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Advertisement calls in frogs have evolved to be species-specific signals of recognition and are therefore considered an essential component of integrative taxonomic approaches to identify species and delineate their distribution range. The species rich genus Microhyla is a particularly challenging group for species identification, discovery and conservation management due to the small size, conserved morphology and wide distribution of its members, necessitating the need for a thorough description of their vocalization. In this study, we provide quantitative description of the vocal behaviour of Microhyla nilphamariensis, a widely distributed south Asian species, from Delhi, India, based on call recordings of 18 individuals and assessment of 21 call properties. Based on the properties measured acrossed 360 calls, we find that a typical advertisement call of M. nilphamariensis lasts for 393.5 ±  57.5 ms, has 17 pulses on average and produce pulses at rate of 39 pulses/s. The overall call dominant frequency was found to be 2.8 KHz and the call spectrum consisted of two dominant frequency peaks centered at 1.6 KHz and 3.6 KHz, ranging between 1.5-4.1 KHz. Apart from its typical advertisement call, our study also reveals the presence of three rare call types, previously unreported in this species. We describe variability in call properties and discuss their relation to body size and temperature. We found that overall dominant frequency 1 (spectral property) was found to be correlated with body size, while first pulse period (temporal property) was found to be correlated with temperature. Further, we compare the vocal repertoire of M. nilphamariensis with that of the congener Microhyla ornata from the western coast of India and Sri Lanka and also compare the call properties of these two populations of M. ornata to investigate intra-specific call variation. We find statistically significant differentiation in their acoustic repertoire in both cases. Based on 18 call properties (out of 20), individuals of each locality clearly segregate on PCA factor plane forming separate groups. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) using PCA factors shows 100% classification success with individuals of each locality getting classified to a discrete group. This confirms significant acoustic differentiation between these species as well as between geographically distant conspecifics. The data generated in this study will be useful for comparative bioacoustic analysis of Microhyla species and can be utilized to monitor populations and devise conservation management plan for threatened species in this group.

One of most famous fatwa books written in the Indian subcontinent during the Babur’s period (1526-1858) is al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya. It was written by a commission by the order of the ruler during the reign of Emperor Abu-Muzaffar Muhammed Muhyiddin Awrangzeb (1658-1707). al-Fatava al-Hindiyya was prepared in six volumes. The completed sections of this work were personally discussed on a weekly basis by Emperor Awrangzeb himself. This book differs from other studies on fatwa literature in the two aspects mentioned. al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya is a voluminous book written to serve as source of law in the Babur judicial system facilitate the work of Hanafi jurists and ensure uniform of application in the Indian territories. In the context of the fatwa-sect relationship, this research will attempt to answer the question of whether this book was prepared with the aim of legislating or to base the official sect practice. In addition, it is aimed to examine Fetâvâ-i Hindîyye by taking into consideration its writing process, content and systematics, sources and effects after its completion. The study will provide data to discuss the existence of the IndoHanafi tradition. From its onwards al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya has been widely accepted and as a source in other major centers where Hanafi mazhab prevailed. Providing information about literature developed around al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya is also one main objective of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Anees Jung's Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim Women in India (1993) and Nighat Gandhi's Alternative Realities: Love in the Lives of Muslim Women (2013), two contemporary anglophone travel narratives documenting the lives of Muslim women, the article explores the cartography of feminine Islam in the Indian subcontinent and argues that both authors, in mapping the geography of Muslim women, take inspiration from Rihla narratives, the medieval Islamic genre of travel literature. It explores how the generic esthetics of Adab-al-Rihla (travel literature) resonate with the esthetics employed by the authors in their "eye-witness" accounts of Muslim societies: how journeys in search of Muslim women bring the traveler close to Talib-e-'ilm (knowledge-seeker) of Rihla, how, through their discoveries, the authors reclaim the domain of knowledge production, how the narratives, by incorporating everyday and commonplace, along with 'aa'jaib and nawadir (strange and rare), remediate sublimity of the genre, and how do the authors map secular and sacred in Muslim geographies raising questions about the spaces that women inhabit. Furthermore, it investigates how, by revealing the feminine, both texts contest the inherent masculinity of Rihla tradition and challenge the hegemonic narratives about women and lived Islam in the subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Some of the most notable human behavioral palimpsests result from warfare and its durable traces in the form of defensive architecture and strategic infrastructure. For premodern periods, this architecture is often understudied at the large scale, resulting in a lack of appreciation for the enormity of the costs and impacts of military spending over the course of human history. In this article, we compare the information gleaned from the study of the fortified cities of the Early Historic period of the Indian subcontinent (c. 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE) with the precolonial medieval era (9-17th centuries CE). Utilizing in-depth archaeological and historical studies along with local sightings and citizen-science blogs to create a comprehensive data set and map series in a “big-data” approach that makes use of heterogeneous data sets and presence-absence criteria, we discuss how the architecture of warfare shifted from an emphasis on urban defense in the Early Historic period to an emphasis on territorial offense and defense in the medieval period. Many medieval fortifications are known from only local reports and have minimal identifying information but can still be studied in the aggregate using a least-shared denominator approach to quantification and mapping.

Background: The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a very dreaded complication of mucormycosis. Immunosuppressive action of the COVID-19 virus, co-morbidities, for example, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, use of steroids, and humidified oxygen, are among the important factors that make the patients susceptible to developing mucormycosis. Objective: The present study was conducted to identify and understand all the significant histological changes including the type and extent of tissue involvement, the pattern of inflammation, the volume of fungal hyphae, hemorrhage, etc., in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) and correlate with clinical outcome. Method: It was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving all the patients of CAM, who underwent debridement or biopsy over a period of 5 months, from April 01, 2021, to August 31, 2021. CAM was classified based on the radiological evaluation, clinical features, and organs involved. Different demographic, clinical, laboratory, and histologic parameters were recorded. The variables were assessed for their association with poor clinical outcomes using multiple logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 146 patients were included in the study with a mean age of 49.4 years and 71.2% were male. Sino-naso-palatal was the most common type of CAM (32.9%), while sino-naso-cerebral was the least common (14.3%). DM was present in 54.1% of patients, out of which 26.6% were recently diagnosed. The death occurred in 21.9% of patients. Maximum mortality was observed in CAM of sino-naso-cerebral involvement (42.9%). Total leucocyte count (TLC) [OR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-0.97; P = 0.02] and C-reactive protein (CRP) [OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96-0.99; P = 0.008] were significantly associated with poor outcomes. Other factors, that is, high prothrombin time, DM, ferritin, and the involvement of muscle, skin, and cartilage, were also associated with poor clinical outcomes but were not statistically significant. Similarly, high fungal volume and the presence of thrombosis were also associated with poor outcomes but were not statistically significant. Conclusion: CAM more commonly affects males with co-morbidities. TLC and CRP were significantly associated with poor outcomes. Histologically, the involvement of skin, muscle, and cartilage and the presence of excessive fungal hyphae and thrombosis were also associated with poor outcomes.

Abstract Background Traditional medicine (TM) interventions are plausible therapeutic alternatives to conventional medical interventions against emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases, particularly in low-and middle-income countries that may lack resources and infrastructure. Despite the growing popularity in the usage of TM interventions, their clinical safety and effectiveness are still contested within conventional healthcare in many countries. Methods We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature that synthesises and maps the evidence on TM interventions for the treatment and prevention of zoonoses on the Indian subcontinent. The region, a global hotspot of biodiversity and emerging infections, is characterised by high prevalence of TM use. Based on the scientific literature (mostly case study research, n=l06 studies), our review (1) maps the scope of the literature, (2) synthesises the evidence on the application of TM interventions for zoonoses, and (3) critically reflects on the state of TM and identifies areas for future research focus. Results The evidence synthesis confirmed widespread usage of TM interventions for zoonoses on the subcontinent, with the majority of research reported from India (n=99 studies, 93.4%), followed by Pakistan (n=3 studies, 2.8%), Bangladesh (n=2 studies, 1.9%), and Sri Lanka (n=1, 0.9%). Most of the reviewed studies reported on ethno-medicinal uses of plant species, primarily for treating dengue (n=20 studies), tuberculosis (n=18 studies), Escherichia coli infection (n=16 studies), lymphatic filariasis and cholera (n=9 apiece). However, the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of these reported TM interventions is limited, indicating that these data are rarely collected and/or shared within the peer-reviewed literature. Conclusion This review thus highlights that, whilst TMs are already being used and could offer more widely accessible interventions against emerging and endemic zoonoses and ectoparasites, there is an urgent need for rigorous clinical testing and validation of the safety and effectiveness of these interventions.

Some of the most notable human behavioral palimpsests result from warfare and its durable traces in the form of defensive architecture and strategic infrastructure. For premodern periods, this architecture is often understudied at the large scale, resulting in a lack of appreciation for the enormity of the costs and impacts of military spending over the course of human history. In this article, we compare the information gleaned from the study of the fortified cities of the Early Historic period of the Indian subcontinent (c. 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE) with the precolonial medieval era (9-17th centuries CE). Utilizing in-depth archaeological and historical studies along with local sightings and citizen-science blogs to create a comprehensive data set and map series in a "big-data" approach that makes use of heterogeneous data sets and presence-absence criteria, we discuss how the architecture of warfare shifted from an emphasis on urban defense in the Early Historic period to an emphasis on territorial offense and defense in the medieval period. Many medieval fortifications are known from only local reports and have minimal identifying information but can still be studied in the aggregate using a least-shared denominator approach to quantification and mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparganosis is one of the common zoonotic diseases caused by infection with the larval plerocercoids (spargana) of the cestode genus Spirometra. While this parasite distributes globally in canine and feline hosts, human infection is predominantly reported in East Asia, especially China, Korea, Japan, and Thailand. Maybe related to the behavior and food culture, this zoonotic disease is rather rare in South Asia to the Middle East. In these areas, sporadic case reports have been appeared mostly in the local medical journals. To draw a solid picture of sparganosis in these non-endemic areas of Asia, we made an extensive literature survey to gather sparganosis cases in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional medicine (TM) interventions are plausible therapeutic alternatives to conventional medical interventions against emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases, particularly in low-and middle-income countries that may lack resources and infrastructure. Despite the growing popularity in the usage of TM interventions, their clinical safety and effectiveness are still contested within conventional healthcare in many countries. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature that synthesises and maps the evidence on TM interventions for the treatment and prevention of zoonoses on the Indian subcontinent. The region, a global hotspot of biodiversity and emerging infections, is characterised by high prevalence of TM use. Based on the scientific literature (mostly case study research, n=l06 studies), our review (1) maps the scope of the literature, (2) synthesises the evidence on the application of TM interventions for zoonoses, and (3) critically reflects on the state of TM and identifies areas for future research focus. Results: The evidence synthesis confirmed widespread usage of TM interventions for zoonoses on the subcontinent, with the majority of research reported from India (n=99 studies, 93.4%), followed by Pakistan (n=3 studies, 2.8%), Bangladesh (n=2 studies, 1.9%), and Sri Lanka (n=1, 0.9%). Most of the reviewed studies reported on ethno-medicinal uses of plant species, primarily for treating dengue (n=20 studies), tuberculosis (n=18 studies), Escherichia coli infection (n=16 studies), lymphatic filariasis and cholera (n=9 apiece). However, the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of these reported TM interventions is limited, indicating that these data are rarely collected and/or shared within the peer-reviewed literature. Conclusion: This review thus highlights that, whilst TMs are already being used and could offer more widely accessible interventions against emerging and endemic zoonoses and ectoparasites, there is an urgent need for rigorous clinical testing and validation of the safety and effectiveness of these interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Telemedicine, particularly through video-interviewing (VI), is vital for improving healthcare access in remote areas, especially in transfusion medicine. • The manuscript highlights its benefits in our blood centre where VI enhances consultation timeliness and serology reactive blood donor notification. Telemedicine facilitates expertise access, knowledge sharing, virtual training, and strengthening local healthcare thus improving transfusion services in remote high-altitude hilly regions. • Embracing telemedicine with technological advancements, like AI and mobile health apps, offers future enhancements and may help optimize transfusion practices in underserved regions of Uttarakhand India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the trends in precipitable water vapor (PWV), atmospheric moisture budget (AMB), and the factors influencing them: air temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and vertical velocity (Omega) over the Indian subcontinent using ERA5 reanalysis data sets between 1980 and 2020. PWV is examined across three atmospheric layers (1000–850 hPa: lower layer; 850–500 hPa: middle layer; 500–300 hPa: upper layer), and the entire atmospheric column (EAC; 1000–300 hPa). The observed PWV trends exhibit variability within the EAC, ranging from −0.53 to 1.25 mm/decade across the study area, with the middle layer showing the most pronounced variation (–0.44 to 0.83 mm/decade), followed by the lower layer (0.10 to 0.45 mm/decade), and the upper layer (–0.02 to 0.23 mm/decade). These fluctuations in PWV are attributed to changes in air temperature, ET, CAPE, and Omega. This investigation, however, underscores the necessity of delving into the impacts of these influencing factors on PWV using finer resolution data, to enhance our comprehension of its spatial and temporal dynamics in the region. Furthermore, the annual AMB analysis reveals a declining trend in the study region. These findings collectively contribute to the understanding of regional water-energy cycles and the recent shifts in atmospheric dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion therapy is a set of practices that aim to alter an individual's sexual orientation or gender identity. This review aimed to explore the medico-socio-legal implications of conversion therapy in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Review of medical literature has shown that conversion therapy does not lead to changes in sexual orientation or gender identity. Conversion therapy caused significant medical harm to LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual. Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and spectrum) individuals. LGBTQ+ individuals who underwent conversion therapy were reportedly 4.6 and 3.1 times more likely to suffer from suicidality and depression, respectively, as compared to the general population. Sociocultural and religious factors further lead to the continued practice of conversion therapy and perpetuated the harms caused by the practice. Delays in adequate action by healthcare professional organizations and medical regulatory systems, as well as a lack of discussion among the public about conversion therapy and, more broadly, the experience of LGBTQ+ individuals, contributed to the continued practice of conversion therapy. A multidisciplinary, evidence-based policy framework is required to address the medical, social and legal issues surrounding conversion therapy in the Indian subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the new energy of Sanskrit renaissance in Europe due to European voyages to India, followed by trade and then the construction of British India. It created a new social impetus to Sanskrit in India too, and the Indian intelligentsia, empowered by western education also began to examine texts written in the language. Interpretations came out in a pouring manner of these ancient texts, some locating them as the manufacturers of caste system, and some appreciating their contribution to science, literature, and philosophy and especially law. We have to re-understand how German intelligentsia interpreted and viewed these texts. The concept of nation in the age of nationalism, and its ideology of an imagined community with similar culture and shared beliefs has brought forth the necessity to enquire into the foundation of India’s modern identity, as perhaps, constructed by Oriental scholarship and the knowledge with new developments it brought forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Seyyed Ahmad Barelvi is one of the few revolutionary Sufis of the Indian subcontinent who transformed his political thought from theory to practice through jihad and armed uprising. Barelvi's political thought was not unrelated to the crises and disorders of his time. The central issue of this article is the relationship between Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi's political thought and the crises and disorders of his era. The core question of this inquiry is: according to Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, what were the crises facing the society of the Indian subcontinent at that time, what did he consider their roots and causes, and what was his ideal political order and the solutions he prescribed for overcoming these crises? Methods: This article employs Thomas Spragens' "crisis theory" model as the theoretical framework and research methodology to explain Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi's political thought. Spragens developed his method to uncover and understand the "inner logic" of political theory. According to him, every political theory emerges from the crisis of its time, considering the current state (what is) and the desired state (what ought to be). Spriggans believes that the great art of a political theory is to provide a way to integrate the "what is" with the "what ought to be." Results and discussion: Sayyid Ahmad perceived the political powers of his time as being in conflict with his theoretical foundations and value system as a Muslim. Additionally, the contemporary political systems were acquiring power illegitimately, and the Islamic political order was gradually losing its ability to sustain itself. Therefore, by contemplating concepts such as Imamate, Jihad, and governance, he sought to pave the way for a transformation in the political order and a legitimate transfer of power. This set of efforts came to be known as "Tariqat-i-Muhammadiya" (the Mohammadian Way). Ultimately, although "Tariqat-i-Muhammadiya" failed to establish a new order and implement a legitimate governance based on its politico-religious principles, it was somewhat successful in delegitimizing and discrediting the "right to rule" of colonial and despotic powers. Barelvi was ultimately defeated due to the greed and betrayal of certain Pashtun leaders who disregarded his directives for a principled jihad. Barelvi's concept of jihad entailed a specific understanding of warfare that was incompatible with material goals aimed at collecting spoils. These principles effectively imposed constraints on his fighters, who were primarily from the Pashtun tribes. The Pashtun leaders rejected these constraints, abandoned Barelvi's principles of jihad, and instead focused on accumulating war spoils. The Pashtuns' strong desire for booty created the first rift in Sayyid Ahmad's movement. Subsequently, this rift expanded to other issues, such as the incompatibility between Sayyid Ahmad's orthodox principles and the tribal traditions of the Pashtuns, leading to the failure of Barelvi's movement. Despite this, the 'Tariqat-i Muhammadiyya' movement had a significant religious impact on contemporary Islamic movements and notably influenced the Taliban in Afghanistan both militarily and politically. Conclusion: According to Barelvi, the main crises are categorized as "political" and "religious." He considers the root of these crises to be "shirk" (polytheism) and "kufr" (disbelief). Barelvi's ideal political order involves eradicating polytheism and disbelief, elevating the word of God, reviving the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, and establishing a native Islamic state. His practical solution to resolve these crises and transition from the current state to the desired state involves the continuous implementation of "military jihad." However, ultimately, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi fails in the execution of his strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All means of transportation that involves using one's own muscle power to get from one place to another is referred to as 'active transportation'. The current study intends to revive urban neighbourhood streets by enabling the use of active modes of transport. An attempt is made to enable the use of active modes of transport through analysing citizens' perceptions and their needs in line with infrastructure facilities to foster/encourage the shift to active transportation. The objective of the current investigation is to identify priority 'areas of intervention' (the basic requirement of the citizens) for fostering active transportation (walking and cycling) facilities. The priority 'areas of intervention' are identified using revised Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). A survey instrument was constructed to assess the importance and satisfaction of several parameters associated with walking and cycling; data was collected on a five-point unipolar Likert-type scale. The parameters analysed assess the overall provisions in the neighbourhood and assist in understanding the barriers to the choosing of active modes of walking and cycling. The results of the present study are an evaluation for decision making to improve active transport facilities in neighbourhood named, Evershine City of Vasai in Maharashtra. The findings of the study indicate the need for improvement of several facilities to increase the overall performance level of active transport in the neighbourhood. The improvements made in those areas are expected to promote active mobility in the neighbourhood. Despite the findings of the current study are case-specific, the work is anticipated to achieve the ease of mobility for first mile and last mile connectivity in various urban neighbourhoods, further encouraging green mobility by prioritizing active mobility. • Areas of interventions to improve active mobility (walking and cycling) in an urban neighbourhood are identified. • User perception is key for developing active mobility solutions and necessary infrastructure. • The 'areas of intervention' are identified by assessing the performance along with the importance and satisfaction. • The work demonstrates the need of policy interventions to improve parameters to foster active mobility in the neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel Tired Generations (Udas Naslein) is a novel by Abdullah Hüseyin, published in Urdu in 1963, that enables us to witness one of the important periods in the history of our country and the world. Hüseyin can be called a socialist writer considering his novel Tired Generations. In his work, the author wants to convey to the reader the environment his country is in as a result of its exploitation by the British. Thus, he writes his novel with the desire to announce the problems of the people to the outside world. Hüseyin's work begins with the character named Roşen Ağa, whose name is mentioned in the first chapter, explaining how he became the landowner of the region called Roşenpur, which he named after himself, and a brief description of Roşenpur. In Roşenpur, Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians live as a community, respectful of each other's religious and cultural values. Although they all have different religious and political views, their social structures, economic activities and lifestyles do not conflict with each other's human values. This depiction of Roşenpur drawn by Abdullah Hüseyin is a miniature of India of the period. In the work; Economic difficulties, political impotence, understanding the negative effects of the longstanding exploitation system and war on the people, and the factors that led the country to the independence process will be conveyed through structural and thematic fiction. Structural elements in the work; time, place, plot, point of view and cast of characters. Thematic elements are; It will be explained with prominent examples in the work through the concepts of class difference, exploitation order, war, independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economy, transportation, and tourism has yet to be investigated for small heritage sites. In addition to more research into the elements mentioned above, there is still a need to establish an integrated model that answers the need for economic augmentation in such tourism destinations. The model uses a 'choice freedom index' with financial health and transportation infrastructure to forecast positive tourism supply and demand. This article combines 'economy,' 'transportation,' and 'tourism' in a constructed model that employs dynamic panel data regression, econometric modelling, and regression analysis, resulting in a user interface software that identifies future investment requirements to enhance tourism and applies it to Bishnupur, a city in the Indian subcontinent to address the Sustainable Development Goals – promoting economic growth and job creation (Goal 8), increase innovation, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and create resilient infrastructure (Goal 9), sustainable cities (Goal 11), as well as sustainable production and consumption (Goal 12). • Numerous tourism flow models present but lack of a universal tourism flow model. • Lack of transportation, economy and conservation integration in present models. • Choice freedom index unintroduced in any present models studied. • Transport modal variance dispute hindering travel behaviour integration. • Indian subcontinents lagging behind in tourism flow model inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The emerging predictors of childhood undernutrition include household food insecurity (HFI) and inadequate diet diversity (DD). Geographical, socio-cultural, economic, and demographic factors contribute to HFI. Earlier, HFI was often considered an outcome of hunger and poverty leading to undernutrition. The increasing availability of data related to childhood DD and its direct association with undernutrition indicates that DD could mediate the relationship between HFI and undernutrition. This narrative review examined the association of HFI and/or DD with undernutrition in children younger than 5 years in the Indian subcontinent; and the current programmes and policies. The current evidence showed a possible association between HFI and DD either independently or together with childhood undernutrition. Until now, nutrition-specific interventions to address moderate and severe forms of undernutrition were focused, with a limited attention on nutrition-sensitive approaches to improve HFI and DD. Interventions which improve HFI and DD may be included in the existing programmes and would help address the undernutrition in children younger than 5 years.

We sequenced Leishmania donovani genomes in blood samples collected in emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in western Nepal. We detected lineages very different from the preelimination main parasite population, including a new lineage and a rare one previously reported in eastern Nepal. Our findings underscore the need for genomic surveillance.

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Copyright of Journal of the Faculty of Theology / Kilis 7 Aralik Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Kilis 7 Aralik Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the pivotal role of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703-1762) in the revival of Islam in the Indian subcontinent through Sufism following the decline of the Mughal Empire. Shah Waliullah, a Sufi affiliated with the Naqshbandi Order, also distinguished himself as an Ash’ari theologian and a Hanafi jurist. Shah Waliullah’s distinctive interpretation, which underscores the significance of the Quran and the Sunnah in Islamic sciences and Sufism, has played an essential role in reforming Islamic thought in the region from theoretical and practical perspectives. His works in the fields of fiqh (jurisprudence), theology, and Sufism have profoundly influenced Muslim thought on the Indian subcontinent. Shah Waliullah, a proponent of the idea that Sufism could serve as a powerful tool in the moral and spiritual development of society, not only emphasised the potential risks posed by distorted Sufism but also cautioned against deviating from the path of the Quran and the Sunnah. His understanding of Sufism is based on rejecting any activity beyond the Quran and Sunnah. He made valuable contributions to the Aqidah (Islamic creed) reform, the promotion of hadith scholarship, and the reconciliation of fiqh (jurisprudence) and Sufism. Shah Waliullah also emphasised the importance of Islamic values and culture. In this article, an attempt has been made to offer a perspective for contemporary Muslims striving to reconcile their beliefs with the demands of modern life by analysing the views of Shah Waliullah on the interpretation of Islamic sciences and Sufism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertisement calls in frogs have evolved to be species-specific signals of recognition and are therefore considered an essential component of integrative taxonomic approaches to identify species and delineate their distribution range. The species rich genus Microhyla is a particularly challenging group for species identification, discovery and conservation management due to the small size, conserved morphology and wide distribution of its members, necessitating the need for a thorough description of their vocalization. In this study, we provide quantitative description of the vocal behaviour of Microhyla nilphamariensis, a widely distributed south Asian species, from Delhi, India, based on call recordings of 18 individuals and assessment of 21 call properties. Based on the properties measured acrossed 360 calls, we find that a typical advertisement call of M. nilphamariensis lasts for 393.5 ± 57.5 ms, has 17 pulses on average and produce pulses at rate of 39 pulses/s. The overall call dominant frequency was found to be 2.8 KHz and the call spectrum consisted of two dominant frequency peaks centered at 1.6 KHz and 3.6 KHz, ranging between 1.5–4.1 KHz. Apart from its typical advertisement call, our study also reveals the presence of three ‘rare’ call types, previously unreported in this species. We describe variability in call properties and discuss their relation to body size and temperature. We found that overall dominant frequency 1 (spectral property) was found to be correlated with body size, while first pulse period (temporal property) was found to be correlated with temperature. Further, we compare the vocal repertoire of M. nilphamariensis with that of the congener Microhyla ornata from the western coast of India and Sri Lanka and also compare the call properties of these two populations of M. ornata to investigate intra-specific call variation. We find statistically significant differentiation in their acoustic repertoire in both cases. Based on 18 call properties (out of 20), individuals of each locality clearly segregate on PCA factor plane forming separate groups. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) using PCA factors shows 100% classification success with individuals of each locality getting classified to a discrete group. This confirms significant acoustic differentiation between these species as well as between geographically distant conspecifics. The data generated in this study will be useful for comparative bioacoustic analysis of Microhyla species and can be utilized to monitor populations and devise conservation management plan for threatened species in this group.

Energy fluctuations and global economic directly hit Indian Subcontinent (Geopolitically, it generally includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) economy and social welfare, which are the net importer of energy sources. This study investigates the relationship between strategic petroleum reserve and welfare losses for Indian Subcontinent. The breakdown of crude oil energy supply has a significant impact on energy security & welfare losses. Oil supply security was quantified in terms of the Indian Subcontinent's oil vulnerability index (which accounts for 84 percent of global oil imports), and welfare losses based on oil supply disruption were calculated. Afghanistan is the most susceptible country in the Indian Subcontinent in terms of energy reserves, as per the composite index results, whereas India is the lowest vulnerable. Empirical findings pointed to a 30% deficit of oil supply as the cause of the most volatile pattern of oil pricing, which exacerbates the estimated welfare loss by a 40% drop in GDP, which is around $700 in the Indian Subcontinent & $9000 in the top oil-consuming countries. According to this analysis, the Indian Subcontinent should keep at least a hundred days' worth of strategic oil resources to avert social and economic losses due to oil price fluctuations.

One of the results of the British colonial domination on the Indian subcontinent until 1274 A. H, in the form of the East India Company and then under the direct supervision of the British government was the termination of the Gorkan Empire (932- 1274 A. H) and the domination over the local governments of Asef Jahid (1135- 1368A. H). The most obvious difference between Asef Jahid and the other Muslim local governments in India was that they could preserve their governance as the most important local government and the main support of the Muslims of this land until the end of the British colonial domination. This issue led to the research with the aim of investigating the relationship between Asef Jahid rulers and British colonialism relying on the historical method of research as well as the data collected from the library sources. According to the findings of the research, these rulers with their accurate understanding of the conditions in the subcontinent, sometimes opposed England and took concessions, and sometimes they used it as a means toward the survival of their government and found an opportunity to fight against colonialism

This article aimed to analyse the life and works of Mu'in al-Din Ḥasan Ibn Sayyid Giyaseddin as- Sijzī al-Chishti (d. 633/1236) as well as the effects of the Chishti Tariqa of which he was the founder, in the Indian Subcontinent. The importance and effects of Chishti Tariqa, the first and largest sect of India, in the spread of Islam and the construction of the basic structure of Islamic civilisation and culture are mentioned. The Chishti Tariqa emerged around 930 CE in Chishti, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan, and this tariqa got its name from its founder Mu'in al-Din Chishti. The essential condition of the Chishti Tariqa is a life in accordance with the Qur'an and Sunnah, that is, following the Sharia. According to Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Sufism without Sharia is superstitious. People who follow the path of Sufism without following the Shari'a cannot enjoy spiritual life in any way. Mu'in al-Din Chishti settled the Chishti order in Lahore and Ajmer in India in the middle of the 12th century. Mu'in al-Din Chishti is among the most well-known scholars, thinkers and sufis in the Indian subcontinent. In addition, Mu'in al-Din Chishti has a distinguished personality in social life. He saw the religious life as a service to the creatures and inculcated his followers to be in the social life and to serve the creatures. For this reason, he considered meeting the needs of the needy and feeding the hungry as a requirement of obedience to Allah and never neglected this. Due to his influence in India, Mu'in al-Din Chishti was given titles such as "Merciful to the Poor, Sun of India and Spiritual Sultan of India". He first stayed in Bukhara and Samarkand for a while for his education and then went to Baghdad. Mu'in al-Din Chishti also visited many important Islamic science centres of the period, such as Damascus, Mecca, Medina, Hamadan, Tabriz, Herat, Nishapur, Isfahan, Gorgan, Sabzevar, Balkh, and came to Lahore in India via Ghazni. Mu'in al-Din Chishti was also an influential Islamic scholar who devoted himself to the spread of Islam. Due to his invitation, many people accepted Islam in groups. The rulers of the period were disturbed due to the increasing number of Mu'in al-Din Chishti's influence circle and the people around him. The Hindu Raja, the king of the period, who thought his authority would be in danger, started to persecute Mu'in al-Din Chishti and his followers in various ways. However, Mu'in al-Din's influence on the people increased continuously despite all these problems. According to historical records, approximately nine million non-Muslims became Muslims in India under the influence of Mu'in al-Din Chishti. The study aimed to delineate Mu'in al-Din Chishti's life, scientific personality, works, influences and sect, lineage, mystical views, his travels for science, the Islamic scholars he met during his travels and learned knowledge, and his societal influences. Chishti's sufi doctrines were discussed through essential concepts in his works and the sect's method. In addition, the article also described the relations of Chishti with the rulers of his own time, the difficulties he encountered during his guidance of the people, and the reasons for these difficulties.

• Written in a conversational tone, this memoir delves into the remarkable life of Professor (Dr.) Sudha S. Bhat, an iconic figure in Indian pathology and transfusion medicine. • Formerly heading the Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion at the prestigious Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Karnataka, her life story unfolds with rich anecdotes, profound dedication to teaching, and invaluable experiences. • As we further, delve into her memoir, we uncover not just her professional achievements but also the profound personal impact of her life's journey on the authors' minds. Through this memoir, we wish and hope to inspire those reading it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global economic events have had a profound effect upon both businesses and the available workforce. Industries need a more skilful and advanced labour market and individuals who complete tertiary-level education are afforded better protection against economic uncertainties. Consequently, demand for higher education worldwide is growing, due to a rising number of globally mobile students. However, return on investment is important and curriculums offering employability enhancement and work opportunities are motivating factors when international students make their study decisions. This paper details one UK university's approach to enhancing international student employability skills and employment outcomes, using a 3-day experiential learning residential on an MBA programme. Employing a survey design, the research investigates the benefits of this residential to 182 international MBA students (all from the Indian subcontinent region). The findings report that the international students developed key employability skills via the residential which significantly increased their propensity to obtain subsequent employment. The results of this paper provide much needed insight into improving both the employability skills and employment outcomes of international students, especially students from the Indian subcontinent, via immersive experiential learning activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Sciences Studies is the property of Social Sciences Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to identify significant antenatal and postnatal factors associated with neonatal death at 2–7 days and at 2–28 days in the Indian subcontinent. Results from this study may help guide strategies to improve antenatal and postnatal care services and reduce neonatal mortality. Nationally representative recent Demographic and Health Survey data sets from five countries, including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Maldives and Nepal, were used. Survey-weighted univariate distributions were used for study population characteristics and bivariate distributions, along with the chi-squared test for unadjusted associations. Finally, multilevel logistic regression models were performed to determine the association of antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) factors with neonatal deaths. Among 200,499 live births, the highest neonatal death rate was observed in Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh, whereas the lowest rate was in Nepal. After adjusting for sociodemographic and maternal control variables, the multilevel analysis showed a significantly lower likelihood of neonatal death at 2–7 days and 2–28 days with ANC visits <12 weeks' gestation, at least four ANC visits during pregnancy, PNC visits within the first week after birth and breastfeeding. Delivery at home by a skilled birth attendant compared to unskilled birth attendant was significantly associated with lower neonatal death at 2–7 days. Multifoetal gestation was significantly associated with higher neonatal death at 2–7 days and at 2–28 days. The findings suggest that strengthening ANC and PNC services will improve newborn health in the Indian subcontinent and decrease neonatal mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern grasslands on the Indian subcontinent, North and South America, and East Africa expanded widely during the late Miocene – earliest Pleistocene, likely in response to increasing aridity. Grasses utilizing the C4 photosynthetic pathway are more tolerant of high temperatures and dry conditions, and because they induce less C isotope fractionation than plants using the C3 pathway, the expansion of C4 grasslands can be traced through the δ13C of organic matter in soils and terrigenous marine sediments. We present a high-resolution record of the elemental and isotopic composition of bulk organic matter in the Nicobar Fan sediments from IODP Site U1480, off western Sumatra, to elucidate the timing and pace of the C3–C4 plant transition within the ∼1.5 × 106 km2 catchments of the Ganges/Brahmaputra river system, which continue to supply voluminous Himalaya-derived sediments to the Bay of Bengal. Using a multi-proxy approach to correct for the effects of marine organic matter and account for major sources of uncertainty, we recognize two phases of C4 expansion starting at ∼7.1 Ma, and at ∼3.5 Ma, with a stepwise transition at ∼2.5 Ma. These intervals appear to coincide with periods of Indian Ocean and East Asian monsoon intensification, as well as the expansion of Northern Hemisphere glaciation starting at ∼2.7 Ma. Our data from the deep sea for a multi-phased C4 expansion on the Indian subcontinent are in agreement with terrestrial data from the Indian Siwaliks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Uttarakhand, a state in northern India, is home to various local communities, including the Garhwali, Kumaoni, and Jaunsari. In addition, individuals from neighboring countries such as Nepal and Tibet reside in Uttarakhand for many years, resulting in a diverse population. However, currently, there is no regional registry for rare blood donors in this state. The aim of this study was to develop a rare donor registry in Uttarakhand which could in future become a part of the national rare blood donor registry. Methods: During the routine donation process, samples were taken from randomly selected O-typed blood donors who are residents of Uttarakhand. Seventeen monoclonal antisera included Rh (anti-D, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, and anti-e), Duffy (anti-Fya and anti-Fyb), Kell (anti-K and anti-k), Kidd (anti-Jka and anti-Jkb), Lewis (anti-Lea and anti-Leb), M, N, S, and s (Ortho Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, India). Furthermore, four polyclonal antisera from our serum repository, Diego (anti-Dia), Indian (anti-Ina), Rh (anti-Cw), and anti-Gp-Mur were used for phenotyping. The study was financially aided by the Uttarakhand State Council of Science and Technology (UCOST), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Government of India. Results: Over a period of 16 months (November 2021-February 2023), out of a total of 17,004 blood donations, O blood type donors accounted for 29.9% (5085/17,004) of the donors screened. Among these, 7.3% (374/5085) of the donors were from the interior and plain areas of Uttarakhand. Our study revealed a high prevalence of k and e antigens, with 96.7% and 92.5%, respectively. The least prevalent antigen was Rh (Cw), observed in only 0.5% of cases. We also identified rare blood antigens such as Diego, Indian, and Gp-Mur and compared our findings with other studies. Furthermore, we identified a donor with an H-deficient phenotype, specifically the Bombay blood group (Oho). Conclusion: We have successfully established a regional registry for rare blood donors in Uttarakhand, which will be valuable for managing complex transfusion scenarios in the future. Further, given Uttarakhand's proximity to China and Nepal, the presence of individuals from these countries aptly connects the fields of anthropology and transfusion medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travelogues are not only a genre in literature but are also closely related to many branches of science. Travelogues written as a result of travels made for commercial, political, and cultural reasons undoubtedly contain historical information about the period in which they were written. Istanbul is one of the cities about which hundreds of travelogues have been written. The city has hosted many civilizations, has spiritual importance for Christians and Muslims, and has attracted the attention of many civilizations from the East and the West. The number of travelers increased in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the increase in seafaring travel. Some travelers came to İstanbul on the way back from their trips to Europe, others came after seeing Islamic countries such as Egypt and Damascus, and others still came to see Istanbul in particular. They first published their experiences and observations in newspapers before publishing them as travelogues. Nawab Mohammad Umar Ali Khan came to Istanbul on his return from Europe, stayed there for four days, and wrote a travelogue about Istanbul and the other cities and countries he had visited. This travelogue, titled Aina-i Frang, was published in 1885 and is the first travelogue written in Urdu about Turks. It also contains general information about Istanbul, in addition to general information about the Turkish islands he had seen during his voyage by ship, as well as about İzmir and Çanakkale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia Minor Studies is the property of Asia Minor Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aimed to analyse the life and works of Mu'in al-Din Ḥasan Ibn Sayyid Giyaseddin as- Sijzī al-Chishti (d. 633/1236) as well as the effects of the Chishti Tariqa of which he was the founder, in the Indian Subcontinent. The importance and effects of Chishti Tariqa, the first and largest sect of India, in the spread of Islam and the construction of the basic structure of Islamic civilisation and culture are mentioned. The Chishti Tariqa emerged around 930 CE in Chishti, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan, and this tariqa got its name from its founder Mu'in al-Din Chishti. The essential condition of the Chishti Tariqa is a life in accordance with the Qur'an and Sunnah, that is, following the Sharia. According to Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Sufism without Sharia is superstitious. People who follow the path of Sufism without following the Shari'a cannot enjoy spiritual life in any way. Mu'in al-Din Chishti settled the Chishti order in Lahore and Ajmer in India in the middle of the 12th century. Mu'in al-Din Chishti is among the most well-known scholars, thinkers and sufis in the Indian subcontinent. In addition, Mu'in al-Din Chishti has a distinguished personality in social life. He saw the religious life as a service to the creatures and inculcated his followers to be in the social life and to serve the creatures. For this reason, he considered meeting the needs of the needy and feeding the hungry as a requirement of obedience to Allah and never neglected this. Due to his influence in India, Mu'in al-Din Chishti was given titles such as "Merciful to the Poor, Sun of India and Spiritual Sultan of India". He first stayed in Bukhara and Samarkand for a while for his education and then went to Baghdad. Mu'in al-Din Chishti also visited many important Islamic science centres of the period, such as Damascus, Mecca, Medina, Hamadan, Tabriz, Herat, Nishapur, Isfahan, Gorgan, Sabzevar, Balkh, and came to Lahore in India via Ghazni. Mu'in al-Din Chishti was also an influential Islamic scholar who devoted himself to the spread of Islam. Due to his invitation, many people accepted Islam in groups. The rulers of the period were disturbed due to the increasing number of Mu'in al-Din Chishti's influence circle and the people around him. The Hindu Raja, the king of the period, who thought his authority would be in danger, started to persecute Mu'in al-Din Chishti and his followers in various ways. However, Mu'in al-Din's influence on the people increased continuously despite all these problems. According to historical records, approximately nine million non-Muslims became Muslims in India under the influence of Mu'in al-Din Chishti. The study aimed to delineate Mu'in al-Din Chishti's life, scientific personality, works, influences and sect, lineage, mystical views, his travels for science, the Islamic scholars he met during his travels and learned knowledge, and his societal influences. Chishti's sufi doctrines were discussed through essential concepts in his works and the sect's method. In addition, the article also described the relations of Chishti with the rulers of his own time, the difficulties he encountered during his guidance of the people, and the reasons for these difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacodexeids are widely considered to be a paraphyletic group consisting of the oldest and most primitive artiodactyls that made their sudden appearance in all northern continents around the Palaeocene–Eocene boundary. In South Asia, the first record of artiodactyls is marked by the appearance of Gujaratia indica from the early Ypresian (∼55 Ma) Cambay Shale of the Vastan lignite mine, India, which is slightly younger than the oldest artiodactyls from Europe and North America. Here we describe new dental material of G. indica, documenting associated upper dentition, including P4, a new locus. Gujaratia (including G. pakistanensis and G. indica) is clearly distinct from all known diacodexeids in having the most triangular upper molars and lower molars with weaker paraconids. Cladistic analysis performed to assess the phylogenetic relationships of Gujaratia with other diacodexeids, dichobunoids, raoellids and pakicetids shows that Gujaratia is monophyletic while Diacodexis and Diacodexeidae are strongly polyphyletic. Gujaratia is found to be closer to the North American diacodexeids and D. gigasei and D. morrisi from Europe, which form a paraphyletic group. The European Diacodexis represents an unnatural grouping with D. antunesi being most closely related to a clade comprising dichobunids and homacodontids, and D. gazini and D. varleti occupying basal positions in a clade comprising raoellids and pakicetids. Dichobunidae is also recovered as a polyphyletic group whereas Homacodontidae is paraphyletic. Raoellids and pakicetids, long considered to be endemic to the Indian subcontinent, are monophyletic and without close affinities to Gujaratia, and appear to be more closely allied to some European dichobunoids, e.g., D. gazini, necessitating a reappraisal of current ideas about artiodactyl origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human angiostrongylosis is an emerging zoonosis caused by the larvae of three species of metastrongyloid nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus, with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) being dominant across the world. Its obligatory heteroxenous life cycle includes rats as definitive hosts, mollusks as intermediate hosts, and amphibians and reptiles as paratenic hosts. In humans, the infection manifests as Angiostrongylus eosinophilic meningitis (AEM) or ocular form. Since there is no comprehensive study on the disease in the Indian subcontinent, our study aims at the growing incidence of angiostrongylosis in humans, alongside its clinical course and possible causes. A systematic literature search revealed 28 reports of 45 human cases from 1966 to 2022; eosinophilic meningitis accounted for 33 cases (75.5%), 12 cases were reported as ocular, 1 case was combined, and 1 case was unspecified. The presumed source of infection was reported in 5 cases only. Importantly, 22 AEM patients reported a history of eating raw monitor lizard (Varanus spp.) tissues in the past. As apex predators, monitor lizards accumulate high numbers of L3 responsible for acute illness in humans. For ocular cases, the source was not identified. Most cases were diagnosed based on nematode findings and clinical pathology (primarily eosinophilia in the cerebrospinal fluid). Only two cases were confirmed to be A. cantonensis, one by immunoblot and the other by q-PCR. Cases of angiostrongylosis have been reported in Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Puducherry, Telangana, and West Bengal. With a population of more than 1.4 billion, India is one of the least studied areas for A. cantonensis. It is likely that many cases remain undetected/unreported. Since most cases have been reported from the state of Kerala, further research may focus on this region. Gastropods, amphibians, and reptiles are commonly consumed in India; however, typical preparation methods involve cooking, which kills the nematode larvae. In addition to studying rodent and mollusk hosts, monitor lizards can be used as effective sentinels. Sequence data are urgently needed to answer the question of the identity of Angiostrongylus-like metastrongylid nematodes isolated from all types of hosts. DNA-based diagnostic methods such as q-PCR and LAMP should be included in clinical diagnosis of suspected cases and in studies of genetic diversity and species identity of nematodes tentatively identified as A. cantonensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is on the decline in South Asia. However, cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis have risen in Sri Lanka since 2001, and the lack of in-depth research on its epidemiologic characteristics hampers control efforts. We analyzed data collected from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka during 2001-2018 to study temporal and geographic trends and identify and monitor disease hotspots. We noted a progression in case rates, including a sharp rise in 2018, showing temporal expansion of disease-prevalent areas and 2 persistent hotspots. The northern hotspot shifted and shrank over time, but the southern hotspot progressively expanded and remained spatially static. In addition, we noted regional incidence differences for age and sex. We provide evidence of temporally progressive and spatially expanding incidence of leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka with distinct geographic patterns and disease hotspots, signaling an urgent need for effective disease control interventions.

Entekhabe-Muntakhab-ol-Tawarikh, abbreviated as Entekhab Muntakhab, is one of the historical texts of the 11th century, written by Abd-ol-Shakur Bin-Abd-ol-Vase Tattavi Hindustani, one of the secretaries of the Gurkanian Empire in India, in order to describe a summary of the general history of humankind from the beginning of creation to the author's living time (1084 A.H.). It has been written in the literary language in five articles consisting of different sections and chapters and dedicated to Aurangzeb, the 6th Gurkanian King. In this research, while introducing the work and its author using the existing manuscript and library sources, with a descriptive-analytical approach and employing the method of textual analysis, it has been tried to examine its stylistic features in three linguistic, literary, and intellectual areas. At the linguistic level, many Arabic, Turkish, and Indian words and expressions can be seen; some of which are attributed to the author's living period style and some to his literacy and literary knowledge. The book's prose in the description section is rhymed, different puns are used, and unique special allusions can be seen in it. From an intellectual point of view, the work contains valuable sociological and anthropological information that can be useful for researchers in this field. Although the manuscript's topic is general history, the inclusion of expressions, words, and information used in the author's lifetime can help examine the progress and development of Persian prose in Persian-speaking regions.

Background and Objectives: Uttarakhand, a state in northern India, is home to various local communities, including the Garhwali, Kumaoni, and Jaunsari. In addition, individuals from neighboring countries such as Nepal and Tibet reside in Uttarakhand for many years, resulting in a diverse population. However, currently, there is no regional registry for rare blood donors in this state. The aim of this study was to develop a rare donor registry in Uttarakhand which could in future become a part of the national rare blood donor registry. Methods: During the routine donation process, samples were taken from randomly selected O-typed blood donors who are residents of Uttarakhand. Seventeen monoclonal antisera included Rh (anti-D, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, and anti-e), Duffy (anti-Fya and anti-Fyb), Kell (anti-K and anti-k), Kidd (anti-Jka and anti-Jkb), Lewis (anti-Lea and anti-Leb), M, N, S, and s (Ortho Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, India). Furthermore, four polyclonal antisera from our serum repository, Diego (anti-Dia), Indian (anti-Ina), Rh (anti-Cw), and anti-Gp-Mur were used for phenotyping. The study was financially aided by the Uttarakhand State Council of Science and Technology (UCOST), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Government of India. Results: Over a period of 16 months (November 2021–February 2023), out of a total of 17,004 blood donations, O blood type donors accounted for 29.9% (5085/17,004) of the donors screened. Among these, 7.3% (374/5085) of the donors were from the interior and plain areas of Uttarakhand. Our study revealed a high prevalence of k and e antigens, with 96.7% and 92.5%, respectively. The least prevalent antigen was Rh (Cw), observed in only 0.5% of cases. We also identified rare blood antigens such as Diego, Indian, and Gp-Mur and compared our findings with other studies. Furthermore, we identified a donor with an H-deficient phenotype, specifically the Bombay blood group (Oho). Conclusion: We have successfully established a regional registry for rare blood donors in Uttarakhand, which will be valuable for managing complex transfusion scenarios in the future. Further, given Uttarakhand's proximity to China and Nepal, the presence of individuals from these countries aptly connects the fields of anthropology and transfusion medicine.

Historiography one of the main branches of the Persian language and culture received a lot of attention during the reign of the Gurkanian Empire in the Indian subcontinent, and many works have emerged in this period. Many of these books containing valuable information are still kept in uncorrected manuscripts in the libraries of the Indian subcontinent. One of these books is "Entekhab Muntakhab al-Tawarikh," abbreviated as "Entekhab Muntakhab." The book is the summary of Muntakhab al-Tawarikh of Ataki, written in the 11th century by Abd al-Shakur Tatavi, one of the secretaries of the Gurkanian Empire in India, and in addition to its historical, geographical, sociology information, it shows the influence and spread of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent.Considering the historical, social, and, most importantly, literary significance of this book, while a brief introduction to historiography in the subcontinent is given, the author and information about his life are introduced, and the characteristics of the existing manuscript and its prose style are also discussed in this article.

• In this research, the authors screened nearly 329 Uttarakhand blood donors (UBDs) for extended phenotyping of their erythrocytes. Among these, O-typed, DAT-negative donors who were non-reactive for TTI markers were processed further for the testing of 21 different blood group antigens. Commercially prepared monoclonal antisera (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Pvt. ltd, Mumbai, India) were used for serological phenotyping of the UBD erythrocytes. • The prevalence of high- and low-frequency blood antigens in our study was Rh (D 96.6%, C 84.8%, c 63.5%, E 27.9% and e 92%), Lewis (Lea 6.3%, Leb 31.9%), Kidd (Jka 87.8%, Jkb 63.2%), Kell (K 1.8%, k 96.3%) and Duffy (Fya 63.5%, Fyb 10.6%). And in the MNS system we received 21.2% as M, 10.9% N, 37% S and 51.3% s. We identified some very rare minor antigens such as Dia 1.8%, Ina 1.8%, Cw 0.6% and, 1.2% Mur positive donors, which are not common in the Indian population, as per the available literature. Moreover, also identified one Bombay phenotype (O h) in one of the UBD recruits. • The minor phenotype repository generated in this research would enable the authors with the genuine possibility of building an indigenous in-house red cell panel for hospital patients. Further, this repository may also come in use for multi-transfused and allo-immunized patients having different oncological and haematological ailments. The state of Uttarakhand, bordering countries such as Tibet and Nepal, is a multi-ethnic region. Further, erythrocyte alloimmunization may arise from the incompatibility of major and/or minor blood groups between ethnically diverse donors and recipients. We aimed to screen Uttarakhand blood donors (UBDs) for extended phenotyping of their erythrocytes serologically. This prospective cross-sectional analysis involved all UBD samples collected at the blood centre of our tertiary-care hospital. Samples were obtained over 9 months (Mar'22 to Nov'22). Donors who were O-typed, DAT-negative and non-reactive for TTI markers were processed further for serological testing using the column agglutination technique utilizing 21 different monoclonal antisera (Ortho diagnostics Pvt ltd, Mumbai India). The research was financially aided by UCOST, Uttarakhand, Government of India. Of the 5,407 blood samples collected, the total number of O-typed samples collected was 1622. Of these 1622, 329 (20.2 %) O-typed samples were selected based on our inclusion criteria and hence further phenotyped. Amongst these 329 UBDs, the average age was 32.7 ± 9.32 (18–52) years and the male-to-female ratio was (M: F = 12:1). The prevalence of high- and low-frequency blood antigens in our study was Rh (D 96.6 %, C 84.8 %, c 63.5 %, E 27.9 % and e 92 %), Lewis (Lea 6.3 %, Leb 31.9 %), Kidd (Jka 87.8 %, Jkb 63.2 %), Kell (K 1.8 %, k 96.3 %) and Duffy (Fya 63.5 %, Fyb 10.6 %). And in the MNS system we received 21.2 % as M, 10.9 % N, 37 % S and 51.3 % as s respectively. We also identified some very rare minor antigens such as Dia 1.8 %, Ina 1.8 %, Cw 0.6 % and, 1.2 % Mur positive donors, which are not common in our population, as per the published literature. Moreover, we also identified one Bombay blood phenotype (O h) in one of our UBD recruits. To sum up, practically with the outcome of this research, we were also able to identify rare phenotypes among the local people and a rare blood donor registry was created. This repository shall also come in use for our multi-transfused patients having different oncological and haematological ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]