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Sluggish reaction kinetics in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most important challenges to the development of protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) exhibits high mixed ionic–electronic conductivity in traditional solid oxide fuel cells, but their slow proton transfer and ORR kinetics impedes practical applications. Herein, composite Pr2Ni0.5Co0.5O4−δ (PNC) particles composed of a perovskite PrNi0.5Co0.5O3−δ phase and a PrO2 phase are impregnated into a LSCF cathode to enhance the ORR activity and proton transfer. The polarization tested in a symmetric cell with PNC‐impregnated LSCF cathode is 0.06 Ω cm2 at 700 °C. The fuel cell with this impregnated cathode shows maximum power densities of 1857 mW cm−2 at 700 °C. Moreover, the impregnated cathode exhibits a low degradation rate in the durability test. This work not only provides a novel and practical approach to improving the performance of current cathode materials for PCFCs but also highlights the potential for enhancing the commercial viability of PCFC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu 0·1 /S-1, Cu 0·1 Zn 0·01 /S-1, Cu 0.1 In x /S-1 (x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) and Cu 0·1 Ce 0·01 /S-1 were successfully prepared with S-1 as the carrier material and applied to methanol steam reforming (MSR) reaction. To further explore its chemical and physical properties, XRD, BET, SEM-EDS, ICP, FTIR, H 2 -TPR, NH 3 -TPD, CO 2 -TPD, and Raman were used to characterize the synthetic S-1 zeolite catalysts. The measured physicochemical properties revealed that utilizing S-1 zeolite as the carrier effectively altered the size of the metal particles, enhancing their dispersion and reduction characteristics. Compared with five different types of S-1 zeolite catalysts, the Cu 0·1 In 0·01 /S-1 catalyst has a large specific surface area and pore size. It exhibited superior active metal dispersion, with the lowest reduction temperature for the active metal CuO. The catalyst also showed a high Lewis acid content on its surface, forming the In-Lewis acid site. Consequently, the Cu 0·1 In 0·01 /S-1 catalyst exhibits exceptional performance in methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production reactions. It exhibited the best performance with a methanol conversion rate of 100%, H 2 selectivity of 100% under the conditions of 1 MPa, 250 °C, the S/C molar ratio of 2.5, and the WHSV of 0.5 h−1, which outperforms most of the reported catalysts in methanol steam reforming. © 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [Display omitted] • Cu 0 · 1 In 0 · 01 /S- 1 catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method and applied to MSR reaction. • The synthesis method which In was employed as a promotor significantly improved the catalytic activity during MSR. • Excellent catalytic performance was achieved with methanol conversion of 100% and H 2 selectivity of 100% at 250 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is acknowledged that boron, ammonium, and nitrogenous compounds, which are used today as fire retardants, cause an increase in the hygroscopicity of wood materials. In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), and Eastern spruce (Picea orientalis Link) woods were impregnated with 1.5% nano-sized hexagonal boron nitride (NB) according to ASTM D1413-76 (1976) standards. Flameinduced combustion (FIC), self-combustion (SC), and glowing combustion (GC) temperatures were determined. The highest retention amount was measured in spruce and the lowest was in chestnut among the wood samples taken for testing and measurement. When compared with the control samples, NB application caused an increase in SC and FIC temperatures (at higher rates). According to the glowing combustion temperature control samples, an increase was observed in chestnut and spruce and a decrease was observed in Scots pine among the samples applied with NB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scots pine and spruce wood samples were vacuum impregnated with 3, 5, and 9% sodium bicarbonate solution. Contact angle measurements were made by dropping 0.05 mL of pure water and 3% saltwater solution onto the material's surface. The surface roughness of each sample was measured, and that of Scots pine control samples was higher than that of spruce samples, but the surface roughness values of spruce wood were higher in the samples impregnated with sodium bicarbonate. When pure water or saltwater solution was dropped onto the samples, it was observed that as the waiting times increased, the contact angle value decreased, the droplet height decreased, and the droplet width increased. It was found that the contact angles were higher in the control samples of both tree species than in the samples of 5% and 7%. The contact angles of 9% impregnation solution, pure water, and salt water were higher than the control samples. As the solution ratio increased on the surfaces impregnated with sodium bicarbonate, the contact angle also increased, and the wettability behavior decreased accordingly. Sodium bicarbonate solution is effectively used in the impregnation process for pine and fir woods, making the materials more resistant to water under outdoor conditions. This solution significantly reduces the risk of deformation of wood by increasing the contact angle and reducing its water absorption properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Physical overexertion surpassing the functional capacity of the nervous system causes the hyperactivation of the neural structures of the cerebellum. In turn, it causes the depletion of intracellular resources and progressive structural changes in cerebellar cells and fibers. After the forced swimming test, animals (n = 30) had significant morphological changes in pyriform cells, granule cells, internuncial neurons, and neuroglial cells. Pronounced degeneration of granular cells was observed, manifested by their fusion into conglomerates. These changes demonstrate that neurodegeneration in the cerebellum takes place in response to physical overexertion. Physical overexertion surpassing the functional capacity of the nervous system causes the hyperactivation of the neural structures of the cerebellum. In turn, it causes the depletion of intracellular resources and progressive structural changes in cerebellar cells and fibers. These degenerative changes may lead to cerebellar dysfunction, including the worsening of coordination, balance, and motor functions. In order to maintain the health and functioning of the cerebellum and the nervous system in general, one needs to avoid physical overexertion and have enough time to recover. Three major types of Purkinje cells were identified in control group animals. After the forced swimming test, animals had significant morphological changes in pyriform cells, granule cells, internuncial neurons, and neuroglial cells. In particular, the extreme degeneration of granule cells was manifested via their fusion into conglomerates. These changes demonstrate that neurodegeneration in the cerebellum takes place in response to physical overexertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach to an automatable fiber impregnation and consolidation process for the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced composite parts is presented in this article. Therefore, a vacuum chamber sealing machine classically used in food packaging is modified for this approach—Vacuum Chamber Infusion (VCI). Dry fiber placement (DFP) preforms, made from 30 k carbon fiber tape, with different layer amounts and fiber orientations, are infused with the VCI and with the state-of-the-art process—Vacuum Assisted Process (VAP)—as the reference. VCI uses a closed system that is evacuated once, while VAP uses a permanently evacuated open system. Since process management greatly influences material properties, the mechanical properties, void content, and fiber volume fraction (FVF) are analyzed. In addition, the study aims to identify how the complexity of a resin infusion process can be reduced, the automation potential can be increased, and the number of consumables can be reduced. Comparable material characteristics and a reduction in consumables, setup complexity, and manufacturing time by a factor of four could be approved for VCI. A void content of less than 2% is measured for both processes and an FVF of 39% for VCI and 45% for VAP is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to produce polymer-wood composites via in situ polymerization. For this purpose, the polymer-wood composites were manufactured using vacuum in a horizontal autoclave. Physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics were evaluated. The treatments provided significant increases of over 30% and 60% in flexural strength and modulus, respectively. All treatments resulted in lower water absorption and greater dimensional stability of the wood. Furthermore, the treatments altered the surface of the impregnated wood, showing increased surface hydrophobicity, roughness, weather resistance, and modified coloration. Treated woods also exhibited an improvement of over ∼40% in resistance to termite attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of novel abrasive systems with functional activities and physicochemical properties are of great significance in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-enhanced chemical mechanical polishing. In this work, Ce single-doped and Ce/Cu co-doped dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), namely Ce−DMSNs and Ce/Cu−DMSNs, were produced via a simple impregnation and thermolysis procedure. The Ce and/or Cu species involved in DMSNs frameworks were characterized through X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption techniques. We report the evolution of surface morphology and roughness, defects, peak-to-valley data, image surface area difference, and material removal efficiency during ROS-enhanced polishing experiments toward silica materials. All the pure, Ce single-doped, and Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs abrasive systems offered nearly defect-free surfaces with close-to-atom scale roughness. It might be attributed to the "springlike effect" and "soft polishing/abrasion", possibly originating from the low-modulus DMSNs carriers. Among these abrasives, the Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs systems achieved an evident improvement in removal efficiency, especially under ultraviolet irradiation-assisted polishing conditions. The coexisted Ce(Ⅲ)/Ce(Ⅳ) and Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ) couples might be responsible for the effective production of ROS in photocatalysis and Fenton-like processes, thereby contributing to the Si–OH and Ce(Ⅲ)−O–Si bonding formations. The role of the developed Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs abrasive systems in ROS-enhanced polishing processes was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although gypsum-based building materials exhibit many positive characteristics, solutions are still being searched for to reduce the use of gypsum or improve the physico-mechanical properties of board materials. In this study, an attempt was made to produce gypsum boards with hemp fibers. Although hemp fibers can be a specific reinforcement for gypsum-based board materials, they negatively affect the gypsum setting process due to their hygroscopic characteristics. Fibers impregnated with derivatives based on polyvinyl acetate, styrene–acrylic copolymer and pMDI (polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate) were used in this study. Gypsum–fiber boards produced with impregnated fibers showed approximately 30% higher mechanical properties as determined by the 3-point bending test. The positive effect of the impregnates on the hemp fibers was confirmed by FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and TG/DTA (thermogravimetric analysis/thermal gravimetric analysis) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The utilization of continuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) in additive manufacturing technology (AM) is envisioned to enable the production of high‐performance parts with enhanced mechanical properties. In the production of CFRTP filaments, ensuring proper impregnation plays a crucial role in improving the characteristics of the produced filament. Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites find applications in secondary aerospace parts, automotive structural parts, and chemical process applications. Continuous CF‐reinforced PPS filaments enable the production of lightweight, high‐performance parts with mechanical strength, heat, and chemical resistance in AM. In the present study, continuous CF‐reinforced PPS filaments were produced using the melt impregnation method for use in fused deposition modeling technology. Filament diameter, geometrical evenness, and effective fiber impregnation are important criteria in filament production. An impregnation mold was designed and manufactured to provide impregnation. The influence of three different pin angles (56°, 70°, and 82°) on impregnation and mechanical properties has been investigated by developing an impregnation die for CFRTP filament production. Tensile testing, fiber content analysis, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscope analysis were performed on the produced filaments. Furthermore, increasing the pin angle leads to an increase in both the spreading and impregnation of fibers. Impregnation die for effective wetting of fibers with polymer. Significance of pin angle in fiber spreading and wetting with polymer. Application of test standards for fiber content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sets of Fe-modified Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts were prepared and tested in partial oxidation of methane. In one set, Fe was co-impregnated on the surface (NiFe) and in the other set Fe was incorporated in the support bulk (Ni/Fe). The two types showed significantly different coking resistance and performance. While Fe well dispersed in the support bulk significantly enhanced coking resistance, Fe co-impregnated with Ni on the surface enhanced the rate of coke deposition on the catalysts' surfaces. The impact of Fe in the Ni/Fe catalysts is referred to its partially reduced ions (Fe2+) in redox reactions, and to the Ni-support strong interaction retarding the coke formation pathways. On the contrary, carbon formation on the NiFe catalysts is referred to the formation of Ni–Fe alloy particles which may block Ni active sites and can promote cracking of methane as well as CO molecules resulting in higher rates of coking. [Display omitted] • NiFe/γ-Al 2 O 3 and Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 –Fe were compared in partial oxidation of methane. • Catalysts modified with Fe in the support showed superior coking resistance. • Catalysts with Fe co-impregnated on the surface showed considerable coking. • Coking resistance was referred to redox impact of Fe2+ and Ni-support interactions. • Formation of NiFe alloy and FeAl 2 O 4 in the support enhanced coke formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to develop cotton fabrics that are capable of reversible color change in response to temperature changes and of providing an opportunity for thermal management. To achieve this objective, chitosan/sodium alginate natural polymer-walled microcapsules with a thermochromic phase change system core, produced by the complex coacervation method were applied to cotton fabrics by impregnation and exhaustion processes. The thermochromic system contains crystal violet lactone (dye), phenolphthalein (developer), and 1-tetradecanol (solvent) and offers a temperature regulation function thanks to 1-tetradecanol which act as a phase change material. The second objective of this study is to examine the performance characteristics of the microcapsules when applied to cotton fabric via the impregnation and exhaustion method. The visual photographs and colorimetric measurement results indicated that the fabrics treated with microcapsules exhibited thermochromic properties with both application methods. The performance of fabric (Fabric 2) treated with microcapsules by the exhaustion method was superior in terms of color change compared to fabric (Fabric 1) treated by the impregnation method. However, the T-history results demonstrated that the thermoregulation effect of Fabric 1 and Fabric 2 was comparable. The results of the air and water permeability tests on the fabrics indicated that both microcapsule application methods resulted in the pores of the fabrics being filled, thereby significantly reducing the permeability values. In addition, the bending rigidity of the fabrics increased with the addition of microcapsules to the fabrics, while the tear strength decreased. As a result, microcapsules can be effectively applied to cotton fabric by both methods. Moreover, the exhaustion method provided superior performance in relation to the affinity effect of the polymers forming the capsule wall structure against cotton cellulose molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread occurrence of phytopathogenic fungi causes significant crop losses and poses a challenge for agricultural sustainability. Traditional fungicides are often harmful to the environment and human health, necessitating the search for safer, more effective alternatives. Previous studies have shown that metal nanoparticles have potential antifungal properties, but their stability and biocompatibility remain concerns. The exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Azotobacter chroococcum XH2018 offers a biocompatible matrix that could stabilize these nanoparticles and enhance their antifungal efficacy. The EPS, consisting of 73.3% glucose, 26.6% galactose, and 0.1% mannose (molar ratio of Glu:Gal:Man 0.407:0.147:0.0005) was used as a stabilizing dielectric matrix and nanocarrier for the electrochemically synthesized Cu/Cu2O-NPs. Before impregnation, Cu/Cu2O-NPs consisted of 27.2% Cu-NPs and 72.8% Cu2O-NPs. After impregnation, this ratio changed to 73.7% Cu-NPs and 26.3% Cu2O-NPs. This evidence suggests that Cu2O-NPs are actively reduced in the presence of the EPS matrix, first of all because of the glucose monomer in the polysaccharide macromolecule. EPS of A. chroococcum XH2018 donates electrons to copper (I)-oxide, leading to the reduction of copper (I)-oxide to copper metal. As-biofabricated Cu/Cu2O-NPs strongly limited the formation of fungal conidia. Low concentrations of Cu/Cu2O-NPs reduced the conidia formation of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum up to 85–90%, Rhizoctania solani up to 95%, and Alternaria alternata up to 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is acknowledged that boron, ammonium, and nitrogenous compounds, which are used today as fire retardants, cause an increase in the hygroscopicity of wood materials. In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), and Eastern spruce (Picea orientalis Link) woods were impregnated with 1.5% nano-sized hexagonal boron nitride (NB) according to ASTM D1413-76 (1976) standards. Flame-induced combustion (FIC), self-combustion (SC), and glowing combustion (GC) temperatures were determined. The highest retention amount was measured in spruce and the lowest was in chestnut among the wood samples taken for testing and measurement. When compared with the control samples, NB application caused an increase in SC and FIC temperatures (at higher rates). According to the glowing combustion temperature control samples, an increase was observed in chestnut and spruce and a decrease was observed in Scots pine among the samples applied with NB.

Metal and bi-metal catalysts supported by ZSM-5 zeolite (Mn/ZSM-5, Mn-Ag/ZSM-5, and Mn-Cu/ZSM-5 ) were synthesized using a simple impregnation method. Various analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, and EDS, were employed to evaluate the crystal structure, morphology, and elemental distribution of the materials. Subsequently, different catalysts were used to evaluate the adsorption capacity of isopropanol (IPA) as well as the regeneration efficiency using ozone in-situ. With an initial concentration of isopropanol gas of 2000ppmv, 0.5 g of catalyst, and a flow rate of 100 mL/min, Mn − Ag bimetal-supported zeolite showed the highest notable efficiency of the adsorption process of 89.06mg/g. Furthermore, the manganese metal-supported zeolite preserved approximately 60% and 70% of its ozone regeneration capacity during several consecutive cycles with a 1 L/min ozone flowrate and 10 - and 60 -minute O3 treatments, respectively. Additionally, the catalyst can increase efficiency up to 80% after four cycles when the ozone flowrate is doubled in 10 minutes. This innovative adsorption-regeneration method of gas treatment can benefit the environment by minimizing energy consumption, reducing the need for high-temperature treatments, and lowering overall energy requirements, potentially influencing the future development of metal and bi-metal catalysts for treating various volatile organic compounds.

Herein, a novel approach was developed for the introduction of stabilizing compounds into polymers through a pre-impregnation process prior to processing, which is expected to improve their dispersion and, consequently, increase their efficacy. Ethylene-norbornene copolymer (EN) pellets were impregnated with quercetin or rutin in ethanol or a mixture of solvents (ethanol-dioxane (3:1)) for 24 h. Then, EN-based samples containing impregnated pellets were manufactured using a laboratory extruder. The research demonstrated that the materials containing impregnated pellets exhibited improved thermo-oxidation resistance, higher antibacterial effect (the number of dead cells increased from 8 to 59%), and satisfactory photostability. This may be a direct result of their better dispersion degree and their more gradual, controlled release from the EN during operation. If we compare the stabilizing effect of both polyphenols, quercetin was more efficient, which may be attributed to the presence of hydroxyl group at the C3 position in the C ring, which could increase the reactivity of the catechol structure of the B ring. The proposed approach effectively solves the issues that arise during the commonly used processing techniques and may facilitate the broader utilization of natural stabilizers in the polymer industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the effects of various fruit juices used as impregnation solutions on the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of dried chicken meat cubes. The pH, color parameters, total phenolic, antioxidant activity, water holding capacity, textural (TPA) and sensorial properties of the cubes were tested. Impregnation solutions used in the treatment groups were prepared with pomegranate, black grape and black mulberry juices, and salt solution (control). Impregnation was performed in two replicates and two samples were analyzed per replicate. The cubes were immersed in the solutions and the 10 min vacuum (250 mbar absolute pressure) − 10 min atmospheric pressure cycle was repeated at 4 °C for 2 h. pH values decreased (P < 0.01) by impregnation with various anthocyanin-rich fruit juices. Total phenolic and antioxidant activity were the highest (P < 0.01) in samples impregnated with pomegranate juice and were 720.71 mg GAE/kg and 840.22 mg TE/kg, respectively. The use of anthocyanin-rich fruit juices as impregnation solution decreased a* and b* values of samples (P < 0.01; P < 0.05, respectively). The TPA results indicated that impregnation with pomegranate, black grape and black mulberry juices induced lower (P < 0.01) hardness and higher (P < 0.05) adhesiveness values compared to the control. Consequently, the impregnation with anthocyanin-rich fruit juices such as pomegranate, black grape and black mulberry has the potential to improve the quality properties of dried chicken cubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg0) emission from coal‐fired industrial plants poses severe threats to ecosystem sustainability and human health, urging the development of novel and cost‐effective adsorbents to treat industrial flue gas. Herein, the modification of industrial residual red mud (RM) through the impregnation of hydrogen halides (HH) and its adsorption characteristics for removing elemental mercury from combustion flue gas was reported. Experimental investigation of HH‐modified RM reveals that the hydrogen iodide (HI)‐modified RM with a concentration of 1.5 M had a maximum Hg0 removal efficiency of 98%, whereas hydrogen bromide (HBr) 1.5 M modified RM had a maximum Hg0 removal efficiency of 90%. The effect of various parameters, such as reaction temperature and halide concentrations, were also found to be influential for the adsorption efficiency of the modified RM. Moreover, it is important to highlight the chemisorption characteristics of HI‐modified RM, which significantly enhances the efficiency of the removal process. The Hg0 removal efficiency increases with the increase in HI concentration (1.5 M @ 93%) with an optimal reaction temperature of 140°C. Furthermore, the maximum Hg0 removal attained with a change in NO concentration was 98% at 200 ppm. However, increasing the SO2 concentration reduces the efficiency of RM for removing Hg0 in simulated coal combustion flue gas. The pseudo‐second‐order model (R2 = 0.98) accurately describes the adsorption of in kinetic investigations, indicating a chemisorption mechanism. This analysis of the chemisorption mechanism highlights the efficiency of halide‐modified industrial solid waste, which has the potential to be used in the design of economical and innovative adsorbents for reducing environmental pollution. The present study employed specific reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, halide loading contents, and different flue gas compositions, which had not been extensively explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to produce diisopropyl ether (DIPE) via isopropanol dehydration using cobalt-phosphate-supported natural zeolite catalysts. The catalytic activities of the zeolite/CoO and zeolite/Co(H2PO4)2 were compared. The as-prepared catalysts were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Surface acidity was determined using the gravimetric method with pyridine as the probe. The results of this study showed that natural zeolite was favorably impregnated by CoO and Co(H2PO4)2 species. The impregnation process affected the textural and acidic features of the catalysts. The zeolite/Co(H2PO4)2 catalyst with a loading of 8 mEq.g-1 exhibited the highest surface acidity of 1.827 mmol.g-1. This catalyst also promoted the highest catalytic activity towards isopropanol dehydration, with an isopropanol conversion of 66.19%, DIPE selectivity, and yield of 46.72% and 34.99%, respectively. The cobalt phosphate species promoted higher catalytic activity for isopropanol dehydration than the CoO species. This study demonstrated the potential of cobalt phosphate-supported natural zeolite catalysts for DIPE production with adequate performance. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of two pre-freezing methods (vacuum freezing and atmospheric pressure freezing) and two dipping methods (sucrose impregnation before pre-freezing and sucrose impregnation during freeze-drying) on the quality of freeze-dried apple slices. [Methods] The freeze-drying process was divided into six groups: vacuum pre-freezing without sucrose immersion (VFFD), atmospheric pre-freezing without sucrose immersion (CFFD), vacuum pre-freezing with sucrose immersion (BSVFFD), vacuum pre-freezing with sucrose immersion (MSVFFD), atmospheric pre-freezing with sucrose immersion (BSCFFD) and atmospheric pre-freezing with sucrose immersion (MSCFFD). The main quality indexes of freeze-dried apple slices in each group were analyzed. [Results] The color ΔL* of the MSVFFD group samples is relatively lower, while Δa* and ΔE are relatively higher, presenting a deep red color. Sucrose impregnation significantly increased the yield of freeze-dried samples, with the highest in the MSVFFD and MSCFFD groups, followed by the BSVFFD and BSCFFD groups, and the lowest in the two control groups of VFFD and CFFD (PPPP

This study examines the utilization of process optimization as a viable strategy for addressing the issue of global warming through the conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol. In the realm of computational chemistry, the response surface methodology approach has evolved as an alternative for optimizing the reaction parameters through the utilization of statistical models. In the present study, promoted copper/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst was used for carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. The primary objective of the study was to enhance the overall methanol yield by optimizing the various factors in the methanol synthesis. This was accomplished by employing a combination of response surface methodology and one factor at a time techniques. The creation of statistical models was used to optimize the essential factors, and subsequently, one factor at a time. This helps in determining the optimum pressure, temperature, and hydrogen/carbon dioxide molar ratio. Impregnation technique was employed for the synthesis of promoted copper/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst. The analysis of variance results suggested the reduced quadratic model for carbon dioxide conversion, methanol selectivity and methanol yield as responses. The optimum process operating conditions were found to be the hydrogen/carbon dioxide ratio of 10, temperature of 300°C, pressure of 31 bar and gas hourly space velocity of 2160 mL/g.h, in which 28.6% carbon dioxide conversion, 59.2% methanol selectivity and 16.4% methanol yield were achieved. The catalytic performance was then investigated for high pressure range of 40 – 80 bar with other conditions were fixed at optimal value. The carbon dioxide conversion and methanol selectivity were found to increase with increasing pressure. The highest catalytic performance was achieved at 80 bar with carbon dioxide conversion of 68.35%, methanol selectivity of 93%, and methanol yield of 63.57%.

Oxytetracycline impregnated XAD-4 resin was prepared and then used for the online preconcentration of zirconium (IV) from aqueous solution. HCl was used for the elution of zirconium from the complex retained on XAD-4 resin. Arsenazo-III solution was used as chromogenic reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of eluted zirconium (IV) ions. The developed system showed greater sensitivity and selectivity as compared to many reported methods. The current study achieved a detection limit of 0.47 and 0.10 µgL−1, preconcentration factor of 52 and 247 and sample throughput of 40 and 10 samples per hour for concentration range from 10 to 60 µg L−1 (60s preconcentration time) and from 2 to 12 µgL−1 (300s preconcentration time) respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Zirconium (IV) from spiked water and IAEA-soil sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Regenerative medicine specifically aims to harness the body's innate healing abilities through therapies that utilize cells and scaffolds derived from these materials to facilitate tissue repair and regeneration. For instance, in bone repair, addressing defects often involves the use of bone grafts, which are indispensable in medical and dental practices globally. Bovine bone scaffolds are frequently preferred over autografts due to their ability to mitigate surgical risks and reduce costs. Enhancing these bone substitutes with antimicrobial properties, particularly through metals like zinc, copper, and silver, holds promise in preventing infections during surgical procedures. Silver nanoparticles, known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and zinc nanoparticles, which aid in infection prevention while supporting bone healing, exemplify these advancements in medical technology. Reconstructive and regenerative medicine are critical disciplines dedicated to restoring tissues and organs affected by injury, disease, or congenital anomalies. These fields rely on biomaterials like synthetic polymers, metals, ceramics, and biological tissues to create substitutes that integrate seamlessly with the body. Personalized implants and prosthetics, designed using advanced imaging and computer-assisted techniques, ensure optimal functionality and fit. Regenerative medicine focuses on stimulating natural healing mechanisms through cellular therapies and biomaterial scaffolds, enhancing tissue regeneration. In bone repair, addressing defects requires advanced solutions such as bone grafts, essential in medical and dental practices worldwide. Bovine bone scaffolds offer advantages over autogenous grafts, reducing surgical risks and costs. Incorporating antimicrobial properties into bone substitutes, particularly with metals like zinc, copper, and silver, shows promise in preventing infections associated with graft procedures. Silver nanoparticles exhibit robust antimicrobial efficacy, while zinc nanoparticles aid in infection prevention and support bone healing; 3D printing technology facilitates the production of customized implants and scaffolds, revolutionizing treatment approaches across medical disciplines. In this review, we discuss the primary biomaterials and their association with antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of new specific photocatalysts to achieve excellent photocatalytic performances in the photodegradation of organic pollutants, specially the nonbiodegraded ones, is of a crucial importance nowadays to clean the contaminated water resources aiming to solve the problem of shortage in clean water. In this work, a cobalt supported over hexagonal mesoporous silica (9%Co/HMS) catalyst was synthesized and applied in the removal of Metronidazole in aqueous solutions by photodegradation under sunlight. An unexpected excellent photocatalytic performance was obtained (97% of MNZ removal in sunny days vs. 74% in cloudy days). This excellent performance results from the creation of a semiconductor–insulator heterojunction between Co3O4 and the carrier HMS. Even more interesting, the removal efficiency was kept up four cycles. Therefore, this study may provide a new opportunity for the future development of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts based on mesoporous silica in aquatic environmental pollution control in either sunny or cloudy weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon filters are used for the removal of hazardous gases from the air. This research applied vibrational spectroscopy methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to characterize hydrogen sulfide adsorption on impregnated carbon materials with metals having reactivity toward hydrogen sulfide. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated the formation of a new chemical bond between the impregnating metals and the sulfur, indicated by the appearance of a new band at 618 cm−1. The Raman spectra results showed that for the copper-impregnated activated carbon with the highest hydrogen sulfide adsorption capacity, a new vibrational band at 475 cm−1 evolved, indicating a copper-sulfur bond. In addition, upshifts in the carbon D sub-bands were observed after efficient hydrogen sulfide adsorption, along with a larger area of the approximately 1500 cm−1 band. Therefore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy combination can potentially indicate H2S adsorption on impregnated activated carbon filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative double‐walled borosilicate glass reactor system for the efficient treatment of liquid and gaseous wastewater. This reactor system allows precise temperature control, continuous pH monitoring, and controlled dosing of reagents to optimize reaction conditions. Detailed characterization was carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET (specific surface area) analysis, point of zero charge (PZC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the SCR, SCRT, and 5%Fe@SCRT materials. For Malachite Green adsorption, SRCT demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 39.78 ± 0.5 mg/g using the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. Optimum conditions for adsorption were found to be: an initial concentration of 50 ppm, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l, a pH of 8.5, and a temperature of 50°C. For the catalytic oxidation of phenol, 5%Fe@SRCT achieved a remarkable removal rate of 99.9 ± 0.1% under optimum conditions (50 ppm phenol, 1 g/l catalyst dosage, pH 3.5, H2O2 concentration 8.7 mM, and temperature 70°C). Intermediates identified during the reaction included hydroquinone, benzoquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, with degradation occurring over a 60‐minute reaction period. The 5%Fe@SCRT material showed excellent reusability in the removal of phenol by catalytic oxidation, with no significant loss of efficiency over three cycles, while the SRCT underwent three cycles of regeneration for the adsorption of Malachite Green. Scavenger tests confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the catalytic oxidation process. In addition, fish survival tests after catalytic oxidation of phenol by 5%Fe@SRCT showed no impact on fish, underlining the environmental safety of this process. In addition, germination tests after decolorization of MG by SRCT demonstrated a good effect with no negative impact, reinforcing the ecological value of this innovative technology. These results highlight the innovative use of SCRT and 5%Fe@SCRT as versatile materials for environmental remediation, exploiting their effective adsorption capacities and efficient catalytic oxidation performance within the proposed double‐walled borosilicate glass reactor system. Practitioner Points: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of an innovative reactor system employing SRCT adsorbent and Fe@SRCT catalyst for efficient removal of malachite green and phenol from wastewater.Environmental impact assessment, including seed germination and fish survival evaluation, validates the method's eco‐friendly potential.Implementation of this approach could significantly contribute to sustainable water treatment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose is a natural polymer produced by fermentation of coconut water using Acetobacter xylinum bacteria. This study aimed to synthesize a novel composite of bacterial cellulose impregnated with plant extracts that had an antibacterial activity that have the potential to be used as a food packaging material to maintain food quality. Pure bacterial cellulose (pure BC) was impregnated using Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf extract (AC-BC) and Chromolaena odorata L. leaf extract (CO-BC), which contain secondary metabolites with potential as antibacterial. The study began with the synthesis of pure BC, AC-BC, and CO-BC composites then characterized by SEM–EDX and FTIR, continued with antibacterial activity tests against S. aureus, S. typhimurium, E. coli, and their biodegradability tests. The results of SEM and FTIR characterization showed the success of the impregnation process for antibacterial compounds. The results of the antibacterial activity of AC-BC disc diffusion against S. typhimurium and E. coli showed good antibacterial activity of 9.82 mm and 8.41 mm, respectively. The similar result showed with the antibacterial activity of CO-BC disc diffusion against S. typhimurium and E. coli that showed good activity of 9.73 mm and 6.82 mm, respectively. On the other hand, the biodegradability test showed that the impregnation of bacterial cellulose slowed down the degradation process in the soil. This study confirmed the potential application of bacterial cellulose-plant extracts as an active and biodegradable food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Care instructions for firefighting clothing are small solutions to big problems. These labels provide wearers (firefighters) with instructions regarding the care of the garment and the best way to clean it. Following these recommendations given on the care labels is a guarantee that the appearance, cut and safety of the garment will be maintained even after repeated washing and cleaning. The care symbols provide all the necessary information about washing, bleaching, ironing, dry cleaning and tumble drying. Loss of protective function due to incorrect cleaning or lack of re-impregnation can endanger the life of a firefighter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a new and facile route for the preparation of iron oxide-based catalysts supported on alumina, which enables the targeted synthesis of catalysts with an increased amount of isolated tetrahedrally coordinated iron centers compared to a conventional impregnation procedure, and therefore leads to an increase in activity for CO oxidation reaction. By a multi-step impregnation–calcination protocol, the catalysts were synthesized with iron loadings of between 1 and 10 wt%, and their catalytic activity was then compared with a 10 wt% loaded catalyst prepared by conventional single impregnation. With a loading of 8 wt%, the presented catalysts showed an improved catalytic activity regarding light-off and full conversion temperatures compared to this reference. Through the application of several analytical methods (PXRD, PDF, DRUVS, SEM, XAFS), the improved catalytic activity can be correlated with an increased amount of isolated iron centers and a significantly reduced fraction of agglomerates or particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved fortifying pumpkin slices with calcium and vitamin D3 using vacuum impregnation (VI) pre‐treatment and assessing the quality characteristics of the resulting desserts/jams. Slices were subjected to immersion or VI pre‐treatments for 30, 60, and 90 min in a solution containing calcium oxide and vitamin D3. Calcium ions contributed to the hardness of desserts, with VI reducing processing time. The highest impregnated calcium (58.17 mg/100 g fw) and vitamin D3 contents (6.02 mg/100 g dm) were determined in slices pre‐treated by VI for 90 min. VI was more effective than immersion in terms of calcium and vitamin D3 transition into pumpkin tissues. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that calcium oxide particles were noticeable in slices pre‐treated by VI. Immersing fruit slices for 90 min produced desserts with a textural hardness of 11.04 N, while VI pre‐treatment for the same duration increased their hardness value to 18.92 N. Desserts produced with VI‐pre‐treated slices exhibited superior texture and sensory attributes, with no adverse taste resulting from calcium oxide. In conclusion, VI pre‐treatment shows significant potential for the industrial production of desserts/jams with enhanced structural integrity for fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshell waste is typically produced from daily poultry consumption and industrial applications. They are a rich source of calcium in the form of carbonates and oxides, recognised as excellent hydroxyapatite sources (HAp). To date, limited studies have highlighted the modification of HAp with impregnation. In the present study, HAp was prepared via the precipitation method, and further modification of HAp using monoethanolamine (MEA) and deep eutectic solvent, particularly choline chloride:urea (ChCl:U), were explored for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The morphological structures were studied using a scanning electron microscope, while properties were assessed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (SEM-EDX) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The CO2 adsorption performance using raw and impregnated HAp was also evaluated. By introducing the chemisorption process, the impregnated ChCl:U-HAp with irregular crystallite agglomerates demonstrated a higher adsorption capacity and longer breakthrough time than raw HAp and MEA-HAp. This study confirms the feasibility of using eggshells to produce HAp as an effective adsorbent in CO2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stems of water hyacinth contain cellulose, a natural polymer capable of interacting with modified polystyrene. This research aims to determine the physical and mechanical properties of water hyacinth stems and to trigger the modification of polystyrene with acrylic acid using the initiator benzoyl peroxide. The impregnation technique is used to modify water hyacinth stems with modified polystyrene, resulting in optimum conditions at an impregnation time of 3 h. The results of impregnation reveal a decrease in water content from 17.97% to 6.45%, a decrease in water absorption from 94.85% to 81.37%, and an increase in the modulus of elasticity (MoE) from 22.94 MPa to 191.18 MPa. Then FT-IR analysis was carried out to determine the success of the polystyrene modification, and the surface structure of the impregnated water hyacinth stems was examined using SEM. Therefore, from these data, it can be seen that modified polystyrene resin can improve the mechanical and physical properties of water hyacinth stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has emerged as an effective method for preparing complex structured silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. However, the SiC components demonstrate low strength and high brittleness, which remain major challenges limiting its application. To overcome this limitation, short carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C sf /SiC) composites are prepared by combining LPBF and phenolic resin binder impregnation (PRBI)-reactive melt infiltration (RMI), in which high char yield boron-and silicone-containing phenolic resin (BSiPF) impregnation is used to adjust the carbon density of green bodies and to reduce the pore size of green bodies. By optimizing the impregnation process, the carbon density can be brought close to the theoretical optimal value of 0.84 g/cm3, and the reduction of the pore size is conducive to the improvement of the reaction rate at the early stage of the reaction, which enhance the SiC phase content of C sf /SiC composites obtained by RMI. Meanwhile, the application of BSiPF results in a protective pyrolytic carbon (PyC) coating on the surface of C sf , which can reduce the erosion of C sf by molten Si during the RMI process, thus improving the fracture toughness of C sf /SiC composites. The final C sf /SiC composites exhibit the enhanced bulk density, bending strength and fracture toughness, reaching 2.90 ± 0.01 g/cm3, 257 ± 20 MPa, 3.52 ± 0.15 MPa m1/2, respectively. This study provides a new strategy for effective impregnation technique for the additive manufacturing (AM) of high strength and high toughness SiC composites. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines the utilization of process optimization as a viable strategy for addressing the issue of global warming through the conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol. In the realm of computational chemistry, the response surface methodology approach has evolved as an alternative for optimizing the reaction parameters through the utilization of statistical models. In the present study, promoted copper/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst was used for carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. The primary objective of the study was to enhance the overall methanol yield by optimizing the various factors in the methanol synthesis. This was accomplished by employing a combination of response surface methodology and one factor at a time techniques. The creation of statistical models was used to optimize the essential factors, and subsequently, one factor at a time. This helps in determining the optimum pressure, temperature, and hydrogen/carbon dioxide molar ratio. Impregnation technique was employed for the synthesis of promoted copper/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst. The analysis of variance results suggested the reduced quadratic model for carbon dioxide conversion, methanol selectivity and methanol yield as responses. The optimum process operating conditions were found to be the hydrogen/carbon dioxide ratio of 10, temperature of 300 °C, pressure of 31 bar and gas hourly space velocity of 2160 mL/g h, in which 28.6% carbon dioxide conversion, 59.2% methanol selectivity and 16.4% methanol yield were achieved. The catalytic performance was then investigated for high pressure range of 40 -- 80 bar with other conditions were fixed at optimal value. The carbon dioxide conversion and methanol selectivity were found to increase with increasing pressure. The highest catalytic performance was achieved at 80 bar with carbon dioxide conversion of 68.35%, methanol selectivity of 93%, and methanol yield of 63.57%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study explores the potential of vancomycin-impregnated polylactic acid (V-PLA) as a novel biomaterial for orthopedic applications. V-PLA combines the biocompatibility of PLA with the antimicrobial properties of vancomycin, making it a promising candidate for managing orthopedic infections. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of V-PLA, including macroscopic characterization, biomechanical analysis, vancomycin release profiles, antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm effects on Staphylococcus aureus ATCCTM 25923. Filaments of V-PLA were manufactured by combining PLA pellets with vancomycin via extrusion and models produced by 3D printer. A biocompatibility test involved the insertion of PLA into a mouse calvaria model to evaluate the inflammatory response. Our results indicate that V-PLA exhibits a distinct macroscopic appearance and sustained vancomycin release over 28 days, surpassing minimal inhibitory concentrations for most Staphylococcus aureus strains. Moreover, V-PLA demonstrated the ability to prevent biofilm formation, a critical concern in orthopedic implant-related infections. While mechanical strength is identified as a limitation in certain applications, V-PLA's suitability varies depending on the clinical context. The V-PLA was biocompatible with a fibrous capsule similar to other prosthetic implants. This study sheds light on the potential of V-PLA for orthopedic spacers and implants, offering clinicians an innovative approach to infection management. Future research may explore its use in specific anatomical locations and clinical scenarios, advancing the field of orthopedic biomaterials.

Abstract The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles toward hydrogen generation can be significantly improved via the loading of various metals e.g., Ru, Co, Ni as co-catalysts. The metal co-catalysts are loaded into TiO2 nanoparticles via different deposition methods; incipient wet impregnation (Imp), hydrothermal (HT), or photocatalytic deposition (PCD). Among all of the tested materials, 0.1 wt% Ru–TiO2 (Imp) provided the highest initial hydrogen catalytic rate of 23.9 mmol h−1 g−1, compared to 10.82 and 16.55 mmol h−1 g−1 for 0.3 wt% Ni–TiO2 (Imp) and 0.3 wt% Co–TiO2 (Imp), respectively. The loading procedures, co-catalyst metals type, and their loading play a significant role in elevating the photocatalytic activity of pristine TiO2 semiconductors toward hydrogen generation. Redox transition metals e.g., Co and Ni exhibit comparable photocatalytic performance to expensive elements such as Ru.

Kaolin is a natural ingredient that is in abundance and has not been widely used. Kaolin is a source of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) so that it can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. This research aims to examine the influence of using impregnated kaolin as a heterogeneous catalyst on production of biodiesel. Research methods include calcination of natural kaolin, impregnation of kaolin using KI, KIO3, and preparation of kaolin-methoxide in various concentrations, as well as biodiesel production using an impregnated kaolin catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using XRD and SEM. The catalyst was tested for basicity using the Hammet indicator method with acid-base titration. The biodiesel product obtained was analyzed using GCMS. The results of XRD analysis showed that 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst had the highest crystallinity among the others. The crystallinity obtained was 87.84% with a composition of 15.79% SiO2 and 78.86% Al2O3. SEM image results also show a more visible crystal shape. The highest basicity of the catalyst obtained was 0.240 mmol. The highest biodiesel yield using 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst is 99.48%.

The objective of this research was to investigate and evaluate the possibility of increasing the thermo-mechanical properties of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) fibers by impregnating them with a tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (Bio-NIPU) resin. The resin was created by reacting tannin of Acacia mangium with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). The optimal time of impregnation was discovered to be 90 min, as demonstrated by its thermal stability, with a residual of 25% remaining after being treated to a temperature of 750 °C. When ramie fibers were impregnated with the newly developed tannin-based Bio-NIPU resin, their thermal and mechanical qualities significantly enhanced. In terms of mechanical properties, the impregnated ramie fibers had a tensile strength of 325 MPa and an elasticity modulus of 10.82 GPa. Py-GCMS was used to confirm the production of urethane groups as a result of the reaction between the tannin-based Bio-NIPU resin and ramie fibers. The use of FE-SEM in conjunction with EDS allowed the detection of nitrogen from urethane groups in Bio-NIPU. The characterization analysis also demonstrated that incorporating tannin-based Bio-NIPU resin into ramie fibers had a substantial impact on their thermal and mechanical properties, increasing their potential for wider use across varied industrial sectors.

Due to its rapid reproduction, high cellulose content, and low lignin proportion, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a sustainable raw material for preparing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). We extracted CNFs from water hyacinth and used them to fabricate nanopapers. Transparent nanocomposites were subsequently developed by immersing the CNF-derived nanopapers in acrylic resins. These nanocomposites exhibited promising mechanical properties and optical transparency. Compared with neat acrylic films, the nanocomposites exhibited a 13.5-fold improved tensile strength, an 80-fold increased Young’s modulus, and similar tensile strain. These considerably increased mechanical properties were attributed to strong interfacial bonding between the acrylic resin and CNF nanopaper, estimated by the rule of mixtures. Moreover, the CNF nanopaper significantly decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion of the acrylic resin from 192.3 to 16.3 ppm K−1, which is comparable to that of borosilicate glass. The outstanding properties of these nanocomposites render them suitable for applications in flexible optoelectronic devices, such as organic light – emitting diode displays and solar cells.

The demand for increasingly healthier food products requires challenges from food processors, to produce foods with better sensory properties, fortified with micronutrients and bioactive compounds of natural origin. This study addresses a novel formulation of osmosonicated orange peel snacks, impregnated with plant extracts during osmodehydration. Extracts of purple corn, camu-camu, lucuma, carob and prickly pear were used as hypertonic solution. Sucrose solution was used as control. Snacks exhibits adequate moisture values, important content of fibre and slightly reduction of proteins. Snacks with plant extracts had less content of carbohydrates than control. A preservation and/or reduced loss of bioactives compounds of the snacks was observed, being the ferulic acid, the main phenolic. The antioxidant activity was enhanced with the use of osmosonication and heat dehydration. Color changes were observed according to the different plant extracts used. The sensory quality exhibits a good acceptability for all snacks, mainly the snack impregned with lucuma extract.

The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles toward hydrogen generation can be significantly improved via the loading of various metals e.g., Ru, Co, Ni as co-catalysts. The metal co-catalysts are loaded into TiO2 nanoparticles via different deposition methods; incipient wet impregnation (Imp), hydrothermal (HT), or photocatalytic deposition (PCD). Among all of the tested materials, 0.1 wt% Ru–TiO2 (Imp) provided the highest initial hydrogen catalytic rate of 23.9 mmol h−1 g−1, compared to 10.82 and 16.55 mmol h−1 g−1 for 0.3 wt% Ni–TiO2 (Imp) and 0.3 wt% Co–TiO2 (Imp), respectively. The loading procedures, co-catalyst metals type, and their loading play a significant role in elevating the photocatalytic activity of pristine TiO2 semiconductors toward hydrogen generation. Redox transition metals e.g., Co and Ni exhibit comparable photocatalytic performance to expensive elements such as Ru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper substrates possessing features ranging from hydrophobic to oxygen-barrier functional properties are gaining great attention recently due to the global ban on single-use plastics as well as the compulsion to avoid nonbiodegradable polymer packing. In this work, hydrophobic silica carriers are processed first through a direct physical impregnation of silicone oil in various amounts into the 20-nm sized silica nanoparticles and subsequently analyzed for the progressive changes in the surface hydrophobicity by water contact angle measurements. The hydrophobic nano-silica was also systematically analyzed by XRD, TGA, FTIR, SEM, and TEM and the results are presented. It was found that the nano-silica with the bulk BET surface area of 157 m2/g can accommodate 2.5 g of silicone oil per gram of silica, finally resulting in hydrophobic silica with a maximum contact angle of 139°. Later, this hydrophobic nano-silica was dispersed in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix and a coating formulation was prepared to develop water-repellent self-cleaning functional coatings on eco-friendly paper substrates. While applied as topcoats on paper substrates, the hydrophobic silica-PMMA gets embedded into the porous fibrous cellulose network and converts it into an impressive water-repellent packaging material with a contact angle of about 142°. This facile inorganic–organic hybrid topcoat strategy was successfully applied on the fibrous cellulose sludge waste produced by the paper mills to produce lightweight, water/moisture resistance packing material for circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]