational interaction with a strongly distorted UltraLuminous InfraRed companion galaxy. We investigate the properties of the companion galaxy, through new near- and mid-infrared observations of the system obtained with NICMOS onboard HST, ISAAC and VISIR on the ESO VLT. The companion galaxy is found to harbour a point source revealed only in the infrared, in what appears as a hole or dark patch in the optical images. Various hypotheses on the nature of this point source are analyzed and it is found that the only plausible one is that it is a strongly reddened AGN hidden behind a thick dust cloud. The hypothesis that the QSO supermassive black hole might have been ejected from the companion galaxy in the course of a galactic collision involving 3-body black holes interaction is also reviewed, on the basis of this new insight on a definitely complex system.