Search

Drawing upon broaden-and-build theory, this study examined the influence of positive leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of employees' state positive affect and the moderating effect of individualism-collectivism orientation in a Chinese cultural context. A sample of 215 valid questionnaires was obtained through a two-wave survey of 48 teams working in central China. Hypotheses were tested by a method of hierarchical linear modelling. The results indicate that positive leadership promotes employees' state positive affect and engagement. State positive affect partially mediates the association between positive leadership and employee engagement. Moreover, a multilevel moderation analysis reveals that collectivism weakens the effect of positive leadership on employees' state positive affect. Theoretical and managerial implications and future directions are discussed., Author(s): Yanling Yan [sup.1] , Junwei Zhang [sup.2] , Muhammad Naseer Akhtar [sup.3] , Shichang Liang [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) School of Economics & Management, , Zhengzhou University of Light [...]

RESPECTIVELY OFFERING NARRATIVES OF YOUNG WOMANHOOD IN MID-TWENTIETH-CENTURY ITALY AND THE LASTING IMPACTS OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION ON GENERATIONS OF A KOREAN FAMILY, THESE TV ADAPTATIONS OF ACCLAIMED LITERARY WORKS BY [...]

Author(s): Eoghan Smith [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Carlow College, St Patricks, , Carlow, Ireland Trilling's Sincerity and Authenticity is an attempt to describe a preoccupation that has come to be [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. 1447 I. Existing Barriers to Neuroscientific Advancement 1450 A. Preventive Incarceration. 1450 B. Faulty Investigative Practices. 1453 C. Jailhouse Informants. 1455 D. Retributivism 1458 E. The [...], When examining the future impact of neuroscience on the law, the first step requires narrowing the scope of the inquiry: advances in neuroscience are exciting, but the beneficial or harmful effects of those advances will depend on the specific culture in which they occur. In some cultures--such as in Norway or Sweden--integrating advances in neuroscience into the criminal justice system is likely to enhance understanding and improve the treatment of offenders and potential offenders. In the neoliberal culture of the United States, advances are more likely to exacerbate the profound wrongs of the criminal justice system rather than ameliorate them. The important question for neoliberal cultures is whether advances in neuroscience might contribute to the reform of those cultures. While neuroscience can contribute to that goal, there is a danger that neuroscience advances might encourage the radical individualist orientation of neoliberalism and revive a "nothing works"attitude toward rehabilitation. The benefits of neuroscience are more likely to emerge when the worst elements of neoliberal culture have been reformed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 460 IT. BACKGROUND 463 A. International Human Rights Develops into Bioethics of Genetic Modifications 463 B. The Severity of HIV and Sickle Cell Disease in [...], Recent genetic studies indicate that CRISPR-Cas9, a biological gene-editing mechanism derived from bacteria, may be capable of curing HIV and Sickle Cell Disease. Clinical research for HIV and SCD is prevalent in African nations because of the high incidence of those diseases in all forms. Because past research studies in Africa demonstrate how Western companies can abuse lax ethics regulations in developing African nations, ethics systems must prevent this new, potentially far-reaching CRISPR technology from being prematurely and unethically used on African research participants. In updating current international bioethics frameworks, drafters should pay particular attention to its application in African nations. International bioethics agreements cannot fully protect African research participants, however, until developing countries accord those agreements the power of law. African nations should accelerate the development of unitary systems of ethics laws and education programs unique to the cultural underpinnings of each nation. Only with both the reappraisal of international frameworks to better incorporate traditional African ideals and the development of coherent regional bioethics systems will African research participants be adequately protected.

Italian (n = 129) and American (n = 86) samples were evaluated with the Five Factor Inventory of personality and a measure of individualism/collectivism. Greater individualism was seen in the American group than the Italian group, as in the Hofstede (2019 (See CR12)) data. For the Italian sample only, greater individualism was associated with greater neuroticism and greater collectivism was associated with lower neuroticism. This may reflect poor culture fit for Italians with a very individualistic orientation given that Italy falls between the United States and Asian countries in terms of the individualism/collectivism dimension. Other studies have shown better personal adjustment being associated with having a personality that fits with the culture in which one is embedded. For both Italian and American groups, higher collectivism was associated with higher extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness consistent with other reports. Additional findings included higher openness in the Italian group and higher conscientiousness in the American group., Author(s): Leslie Burton [sup.1] , Elisa Delvecchio [sup.2] , Alessandro Germani [sup.2] , Claudia Mazzeschi [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.63054.34, 0000 0001 0860 4915, Department of Psychological Science, University of [...]

This study proposes that countries with a cultural orientation toward individualism tend to enjoy a higher level of financial development. Estimates based on cross-country data lend strong support to this hypothesis. Specifically, the results indicate that existing disparity in the level of financial development is significantly correlated with variation in the extent of individualism across countries, where a one standard deviation increase in individualism is associated with 0.631 standard deviations improvement in the level of financial development. The results are robust to a number of considerations. Additional results provide some support to the notion that individualistic culture and legal origin may serve as complements rather than substitutes to each other. (JEL 040, O50, Z10), I. INTRODUCTION It is a widely held view among economists that a deep financial system is beneficial for growth in the long run. A key issue, however, remains unresolved: why [...]

Marriage practices in Northwest Europe are unique among societies with intensive agriculture. Critically, married couples were freely chosen non-relatives who set up their households independently of their parents and their extended families; households typically including non- relatives and were established only after achieving economic viability. This in turn required greater planning and self-control prior to marriage, and resulted in greater husband-wife partnership than is typical when marriage is embedded within extended kinship networks (i.e., joint family structure--a form of collectivism paradigmatically occurring in the Middle East). A standard view among historians is that this marriage regime was a response to the unique context after the fall of the Roman Empire in which lords were forced to give incentives to laborers. This hypothesis is rejected for several reasons: 1. there are strong currents of individualism in Indo-European culture long predating the post-Roman period; 2. the manorial system of the post-Roman world was remarkably similar to the prevailing practices of Germanic tribes during the Roman period; 3. individualist families have several disadvantages compared to collectivist families, including later generation time, uncertain inheritance, greater likelihood of sexual assault prior to marriage in households composed of non-relatives--thus making it unlikely to be freely chosen because of incentives provided by lords. This is compatible with a theory that European individualism results from genetically based tendencies resulting in a misfit with medieval environments compared to collectivist family structure. Data are reviewed indicating that the most extreme forms of individualism occur in Scandinavian societies, implying a cline in individualism from southeast to northwest. In conclusion, an ethnically based northwest-southeast gradient is proposed as the main variable in explaining variation in family structure within Western Europe. However, viewed in broader terms-in comparison, say, to the Middle East--all of Europe, including Eastern Europe, is relatively individualistic. Keywords: Individualist family; Collectivist family; Manorial system; Indo-European culture; Germanic tribes; Extended kinship; Eugenic selection, There is a consensus among historians of the family that the family structure of Northwest Europe is unique. However, there is dispute about exactly when this family pattern can be [...]

The individual stands at the center of the works of Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau. Prompted to their reflections by the changing social, economic, and political conditions of nineteenth century America, they articulate two rich and distinct visions of individuality and the conditions that foster and frustrate its development. Whitman's poetry and prose depicts a porous, malleable, internally plural self who experiences the world in largely aesthetic terms and ecstatic terms, whereas Thoreau's writings depict a bounded, willful self who experiences the world through the mediating force of her individual ethical principles. Thus, while both valorized individuality they present competing ideals: Whitman's was expansive and centrifugal while Thoreau's was integral and centripetal. Furthermore, their respective accounts of democracy--the former's laudatory, the latter's critical--are profoundly shaped by these antecedent accounts of the individual. In this essay I argue that not only do these distinct visions of individuality continue to speak to us today, they stand to inform analysis of and attachment to modern democratic institutions and practices. Keywords: Henry David Thoreau; Walt Whitman; Democracy; Individuality, It is for want of a man that there are so many men. It is individuals that populate the world. --Henry David Thoreau, 'Life without Principle' (1854/1863) The average man [...]

The protagonist of Arthur Schnitzler's play Professor Bernhardi (1912) falls victim to an anti-Semitic smear campaign that costs him his career. Bernhardi's unwavering adherence to his ethical principles and the [...]

Although The Girl Who Leapt Through Time is often classified as science fiction, the most alluring quality of Mamoru Hosoda's 2006 feature animation is its representation of the rhythms of [...]

Abstract: Many of the communities in which anthropologists work are hierarchically organized, and the people who live in them often describe this arrangement in positive terms. Nevertheless, anthropologists rarely paint [...]

The immigration debate has ignored effects on American culture. The United States has become a multicultural society, which is good, but rapid immigration threatens to turn it into a mainly Latin American and Asian country. That would undermine the individualist culture, derived from Europe, that is essential to American world leadership. Damage to the society's dynamism and civility is already apparent. Immigration must be cut by half and other steps taken to promote assimilation., Author(s): Lawrence M. Mead[sup.1] Author Affiliations: Lawrence M. Mead is Professor of Politics and Public Policy at New York University. (1) Department of Politics, New York University, 19 West 4th [...]

Alexis de Tocqueville wittily observed that the Americans are Cartesians who have never read a word of Descartes. My purpose here is to explore the educational dimension of Tocqueville's criticism of American Cartesianism., Author(s): Peter Augustine Lawler[sup.1] Author Affiliations: Peter Augustine Lawler is Dana Professor of Government at Berry College. He is author, among other books, of Allergic to Crazy: Quick Thoughts on [...]

INTRODUCTION Dignitatis Humanae: "Of Human Dignity." The Second Vatican Council's 1965 declaration on religious liberty must have seemed a triumph--an exclamation mark signaling the success of a decades-long project, begun [...]

'THE essential function of art is moral,' writes D. H. Lawrence in his oft-used didactic strain (Studies 155). But coming to grips A with Lawrence's ethics, or the ethics of [...]

In Homer's Odyssey (one of humanity's earliest surviving works of speculative fiction), the story's hero, Odysseus, pulls off one of literature's great escapes. Trapped in a cave by the giant, [...]

The paper revises Oppenheim's 1976 hypothesis on Josiah Royce's intellectual development in light of recent criticism by Jacquelyn Kegley. The earlier hypothesis identified three paradigm shifts in Royce's thought, which on further reflection is found to obscure the underlying continuity in his thought. Especially the focus on the second shift--called the second 'maximal insight'--obscured the fact that the 1896-1905 decade 'exploded' with at least twenty significant intellectual events and insights, six of which are developed further in this paper. Keywords: Josiah Royce, Jacquelyn Kegley, individuality, paradigm shift, Courteously, Professor Jacquelyn Kegley, in her helpful and balanced book Josiah Royce in Focus, allocates her summary of responses to my 1976 hypothesis. (2) My hypothesis stated that Royce's intellectual [...]

Based on the perspectives of our symposium contributors, certain twenty-first century themes have become increasingly important in a global economy: 1) individuality; 2) connectedness; and 3) non-cognitive attributes. Individuals are asserting their influence in ways never seen before, thanks in part to technology and democracy. The innovators aren't doing it alone ironically; they are collaborating, or connecting, with like-minded peers and thinking across disciplines. They also possess certain non-cognitive attributes like motivation, perseverance, and adaptability that employers are increasingly looking for. Recognizing these three themes and their place in education is, therefore, critical to twenty-first century excellence. In this concluding article, the author illuminates each theme and offers a more fitting education approach that hopefully reflects an evolved perspective since A Nation at Risk was first published., Author(s): Norman Eng[sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: Norman Eng is Adjunct Assistant Professor of education for the City University of New York, Brooklyn College and City College. His research is broadly [...]

Say What? On Grice On What Is Said, LUCA BAPTISTA This paper argues that there is a very important, though often neglected, dissimilarity between the two Gricean conceptions of 'what [...]

RECENT WRITING ON DOCUMENTARY FILM has begun to suggest the importance of attending to the signifying work of the nonfiction performer. Building on converging lines of scholarship that emphasize the [...]

Know-wh Does Not Reduce to Know-That, KATALIN FARKAS Know-wh (knowing what, where, and so on) ascriptions are ubiquitous in many languages. One standard analysis of know-wh is this: someone knowswh [...]

We suffer from political nostalgia, not political polarization. So argues Yuval Levin in an important new book, The Fractured Republic: Renewing America's Social Contract in the Age of Individualism. The [...]

The 2007-2008 global economic crisis puts in stark relief the corporate state alliance within our contemporary neoliberalist common sense. Citizens of nation-states in times of economic crisis assume responsibility for [...]

Compared to other biblical narratives, the well-known account of the lower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9) has been underreprescnted in the psychological analysis of the Bible. Although the Babel narrative has [...]

The essays in Herbert Spencer's 1884 treatise on politics and economics. The Man Versus the State, combine two justifications of the fire market, each of which also involves a specific [...]

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ESSAY 'SELF RELIANCE,' Ralph Waldo Emerson exhorts his audience, 'Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. [...] Do not spill thy soul: do not [...]

My concern in this article is to explore what I take to be the essence of freedom and to locate it in the context of our civilization. Described thus, the [...]

A standard interpretation of Durkheim's theory of individualism is that he advocated the rights and dignity of the individual, and a social order based on the principles of equality and justice. Contemporary scholars discuss his notion of individual rights in neutral terms, as if Durkheim applied it equally to both sexes, ignoring the fact that women are excluded from Durkheim's vision of a just society. This article places Durkheim's theory of moral individualism and social justice in the context of his views on women, and offers a critique both of his theory and its present-day interpretation. It is argued that his reputation as defender of human rights is undermined by his theoretical treatment of the female sex. Durkheim refers to the 'individual' in generic terms, but his approach to a just social order and rights is essentially formulated in terms of the 'social' male individual. Key words: individualism, moral individualism, individual rights, social justice, gender inequality, gender relations. Une interpretation classique de la theorie durkheimienne de l'individualisme avance qu'elle defend les droits et la dignite de l'individu ainsi qu'un ordre social ancre dans les principes d'egalite et de justice. Or, les chercheurs contemporains discutent de maniere plutot neutre cette notion de droits individuels, comme si Durkheim les appliquait de maniere equivalente aux deux sexes, ignorant par le fait meme qu'il excluait les femmes dans son interpretation d'une societe juste. Cet article porte un regard critique sur la theorie durkheimienne de l'individualisme moral et de la justice sociale dans le contexte de sa perspective sur les femmes ainsi que sur ses interpretations actuelles. La reputation de Durkheim, en tant que defenseur des droits de la personne, est minee par sa conceptualisation theorique de la femme dans la societe moderne. Durkheim parle de 'l'individu' en termes generiques, toutefois sa vision des droits et d'un ordre social juste est formulee a partir de l'individu 'social' masculin. Mots cles: individualisme, individualisme moral, droits individuels, justice sociale, INTRODUCTION Ourkheim has been characterized as a conservative (Coser 1960; Nisbet 1952; Zeitlin 1981), a liberal (Strenski 2006; Lukes 1973; Prager 1981; Bellah 1973), a radical thinker with socialist tendencies [...]

Postmodernity, the cultural mode of neoliberalism, reduces history to a set of discourses with the concomitant assertion that the individual's knowledge of the real emerges from an engagement with images of the real The economic structures of neoliberalism encourage rugged individualism, self-reliance, and assert a spurious gender equality. Mad Men, a contemporary media product situated in media-derived nostalgia demonstrates how audiences read the past through the postmodern, neoliberal discourse of style. These readings encourage an ahistorical understanding of gender and class that reinforces neoliberal suppression of people as members of political classes. Keywords Postmodernism * Neoliberalism * Mad Men * Gender, Fredric Jameson identified postmodernism as the 'cultural logic of late capitalism' in his essay of the same name, published in 1984. Definitions of postmodernism fall into three areas: the historical, [...]

Within neoliberalism, an individual's agency and identity are fundamentally different than at any other stage in human development. The argument set forth is that within neoliberalism, agency and identity are, respectively, falsified and fluid, which further supports the intensification of the neoliberal project. When studied through the Veblenian lens, the role played by the habituating tools of commodity fetishism, conspicuous consumption, and moral panics become clear, demonstrating that while fundamentally different, neoliberal agency and identity emerge from previously established habits of thought. Keywords: agency, identity, neoliberal, Veblen JEL Classification Codes: B25, B52, N32, Identity and Agency Identity is most easily understood using Davis's (2009) rubric (1) of three distinct, interrelated components: 'personal identities,' which are self-ascribed; 'individual identities,' which are other-assigned identities; and [...]

If it be easy to see that it is more particularly important in democratic ages that spiritual opinions should prevail, it is not easy to say by what means those [...]

In a much earlier time of life, I recall walking back from lunch with someone I was thinking was about to become an extraordinary kind of friend--perhaps even an extraordinary [...]

Informed by a new theoretical framework that assigns a key role to cultural tasks (culturally prescribed means to achieve cultural mandates such as independence and interdependence) in mediating the mutual influences between culture and psychological processes, the authors predicted and found that North Americans are more likely than Western Europeans (British and Germans) to (a) exhibit focused (vs. holistic) attention, (b) experience emotions associated with independence (vs. interdependence), (c) associate happiness with personal achievement (vs. communal harmony), and (d) show an inflated symbolic self. In no cases were the 2 Western European groups significantly different from one another. All Western groups showed (e) an equally strong dispositional bias in attribution. Across all of the implicit indicators of independence, Japanese were substantially less independent (or more interdependent) than the three Western groups. An explicit self-belief measure of independence and interdependence showed an anomalous pattern. These data were interpreted to suggest that the contemporary American ethos has a significant root in both Western cultural heritage and a history of voluntary settlement. Further analysis offered unique support for the cultural task analysis. Keywords: independence and interdependence, culture and self, American individualism, frontier thesis

Byline: Adebowale Akande (1) Keywords: Self-esteem; Self-concept; Cross-cultural research; Dimensionality; Measurement equivalence; Individualism-collectivism Abstract: How is the cultural construct of individualism-collectivism relate to self-esteem? This is a complex and challenging proposition. Self-esteem (i.e., a person's global, evaluative view of his/her self), has resisted unequivocal definition or clear operationalization. There is a substantial literature on self-esteem hypothesis which may be stated thus: self-concept and self-esteem play important roles in a person's decisions to engage in certain behaviour. Due to inconsistent and indeterminate findings, business researchers and cross-cultural scholars, have failed to take into account possible interaction between culture/gender and social behaviour (self). Through analyses of variance, we provide evidence, that nationality yielded a highly significant levels of self-esteem with a distinctive statistically significant main and interaction effects. This result is robust to different benchmarks (for example, Hofstede's cultural indicators) used to measure self-esteem. The results are consistent with previous research, the cross-cultural stability of the measure makes it a potentially useful tool for evaluating the nature of self-conception across cultures. Caveats and implications are discussed. Author Affiliation: (1) Graduate School of Business, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 10806, Marine Parade 4056, Durban, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa Article History: Registration Date: 01/09/2008 Received Date: 17/04/2008 Accepted Date: 01/09/2008 Online Date: 24/09/2008

The priority of the individual, indeed, is one of the main points I attempted to establish in early Chinese understanding of justice or yi. It is certainly a different kind of 'individuality' [than was] intended by Mill or Rawls, but not necessarily untenable or unimportant. Perhaps it also presents a kind of human individuality that is more 'natural' or genuine, if we approach it without modern prejudices. For ancient Chinese, as I see it, such individuality and dignity do not belong exclusively to human beings, but to animals and plants as well: a lion in his commanding posture, a chimpanzee in her serene gaze, an oak tree standing under the sunshine, a reed dancing with the wind. Under this light, Jane Goodall's account of the individual characters of chimpanzees and David Abram's story of a spider are markedly more telling about the original meanings of 'dignity' than Mill's and Rawls' theories of liberty. From my response to a reviewer, Introduction: Dike versus Yi--Two Paths of Justice This essay explores a new possibility for justice by recapturing a line representing an early Confucian understanding of justice in the book of [...]

Traditional views of individualism and collectivism suggest that Eastern countries will exhibit collectivistic tendencies while Western countries will exhibit individualistic tendencies. The purpose of this study was to examine whether [...]

Countries in which people believe that 'most people can be trusted' and where citizens belong to a larger number of different voluntary associations are more individualistic, emphasizing the importance of independence and freedom to choose one's own goals. The present study examines the relationship between social capital and individualism/collectivism using a measure that distinguishes between familism and institutional collectivism. Familism correlated negatively with social capital, whereas institutional collectivism practices exhibited positive associations with social capital, especially with trust and participation in voluntary organizations such as church or religious organizations and labor unions. It is concluded that in societies where trust is limited to the nuclear family or kinship alone, people have lower levels of social capital. Social capital increases as the radius of trust widens to encompass a larger number of people and social networks among whom norms of generalized reciprocity are operative. Keywords: individualism; collectivism; social capital; radius of trust