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With the recent development of dog breeding, there has been an increase in the frequency of cases of infectious pathology of dogs with a symptom complex of the gastrointestinal tract lesion and development of enteritis. The aim of the work is to study the species composition of causative agents of infectious enteritis in dogs and clinical features of their manifestation in the conditions of Kamianets-Podilskyi District. When conducting complex laboratory studies, it has been found that among all the pathologies of the digestive tract of dogs, the share of infectious enteritis is 69.7%. In other cases, enteritis of invasive or non-infectious origin has been found. A wide species spectrum of causative agents of infectious enteritis of dogs has been revealed, causing independent pathologies of viral (parvo-, adeno-, corona-, rota-, paramyxovirus infections) and bacterial (campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis) origin in 53.0% of animals. The share of associated enteritis of dogs of infectious origin is 47%. At the same time, in most cases (73.0%), a combination of two specific causative agents with the dominance of associations of parvo- and coronavirus (23.1%), parvo- and adenovirus (13.0%) and adeno- and coronavirus (13.0%) has been found. The clinical picture of infectious pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs has been characterized primarily by the presence of dyspeptic phenomena. In the vast majority of cases, diarrhea syndrome (94.0%) and vomiting (91.1%) have been found. The obtained results will further optimize the elimination and preventive measures for the spread of infectious enteritis of infectious origin., З розвитком собаківництва за останній період відмічається зростання частоти випадків інфекційної патології собак з симптомокомплексом ураження шлунково-кишкового тракту і розвитком ентериту. Мета роботи - вивчити видовий склад збудників інфекційних ентеритів собак та клінічні особливості їх прояву в умовах Кам’янець-Подільського району. При проведенні комплексних лабораторних досліджень було встановлено, що серед усіх патологій травного тракту собак, на частку інфекційних ентеритів припадає 69,7 %. В інших випадках було виявлено ентерити інвазійного або ж незаразного походження. Виявлено широкий видовий спектр збудників інфекційних ентеритів собак, які зумовлювали самостійні патології вірусного (парво-, адено-, корона-, рота-, параміксовірусна інфекції) та бактеріального (кампілобактеріоз, сальмонельоз) походження у 53,0 % тварин. Частка асоційованих ентеритів собак інфекційного походження склала 47 %. При цьому в більшості випадків (73,0 %) виявлено поєднання з двох специфічних збудників з домінуванням асоціацій парво- і коронавірусу (23,1 %), парво- і аденовірусу (13,0 %) та адено- і коронавірусу (13,0 %). Клінічна картина інфекційних патологій шлунково-кишкового тракту в собак характеризувалась насамперед наявністю диспептичних явищ. У абсолютній більшості випадків виявлено діарейний синдром (94,0 %) і блювоту (91,1 %). Отримані результати дозволять в подальшому оптимізувати ліквідаційні та профілактичні заходи щодо поширення інфекційних ентеритів інфекційного походження.

Diarrhea is among the most frequently reported symptoms in clinical practice. Acute diarrhea is usually caused by infectious agents with a self-limited disease course. In contrast, differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea may be challenging. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview on the causes, pathomechanisms, differential diagnosis and clinical management of acute and chronic diarrhea in adults.

In recent years, there has been an increase in cases of dogs with signs of diarrhea not only in Ukraine but also in the world. Meanwhile, clinical and epizootological features of infectious enteritis of dogs in Ukraine require constant monitoring due to the dynamics of the epizootic process associated with increasing numbers and concentrations of animals in a limited area (kennels, animal shelters), changes in breed composition and many other factors. Therefore, the chosen direction of research is relevant. The aim of work is to investigate the spread of the main pathologies of dogs of infectious and non-infectious etiology in the territory of Kamianets-Podilskyi District and to find out some epizootological features of the course of infectious enteritis of dogs in this region. Clinical-anamnestic and pathological data, mycological, bacteriological, serological research methods were taken into account when making the diagnosis. Epizootological features of the manifestation of infectious enteritis in dogs were studied taking into account the incidence rate, seasonality of outbreaks and age susceptibility of animals. When conducting comprehensive diagnostic studies in many regions, it was found that internal non-communicable diseases in dogs are 33.9%, and infectious diseases – 29.3%. Among infectious pathologies, viral infections (25.0%), mycoses (20.2%) and arachnoentomoses (17.7%) were quite often registered. The analysis of infectious diseases revealed a significant percentage of dogs with infectious gastroenteritis – 32.9%, with the majority of dogs (79.3%) suffering from infectious enteritis at the age of 2 to 12 months. There is no clear relationship between the manifestation of infectious enteritis in dogs depending on the time of year. Slightly higher incidence was found in summer (31.3%). The obtained results will further optimize the elimination and preventive measures for the spread of infectious pathology in dogs, in particular viral enteritis., В останні роки відмічається збільшення випадків захворювання собак з ознаками дiареї не тільки в Україні, але й в світі. Мета роботи - дослідити поширення основних патологій собак заразної та незаразної етіології на території Кам’янець-Подільського району та з’ясувати деякі епізоотологічні особливості перебігу інфекційних ентеритів собак в умовах даного регіону. При проведенні комплексних діагностичних досліджень в багатьох регіонах було встановлено, що внутрішні незаразні хвороби у собак становлять 33,9%, а заразні патології – 29,3%. Серед заразних патологій досить часто реєстрували вірусні інфекції (25,0%), мікози (20,2%) та арахноентомози (17,7%). При аналізі інфекційних хвороб встановлено значний відсоток собак хворих на інфекційні гастроентерити – 32,9%, при цьому більшість собак (80,5%) хворіла на інфекційні ентерити у віці від 2 до 12 місяців, без прояву чіткої сезонної динаміки. Отримані результати дозволять в подальшому оптимізувати ліквідаційні та профілактичні заходи щодо поширення інфекційної патології у собак, зокрема вірусних ентеритів.

Background Although the notion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement for patients with dementia has been changing, the number of cases of PEG placement remains high as Japan has become a super-aged society. However, there is insufficient research about the clinical course of dementia patients with PEG, especially regarding PEG extubation after regaining full oral intake. This case series aimed to reveal the demographic data of patients who successfully underwent PEG extubation and to identify clinical factors that might help predict eventual resumption. Methods This retrospective case series was identified in a private, community-based long-term care hospital in Sapporo, Japan. Inclusion criteria for the series were: 1) age, ≥75 years, 2) diagnosis of any type of dementia, and 3) resumption of full oral intake after removal of PEG tubes. Results Eight female patients were identified. Decreased oral intake was triggered by acute medical conditions, such as infectious enteritis. A trial of oral intake was initiated mostly by speech therapists. A majority of the patients ate pureed food. The patients aged ≥85 years with advanced dementia could be weaned from PEG tubes. Conclusion The series indicates that even patients with limited life expectancy could recover swallowing function by receiving appropriate guidance and care. Constant evaluation for swallowing function even after PEG insertion may be important for PEG extubation.

BACKGROUND: The role of angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) antibodies in intestinal transplantation (ITx) is unclear. The aims were 1) to identify the prevalence of AT1R antibodies in pediatric ITx, compared to pediatric intestinal failure (IF), and 2) to determine whether AT1R antibodies were associated with graft dysfunction. METHODS: 46 serum samples from 25 ITx patients (3 isolated ITx, 22 liver-inclusive ITx) were collected during routine visits >6 months apart and during episodes of graft dysfunction as a result of infectious enteritis or rejection. For comparison, samples were collected from 7 IF control patients. AT1R antibodies were considered positive for levels >17 U/mL. RESULTS: The median (range) AT1R antibody level for ITx patients was 40.0 U/mL (7.2–40.0), compared to 7.0 U/mL (5.7–40.0) for IF patients (p=0.02). There was a trend towards higher prevalence of AT1R antibodies in ITx compared to IF patients (68% versus 29%, p=0.09). Among ITx patients, the prevalence of AT1R antibodies was not different between periods of active graft dysfunction and normal health (83% versus 67%, p=0.31). For 16 patients with >2 samples, AT1R antibodies remained positive in 67% cases, developed in 14% cases, disappeared in 10% cases, and remained negative in 10% cases. The changes in AT1R antibodies did not correlate with de/sensitizing events. CONCLUSION: This is the first study of AT1R antibodies in pediatric ITx. AT1R antibodies are highly prevalent after ITx and may be triggered by immune activation associated with the transplant. However, their pathogenicity and clinical utility remains in question.

There are numerous different agents that cause infectious enteritis in neonatal calves. Although each of these agents have some unique features, the pathophysiological effects on calves can be grouped into 2 categories that are useful in establishing appropriate treatment protocols and management guidelines. One group includes the viral pathogens rotavirus and coronavirus plus the protozoal agent Cryptosporidium. These are non-invasive, cause diarrhea with associated fluid and electrolyte loss that responds well to fluid therapy and are not affected by antibiotic treatment. The other group includes bacterial pathogens that cause different pathophysiologic changes including significant inflammatory response and invasion beyond the intestinal lining. The differences between these groups should guide treatment methods and help establish realistic prognostic expectations and preventive practices. Most affected calves are treated by the workers on a cattle operation. Educating these workers about clinical signs of disease that distinguish between causes of neonatal enteritis could help guide more successful treatment and more judicious antibiotic use., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2020

Recently, the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa has been related to many diseases in humans and animals. The concept of Microscopic Enteritis (ME) used in human pathology through the Marsh classification system has no counter-part in veterinary medicine. In poultry science, the I See Inside (ISI) methodology, unlike the current linear measures of villi and crypts, generates possibilities to describe and understand the avian ME. Through specific parameters, graded from 0 to 3, the model links proliferative and/or inflammatory reactions in the intestinal layers to some loss in performance. Herein, two trials were conducted in order to describe the development of ME through the ISI methodology in chickens challenged or not with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. In each trial, a total of 64 birds were divided in 2 treatments with 4 replicates containing 8 birds each: non-challenged (NCH) and challenged (CH) through gavage with an Eimeria spp. vaccine at 1 day of age and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens administered at 10, 11, and 12 days of age. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age birds were euthanized and samples of ileum and liver were collected for ISI evaluation, cytokines and presence of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cell. The results allowed the description of the avian Microscopic Enteritis and of its two basic components: a basal enteritis (BE) in NCH broilers, over which the infectious enteritis is developed in CH birds. In addition, the chronology of ME translated by the ISI methodology parameters were associated to losses in zootechnical performance.

Feline panleukopenia (FPL), a frequently fatal disease of cats, is caused by feline parvovirus (FPV) or canine parvovirus (CPV). We investigated simultaneous outbreaks of FPL between 2014 and 2018 in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where FPL outbreaks had not been reported for several decades. Case data from 989 cats and clinical samples from additional 113 cats were obtained to determine the cause of the outbreaks and epidemiological factors involved. Most cats with FPL were shelter-housed, 9 to 10 weeks old at diagnosis, unvaccinated, had not completed a primary vaccination series or had received vaccinations noncompliant with current guidelines. Analysis of parvoviral VP2 sequence data confirmed that all FPL cases were caused by FPV and not CPV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of these outbreaks was caused by a distinct FPV, with two virus lineages present in eastern Australia and virus movement between different geographical locations. Viruses from the UAE outbreak formed a lineage of unknown origin. FPV vaccine virus was detected in the New Zealand cases, highlighting the difficulty of distinguishing the co-incidental shedding of vaccine virus in vaccinated cats. Inadequate vaccination coverage in shelter-housed cats was a common factor in all outbreaks, likely precipitating the multiple re-emergence of infection events.

While the causative factors of acute GI disease are often unknown and many conditions are self-limiting with simple supportive care, that is not always the case, and consideration should be given to potential causes that require active intervention for successful resolution. This chapter provides overviews of self-limiting enteritis, infectious enteritis and conditions requiring surgical intervention.

Analytical and theoretical studies were conducted in working cattle facilities in order to identify infectious, parasitic, and nervous diseases in large horned cattle. Our analytical study was based on the analysis of available scientific research papers. The theoretical research was based on processing the measurement results with existing hardware and software. Both environmental and physiological parameters were obtained from five farms for at least 30 days. The studied cows were divided into two groups. One group consisted of 37 dairy cows of the Holstein breed aged 2–3 years having no clinical signs of disease. All cows in this group were fed the same diet, kept in the same conditions, and had the same lactation period (from 3 to 5 months). Their average weight was 517 (±2.03) kg. For inclusion into the second group, we selected 23 dairy cows with parameters similar to those of the cows in the first group but with some clinical signs of diseases such as encephalomyelitis, infectious enteritis, and hypodermatosis. The data obtained from the animals in the first group were considered as the parameters’ standardized boundary values for the estimation of a cow’s conditions, i.e., as the norm (the setpoint). As for the data obtained for the second group, they were considered to be deviations from the threshold values of the parameters (deviations from the setpoint, which required a pre-planned action). The analysis was carried out using the program code implemented in the software package “Matlab R2019b”. We analyzed the correlations between the cows’ rumen temperature and pH, their locomotive activity, and environmental parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity in the cowsheds. We then constructed graphs of inter-correlating functions. As a result of the study, for the first time, algorithms were compiled enabling the detection of infectious, parasitic, and nervous diseases.

Common causes of infectious enteritis in neonate and juvenile ruminants include viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. The most common presenting sign in ruminants with infectious enteritis is diarrhea. Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis has important zoonotic and herd health implications. Severity of clinical signs with similar pathogens may differ between calves and small ruminants. Treatment of enteritis involves supportive care to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, provision of nutritional support for neonates, prevention and treatment of endotoxemia or sepsis, and pathogen-specific treatments when relevant and available.

Lisa Morrow and Allison German, contributors to the forthcoming BSAVA Manual of Shelter Medicine: Principles of Health and Welfare in A Multi-animal Environment, discuss how to recognize and manage parvovirus in cats in a shelter environment.

Objectives To determine the association between cesarean delivery and childhood infections up to 13 years of age. Study design We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 731 803 children born between 2006 and 2016 at all hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada. We followed children born by cesarean, operative vaginal, and nonoperative vaginal delivery up to 13 years of age. Outcomes included hospitalization for otitis media, respiratory, infectious enteritis, and other infections. We estimated hazard ratios with 95% CIs for the association between mode of delivery and childhood infections, adjusted for patient characteristics. Results At age 3-4 years, cesarean delivery was associated with a 1.07-fold greater risk of otitis media (95% CI, 1.03-1.11), a 1.15-fold greater risk of respiratory infection (95% CI, 1.09-1.22), and a 1.13-fold greater risk of infectious enteritis (95% CI, 1.03-1.25) compared with nonoperative vaginal delivery. However, operative vaginal delivery was associated with these same outcomes. Both cesarean and operative vaginal delivery were more strongly associated with infection hospitalization before age 1 year, but associations disappeared after 5 years. Conclusions Cesarean delivery is associated with infection hospitalization before but not after age 5 years. However, associations were also present for operative vaginal delivery, which suggests that mechanisms other than exposure to maternal vaginal flora explain the relationship.

Purpose A steady increase in Clostridioides difficile enteritis (CDE) has been reported recently. CDE is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, and vitamin D receptors are known to play an important role in this microbial imbalance as immunological regulators. We investigated the difference in vitamin D levels between children with CDE and those with other acute infectious enteritis. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on children below 18 years of age who visited the Gil hospital, underwent investigation to assess vitamin D levels, and had confirmed gastrointestinal infection between January 2015 and December 2018. Patients were divided into two groups: the "CDE group" (n=18) and the "other infectious enteritis group" (n=88); their clinical characteristics, other laboratory results, and vitamin D levels were analyzed. Results There was no difference in gender, age, and seasonal distributions between the CDE and other infectious enteritis groups. Other laboratory results were not significantly different between two groups, excluding serum albumin level (4.52±0.45 g/dL vs. 4.31±0.28 g/dL, p=0.011). The mean 25-hydroxy vitamin D level in the CDE group was higher than that in the control group (18.75±8.11 ng/mL vs. 14.50±6.79 ng/mL, p=0.021). Conclusion Vitamin D levels in the CDE group were lower than normal but higher than the other infectious enteritis group. These results suggested that CDE has a different mechanism or susceptibility associated with vitamin D in children, and even marginal changes in vitamin D levels can act as a risk factor for infection.

Bowel ultrasound is cheap, relatively quick, allows dynamic evaluation of the bowel, has no radiation burden, is well tolerated by patients, and allows repeat imaging. Bowel ultrasound requires a systematic assessment of the entire bowel using high-frequency probes. In addition, hydrosonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound may be performed. We present the normal sonographic appearances of large and small bowel and the sonographic appearances of acute appendicitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, intussusception, infectious enteritis, intestinal tuberculosis, small bowel ileus and obstruction, small bowel ischemia, and malignant tumors.

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been shown to be a useful, non-invasive method of predicting acute cellular rejection (ACR) following intestinal transplantation (ITx). Our objectives were to characterize differences in the T cell immunophenotype of ITx recipients in peripheral blood samples (1) collected late versus early after ITx and (1) associated with episodes of ACR and infectious enteritis. An IRB-approved, cross-sectional study of ITx recipients was performed. Peripheral blood samples were collected during normal visits and episodes of allograft dysfunction. A total of 38 patients were included in the analysis: 31 ITx recipients (87% liver-inclusive allografts) and 7 intestinal failure control patients. Of the ITx patients, 26 patients were pediatric patients (

Infectious enteritis in adult ruminants is often a result of 1 or more viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens. Diagnosis of etiologic agents causing enteritis is important when considering herd implications and zoonotic potential of some etiologies. Differential diagnoses for enteritis in adult ruminants is not simple based on clinical signs alone. Diagnostic samples include feces, blood, and antemortem and postmortem tissues. Treatment of infectious enteritis is aimed at correcting dehydration and electrolyte imbalances secondary to diarrhea. In cases of some bacterial and parasitic pathogens, additional targeted treatment and control are recommended. Management of enteritis may be instituted while awaiting laboratory test results.

Bacterial infections are the primary cause of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in both developing and developed countries, and are particularly dangerous for infants and children. Bacillus anthracis is the 'archetype zoonotic' pathogen; no other infectious disease affects such a broad range of species, including humans. Importantly, there are more case reports of GI anthrax infection in children than inhalational disease. Early diagnosis is difficult and widespread systemic disease develops rapidly. This review highlights new findings concerning the roles of the gut epithelia, commensal microbiota, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in initiation of disease and systemic dissemination in animal models of GI anthrax, the understanding of which is crucial to designing alternative therapies that target the establishment of infection.

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is a rare radiologic finding that is usually precipitated by intestinal ischaemia, intra-abdominal abscesses, necrotising enterocolitis, abdominal trauma, infectious enteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we present a case of HPVG in a 66-year-old female patient who underwent colonoscopy for evaluation of haematochezia and a review of the literature focused on HPVG following colonoscopy.

The Cylex Immune Cell Function Assay measures cell-mediated immunity based on ATP production by stimulated CD4 + cells. We hypothesized that this test would discriminate acute cellular rejection (ACR) from infectious enteritis (IE) in pediatric intestinal transplant (ITx) recipients with allograft dysfunction. We retrospectively analyzed 224 Cylex assays drawn in 47 children who received 53 ITx. Samples were classified as stable, ACR, or IE based on clinical status. ATP values were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and t-tests. Overall, there was a statistically significant difference in ATP values based on clinical status (p = 0.03); however, overlap was observed between groups. The median ATP value during ACR was significantly greater than during stable periods (p = 0.02). No difference was seen in IE vs. stability (p = 0.8). The difference in median ATP value in ACR vs. IE approached significance (p = 0.1). Relative to previous levels, ACR episodes were associated with a median ATP increase of 101 ng/mL and IE episodes with a decrease of 3 ng/mL (p = 0.3). These data indicate that the Cylex assay has limited utility in differentiating ACR from IE, largely due to interpatient variability. Following longitudinal intrapatient trends may be an adjunctive tool in discriminating IE from ACR and guiding immunosuppression adjustments in select patients.

Synbiotics are combinations of probiotics and prebiotics that have recently been used in the context of various gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and bowel obstruction. We encountered a patient with recurrent D-lactic acidosis who was treated successfully for long periods using synbiotics. The patient was diagnosed as having short bowel syndrome and had recurrent episodes of neurologic dysfunction due to D-lactic acidosis. In addition to fasting, the patient had been treated with antibiotics to eliminate D-lactate–producing bacteria. After the failure of antibiotic treatment, a stand-alone synbiotic treatment was started, specifically Bifidobacterium breve Yakult and Lactobacillus casei Shirota as probiotics, and galacto-oligosaccharide as a prebiotic. Serum D-lactate levels declined, and the patient has been recurrence-free for 3 years without dietary restriction. Synbiotics allowed the reduction in colonic absorption of D-lactate by both prevention of D-lactate–producing bacterial overgrowth and stimulation of intestinal motility, leading to remission of D-lactate acidosis.

Interest in global health (GH) education is increasing across disciplines. To assess exposure to and perception of GH training among gastroenterology fellows and program directors across the USA. Design: Electronic survey study. Setting: The questionnaire was circulated to accredited US gastroenterology fellowship programs, with the assistance of the American Gastroenterological Association. Participants: Gastroenterology program directors and fellows. The questionnaire was returned by 127 respondents (47 program directors, 78 fellows) from 55 training programs (36 % of all training programs). 61 % of respondents had prior experience in GH. 17 % of programs offered GH curriculum with international elective (13 %), didactic (9 %), and research activity (7 %) being the most common. Fellows had adequate experience managing hepatitis B (93 %), cholangiocarcinoma (84 %), and intrahepatic duct stones (84 %). 74, 69 and 68 % reported having little to no experience managing hepatitis E, tuberculosis mesenteritis, or epidemic infectious enteritis, respectively. Most fellows would participate in an elective in an underserved area locally (81 %) or a 4-week elective abroad (71 %), if available. 44 % of fellows planned on working or volunteering abroad after fellowship. Barriers to establishing GH curriculum included funding (94 %), scheduling (88 %), and a lack of standardized objectives (78 %). Lack of interest, however, was not a concern. Fellows (49 %), more than faculty (29 %) (χ 2 = 21.9; p = 0.03), believed that GH education should be included in fellowship curriculum. Program directors and trainees recognize the importance of GH education. However, only 17 % of ACGME-approved fellowship programs offer the opportunity. Global health curriculum may enhance gastroenterology training.

Durchfallerkrankungen sind haufige Erkrankungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts und eine der 5 haufigsten Todesursachen weltweit. Obwohl genaue epidemiologische Angaben fehlen, spielen Diarrhoen auch in entwickelten Landern eine zunehmende Rolle. Dabei werden akute von chronischen Diarrhoen unterschieden. Die haufigsten Ursachen fur eine akute Enteritis infectiosa sind virale und bakterielle Erreger. Im Fall einer bakteriellen Dysenterie sind antibiotikaassoziierte Durchfalle durch Clostridium difficle eine haufige nosokomiale Manifestation der Erkrankung. Bei den viralen Erregern sind Noroviren in etwa 90 % der Falle Ausloser einer akuten, innerhalb von 48-72 Stunden meist selbstlimitierenden Diarrho. Bakterielle Dysenterien werden, wenn notwendig, mit Antibiotika behandelt, wobei bei einigen Erregern zunehmende Resistenzentwicklungen zu beachten sind. Eine weiterfuhrende mikrobiologische oder endoskopische Diagnostik ist nicht immer notwendig. Die Therapie orientiert sich an den klinischen Symptomen und berucksichtigt im Allgemeinen die Pravention sekundarer Komplikationen.

Introduction Despite considerable research efforts, the epidemiological characteristics of post-infectious symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome-type (PI-IBS) are not yet well defined. Estimates of its incidence after gastrointestinal (GI) infection show considerable variation and the number of patients with a history of a GI infection among all patients with IBS is practically unknown. This review aims at summarizing published estimates (i) on the prevalence of PI-IBS among all IBS patients and (ii) on PI-IBS incidence after GI infection, critically discusses methodological differences that may explain the variation of the presented findings and gives an overview on currently identified risk factors for the development of PI-IBS. Methods A systematic literature review was perfomed of studies indexed in PUBMED that assessed the epidemiology and risk factors of PI-IBS. Results The reported incidence of PI-IBS ranges for epidemic infections between 7 and 36 %, for individual infections between 4 and 36 % and for traveller's diarrhea from 4 to 14 %. Estimates of the prevalence of PI-IBS range from as low as 7 % to more than ⅓ of all IBS patients, depending on the study design. The predictors and biomarkers are varying among the studies. Conclusion PI-IBS appears to be common following infectious enteritis and among all IBS patients, but precise estimates are still lacking.

Purpose To use transabdominal sonography to determine the frequency of visualization of the adult normal appendix in patients with suspected acute infectious enteritis (AIE) compared with patients with acute appendicitis (AA) and a control group. Methods A total of 296 patients divided into 3 different groups underwent sonographic examination, including 120 randomly selected asymptomatic patients, 91 consecutive patients with AIE, and 85 consecutive patients with AA. In the 3 groups, visualization rate, outer appendiceal diameter, presence or absence of inflamed periappendiceal fat, and location of the appendix were recorded. Results The visualization rates of the appendix were 49.2%, 70.3%, and 96.5% for the control, AIE, and AA groups, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean ± SD outer appendiceal diameters for the 3 groups were 4.5 ± 1.2 mm, 4.5 ± 1.4 mm, and 7.9 ± 2.0 mm, respectively. The difference between outer appendiceal diameter in the control and AIE groups was not statistically significant. Periappendiceal inflamed fat was detected in all AA cases, but in none of the AIE cases. Conclusion The appendix was visualized more often in patients with AIE than in the control group, although the outer appendiceal diameter of the AIE group was not significantly different from that of the normal appendix seen in the control group. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008

Background: We assessed the role of computed tomography (CT) in the resolution of appendicitis. Methods: This was a retrospective study over 2.5 years involving 155 patients and 172 CT scans for suspected appendicitis in an emergency setting. Results: Sixty-nine studies were positive for appendicitis by CT criteria. Of these, 53 underwent surgery: 48 were positive for appendicitis, four had other pathologies (two with colon cancer, one with colitis, one with infectious enteritis), and one had a normal appendix that was removed. Three of the 69 patients were released or left the emergency room against medical advice. Twelve patients demonstrated acute appendicitis by CT criteria but were treated conservatively because their clinical conditions were stable; four of those patients had follow-up CT that showed resolution of findings. Six patients were followed clinically, without recurrence of symptoms, and two were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Resolving appendicitis is an entity that should be considered in a patient who has signs positive for appendicitis on CT but is doing well clinically. CT positive for appendicitis does not necessarily indicate surgery, and the decision for operation should depend on clinical and radiologic features.

The intestinal epithelial barrier plays an important role in maintaining host health. Breakdown of intestinal barrier function is known to play a role in many diseases such as infectious enteritis, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and neonatal inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, increasing research has demonstrated the importance of understanding how intestinal epithelial barrier function develops in the premature neonate in order to develop strategies to promote its maturation. Optimizing intestinal barrier function is thought to be key to preventing neonatal inflammatory bowel diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we will first summarize the key components of the intestinal epithelial barrier, what is known about its development, and how this may explain NEC pathogenesis. Finally, we will review what therapeutic strategies may be used to promote optimal development of neonatal intestinal barrier function in order to reduce the incidence and severity of NEC.

Johne’s disease is an incurable, chronic, infectious enteritis of domestic and wild ruminants. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It has been identified as one of the top health priorities of the Canadian dairy industry by the Dairy Farmers of Canada. The Atlantic Johne’s Disease Initiative (AJDI) was launched in 2011 as a voluntary, long-term farm strategy with the overall objective of reducing the prevalence and impact of Johne’s disease in Atlantic Canada. This report outlines program implementation statistics, prevalence data, risk assessment scores, and management plan recommendations for the AJDI., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2014

Ultrasonography (US) has become an essential tool in the initial evaluation of patients presenting with an acute abdomen, being quick and easy to use. When a patient is referred with acute abdomen of presumed intestinal origin, US can be employed in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, acute diverticulitis, obstruction, intussusception, Crohn's disease, infectious enteritis, ischemic bowel disease, and even tumors. US does not show findings specific for these disease processes, and frequently only shows nonspecific wall thickening, some infiltration of the adjacent fat, and a small amount of fluid, but nevertheless it is quite sensitive when performed by an experienced examiner, and can therefore be used as a rapid screening tool in patients with an acute abdomen. This paper describes the use of US in the evaluation of the acute abdomen of intestinal origin.

Die Reisediarrho ist die haufigste Form der infektiosen Diarrho des Erwachsenen. Abhangig von den angestrebten Reisezielen und dem allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand des Reisenden sollten diesem entsprechende Empfehlungen hinsichtlich Prophylaxe und Therapie mit auf den Weg gegeben werden. Relativ haufig treten unter einer antibiotischen Therapie Durchfalle auf (20–50%). Dabei muss unterschieden werden zwischen einer Diarrho ohne Clostridium difficile-Infektion und einer seltenen Clostridium difficile-Infektion mit Toxinbildung (auf Grund einer Clostridium difficile-Selektion durch Veranderung der Darmflora unter Antibiotika), die mit einer hohen Letalitat einhergeht. Im folgenden werden einige Richtlinien aufgezeigt, durch die eine Entscheidung fur oder gegen die antibiotische Therapie bei der infektiosen Enteritis erleichtert werden soll.