Antimicrobial Action of a Biodegradable Thermoplastic Impregnated with Vancomycin for Use in 3D Printing Technology

Abstract This study explores the potential of vancomycin-impregnated polylactic acid (V-PLA) as a novel biomaterial for orthopedic applications. V-PLA combines the biocompatibility of PLA with the antimicrobial properties of vancomycin, making it a promising candidate for managing orthopedic infections. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of V-PLA, including macroscopic characterization, biomechanical analysis, vancomycin release profiles, antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm effects on Staphylococcus aureus ATCCTM 25923. Filaments of V-PLA were manufactured by combining PLA pellets with vancomycin via extrusion and models produced by 3D printer. A biocompatibility test involved the insertion of PLA into a mouse calvaria model to evaluate the inflammatory response. Our results indicate that V-PLA exhibits a distinct macroscopic appearance and sustained vancomycin release over 28 days, surpassing minimal inhibitory concentrations for most Staphylococcus aureus strains. Moreover, V-PLA demonstrated the ability to prevent biofilm formation, a critical concern in orthopedic implant-related infections. While mechanical strength is identified as a limitation in certain applications, V-PLA's suitability varies depending on the clinical context. The V-PLA was biocompatible with a fibrous capsule similar to other prosthetic implants. This study sheds light on the potential of V-PLA for orthopedic spacers and implants, offering clinicians an innovative approach to infection management. Future research may explore its use in specific anatomical locations and clinical scenarios, advancing the field of orthopedic biomaterials.