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Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) was first identified in Arkansas and Tennessee in 2008 and is now known to be widespread in the United States and Canada. Multiple species of thrips transmit this and other tospoviruses with Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (soybean thrips) cited as the most efficient vector for SVNV. In this study, 18 soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., genotypes were evaluated in four experiments by infesting plants with noninfected and SVNV-infected thrips using choice and no-choice assays. In both choice experiments with noninfected and SVNV-infected thrips, the lowest number of immature soybean thrips occurred on plant introductions (PIs) 229358 and 604464 while cultivars Williams 82 and Williamsfield Illini 3590N supported higher counts of mature thrips. The counts between the two assays (noninfected and SVNV-infected thrips) were positively correlated. In both no-choice experiments with noninfected and SVNV-infected thrips, counts of thrips did not differ by soybean genotypes. Further studies are needed to characterize the inheritance and mechanisms involved in the resistance found in the choice assay.

Eremothecium coryli has been identified as the causative agent of yeast-spot disease in soybeans. To determine which true bug species might be vectors for yeast-spot disease in Japan, Riptortus clavatus, Nezara antennata, Piezodorus hybneri and Dolycoris baccarum were collected from commercially grown soybean plants in Kyoto and Hiroshima Prefectures, in July to September 2006. The carrying rates of E. coryli were 77.7, 35.7, 20.4 and 43.8% on R. clavatus, N. antennata, P. hybneri and D. baccarum adults, respectively. The carrying rate of E. coryli was 11.5% among R. clavatus nymphs. But E. coryli was not isolated from N. antennata and D. baccarum nymphs. The transmission rates of E. coryli to immature soybean seeds were 81.6, 50.0, 16.7 and 40.0% by R. clavatus, N. antennata, P. hybneri and D. baccarum adults, respectively. The results suggested that these 4 species are capable of carrying and transmitting E. coryli that cause yeast-spot disease in soybeans.

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the potential of green immature soybean among Nigeria soybean varieties as human food.Design/methodology/approachFive Nigeria soybean varieties were harvested at 90 days old. The fresh green immature soybean seed were evaluated for chemical composition, physical and sensory characteristics. The physical characteristics looked into seed size (breadth and length), weight, seed colour, hull thickness and percentage of hydration. The chemical composition was compared to mature soybean seeds while the sensory attributes were compared to fresh green peas.FindingsThe raw mature soybean (RMS) was significantly higher and lower in chemical composition and anti‐nutritional factors respectively. The highest moisture content ranges from 62.8 per cent in TGX 1019‐2EB to 65.4 per cent in TGX 1485‐1D. The protein content (15.3 per cent) was highest in TGX1485‐1D and lowest value in TGX1448‐2E. The level of tannin was significantly higher in TGX1448‐2E and 923‐2E while trypsin inhibitor was significantly (pE and TGX1485‐1D. TGX1485‐1D had superior physical characteristics to other immature varieties with significant (pE, 1485‐1D and 1019‐2EB compared favourably well with green peas used as control for sensory evaluation.Originality/valueThis study could help to identify the potential of some Nigerian soybean cultivars for production for use as a source of vegetable in the diet and also provided valuable information for further improvement of soybean for food uses.

Eating quality, flavor and pod color of immature soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds (edamame) were examined using 7 vegetable-type and 2 grain-type soybean cultivars. The edamame was sampled at the optimum harvesting period for eating. One group was boiled for 3 min and then stored at 5, 15 and 25°C for 24 h (the boiled storage group) . Another group was stored raw under the same conditions and then boiled for 3 min (raw storage group). Eating quality, flavor and pod color of the two groups of edamame were evaluated by 10 to 15 panelists. The eating quality was positively and significantly correlated with flavor of edamame in the raw storage group 〔r=0.726 (p

The complex network of regulatory factors and interactions involved in transcriptional regulation within the seed is not well understood. To evaluate gene expression regulation in the immature seed, we utilized a genetical genomics approach on a soybean [ (L.) Merr.] recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and produced a genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) dataset. The validity of the dataset was confirmed by mapping the eQTL hotspot for flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes to a region containing repeats of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes known to correspond to the soybean inhibitor locus that regulates seed color. We then identified eQTL for genes with seed-specific expression and discovered striking eQTL hotspots at distinct genomic intervals on chromosomes (Chr) 20, 7, and 13. The main eQTL hotspot for transcriptional regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis genes also coincided with regulation of oleosin genes. Transcriptional upregulation of genesets from eQTL with opposite allelic effects were also found. Gene–eQTL networks were constructed and candidate regulatory genes were identified from these three key loci specific to seed expression and enriched in genes involved in seed oil accumulation. Our data provides new insight into the complex nature of gene networks in the immature soybean seed and the genetic architecture that contributes to seed development.

Using American panelists, we examined the palatability of frozen immature soybean seeds (R 6 ) and freeze-dried soybean snacks (FDSS) prepared from selected immature soybean genotypes ( Hutcheson , NTCPR93-286, NTCPR93-1557 and Honey Brown ). The frozen immature soybean seeds were evaluated in comparison with frozen peas [ Pisum sativum (L.) sativum ] and lima beans [ Phaseolus lunatus (L.) lunatus ], whereas the FDSS prototypes were evaluated based on their appearance and eating quality. Frozen immature soybean seeds were rated favorably compared to other legume products. The overall rank sum indexes (ORSI) for frozen peas, NTCPR93-286, Hutcheson , and lima beans were 4, 10, 10, and 16, respectively. Small ORSI values reflected higher consumer preference. The ORSI of the FDSS products were 13 for Hutcheson , 23 for NTCPR93-286, 24 for NTCPR93-1557, and 26 for Honey Brown . Although Hutcheson and NTCPR93-286 were among the top rated varieties, all FDSS used in this study showed a favorable rating in all attributes of eating quality. The result suggests that American consumers could accept the immature frozen soybean as a vegetable or FDSS.

Mature and immature soybeans were stored for 6 months. Every month, soybeans were analysed for oil content, moisture percentage, acid value, peroxide value, fatty acid analysis, meal protein and urease activity in soybean meal. In addition, soybean samples were heated to different temperatures and times and the effect of heating on dehulling was studied. Finally control charts of acid and peroxide values were constructed and discussed.Soja madura e inmadura se almacenó durante seis meses. Mensualmente, la soja fue analizada por su contenido en aceite, porcentaje de humedad, índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, análisis de ácidos grasos y, proteína y actividad ureásica en la harina de soja. Además, las muestras de soja se calentaron a diferentes temperaturas y tiempos, estudiándose el efecto del calentamiento sobre el descascarado. Finalmente, se construyeron y discutieron gráficas controles de índices de acidez y peróxido.

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] reproductive cycle represents more than 50% of the length of the total growth cycle. Immature embryo culture could be used to shorten this cycle. This study was conducted to develop an efficient technique to shorten the soybean reproductive cycle and to make it possible to develop recombinant lines from populations more rapidly. The importance of a pod pretreatment before embryo extraction, the effects of embryo age on germination rate, embryo position in the pod, and the composition of the germination medium (supplemented with sucrose or not) were analyzed to define an optimal technique. Plant recovery rate and genotype effects on germination were evaluated with 22 genotypes representing a broad genetic background. It was necessary to pretreat immature seed by exposing pods to 26°C for 4 d to induce germination. Best results (up to 100% germination) were obtained from embryos sampled at the end of lag phase of seed development (approximately 18 d after flowering). For three-seeded pods, the central embryos generally had a higher germination rate than distal and proximal embryos (25 and 44 percentage points, respectively). Whatever the embryo position in the pod, adding sucrose significantly increased the germination of embryos sampled 14 to 18 d after flowering. Plantlets were obtained from 73% of the germinated embryos and the length of cycle was reduced from 130 to 140 d to 65 to 70 d. Average germination of the 22 genotypes was 80%; thus, this technique, paired with the single seed descent method, provides soybean breeders with a tool to develop lines quickly.

La cosecha de semillas inmaturas de soja, Glycine max ( L.) Merr., se utiliza en los semilleros de fitomejoramiento para acortar la longitud de las generaciones. Generalmente se cosechan vainas individuales que se secan intactas en el ambiente. Un procedimiento apropiado para determinar el momento de cosecha de las vainas es anotar los días después de la floración (DAF). El método de marcar las flores consume, sin embargo, mucho tiempo, sobre todo cuando se trabaja con un gran número de genotipos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar un indicador visual para determinar el momento más apropiado de la cosecha de semillas inmaturas viables. Se usaron dos cultivares indeterminados, Lakota del Grupo de Madurez (MG) I y BSR 301 del MG III, que se sembraron en tres ambientes en Isabela, PR. La cosecha de las vainas comenzó a los 28 OAF y continuó cada 3 días hasta 46 DAF. Se tomaron los siguientes datos: germinación en el campo; pesos húmedo y seco de las semillas; ancho, longitud y grosor de las semillas; ángulo de la vaina; color de la vaina y etapa reproductiva de las plantas individuales. Los resultados indicaron que el mejor indicador visual para la cosecha de semillas inmaturas de vainas verdes fue la combinación del ángulo de la vaina, las dimensiones de las semillas y la etapa reproductiva de las plantas. En general, la germinación fue de 70% y se obtuvieron mejores germinaciones con semillas inmaturas de vainas verdes que tenían un ángulo de flexión no mayor a los 30° sin que se provocara su rotura y que contenían semillas con las dimensiones máximas, o próximas a ellas, en cuanto a su ancho, longitud y grosor. Estas vainas se cosecharon de plantas individuales que estaban en la etapa reproductiva de R6.

Genotype has a large effect on the ability of immature soybean cotyledons to undergo auxin-stimulated somatic embryogenesis. Among 33 soybean lines, all those showing good regeneration were found to have in their pedigrees one or both of the highly regenerative ancestral lines, ‘Manchu’ or ‘A.K. Harrow’. When ‘Manchu’ was crossed with ‘Shiro’, a genotype showing extremely poor regeneration, F1 hybrid cotyledons showed intermediate regeneration capacity.

Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs, a causal agent of Phomopsis seed decay, colonizes the seed coats and embryos of mature soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds. The mode of infection of immature soybean pods and seeds by P. longicolla was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Phomopsis longicolla penetrated directly through pod walls by appressoria. Penetration through stomata in the pod surface was not observed. Immature seeds were also penetrated directly. Heavily infected immature seeds showed extensive colonization of the seed coats and embryos.

The distribution of phospholipids in developing soybean seeds [ Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. “Chippewa 64,” “Harosoy 63,” “Wayne,” and “Clark 63”] was followed. From 30 to 60 days after flowering expressed as mole per cent of phospholipid phosphorus phosphatidic acid decreased from 14.8 to 9.1; phosphatidylinositol increased from 0 to 9.1; phosphatidylcholine increased from 8.2 to 9.8; phosphatidylethanolamine increased from 5.3 to 8.6; phosphatidylglycerol increased from 3.2 to 4.8; diphosphatidylglycerol increased from 2.7 to 4.1; and N -acylphosphatidylethanolamine decreased from 65.8 to 54.6. However, from 60 days after flowering to maturity, phosphatidic acid decreased to 0; phosphatidylinositol increased roughly 2-fold; phosphatidylcholine increased roughly 4.7-fold; phosphatidylethanolamine increased 3-fold; N -acylphosphatidylethanolamine decreased 11-fold; whereas phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol remained essentially constant. Percentages of individual phospholipid species were not statistically different between any two varieties at a given time period. Immature soybean cotyledons incubated with 14 C-acetate or -pyruvate demonstrated rapid incorporation into the phospholipid fraction. N -acylphosphatidylethanolamine was found to account for nearly 70% of the total radioactivity incorporated by the total polar lipid fraction and greater than 30% of the total radioactivity added.

Because of its composition and high biological value soybean is considered the food of the future and is being used worldwide both in preparation of various dietary products and for diverse food articles. The additional of soybean and evaluation of the biological value of products is mostly based on data about the content of individual soybean components obtainable from different tables on the composition and nutritional value of food products. Therefore, within a more extensive project, investigation were carried out in our laboratory to find out how genetic and climatic factors effect the biosynthesis and accumulation of different soybean seed components and to what extent the observed differences influence the accuracy of nutritional value evaluation of food products obtained. Although the vitamin B complex is important for the growth and metabolism of living organisms, as an essential part of the enzyme system which is the basis of life processes, these vitamins are not sufficiently represented in the research concerning soybean. Except for the few autors (1-5) who studied the distribution of thiamine, Liener (6) summarizing the results of previous investigations gives the most complete account of B vitamins content in mature and immature soybean seed. This work is concerned with investigating the effect of climaic and genetic factors on the biosynthesis and accumulation of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin in various soybean genotypes and results were related to the problem of evaluating the biological value of soybean food products.

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of endogenous phytic acid in soybean seeds (Glycine max, var. 'Amsoy') on the bioavailability of Te to iron-depleted rats. Soybean plants were grown in nutrient solutions labeled with â"¢Fesupplied at either 0.4 or 1.0 ppm iron in solution. Immature and mature soybean seeds were harvested and fed to male rats as a single dose. The phytic acid content of the immature and mature seeds averaged 0.61 and 1.71% dry weight, respectively. Varying the nutrient solution iron concentration supplied to the soybean plants did not significantly affect the iron concentration in the mature soybean seeds. When the Te- labeled seeds were fed to iron-deficient rats, â"¢Fefrom the mature seeds was more available than that from immature seeds even though the mature seeds contained ap proximately three times as much phytic acicl. Autoclaving the mature seeds did not affect the absorption of MFe by rats from the seeds. Immature soybean seeds contained much more insoluble â"¢Fethan did mature soybean seeds. It was concluded that the availability of 5BFefrom soybean seeds, as measured by whole-body counting, was not directly correlated to the phytate content of the seeds; also immature soybean seeds apparently contain a factor or factors (other than phytic acid) that depresses iron availability. J. Nutr. 105: 253-256, 1975.

Homogenates of cotyledons from immature soybean seeds were fractionated by centrifugation. Cell-free preparations actively desaturated 1-14C-palmitate and 1-14C-stearate to produce 9,10-unsaturated acids. The 9-desaturase activity was present mainly in supernatant fractions (22,000 and 105,000 xg). These fractions also desaturated oleate to linoleate and elongated C14, C16 and C18 acids. In view of this versatility of desaturase systems in the soybean, including the 9-desaturase(s) for C14, C16 and C18 saturated acids, there would not seem to be further need to consider a separate plant pathway for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.

The methods of fertilizer application tested were as follows: 1) Subsoiling, 2) Broadcasting, 3) Drilling beside planting rows, 4) Drilling between planting rows. With corn and oats, the method of drilling beside planting rows brought the best top growth. With immature soybean and common vetch, it was superior by subsoiling. The yield in each crop was similar in tendency to the top growth, except that of common vetch which decreased owing to lodging caused by excessive growth by the subsoiling method. Drilling between rows brought about the most inferior growth and yields in all the crops. Effects of the difference of the method on the root development were recognized with common vetch and oats as differences in distribution of roots around and beneath the fertilizer placed. Subsoiling application promoted the penetration of roots in common vetch only. It was observed that the roots which distributed around the fertilizer were white and fresh. Though no data about the relation between top growth and root weight were obtained in this investigation, the authors assumed detailed studies of quality or viability of root should be important to elucidate such a relation.

A naturally occurring inhibitor of seed germination has been isolated by ion-exchange chromatography from soybean seeds and seedlings. The inhibitor was present in large amounts in immature seeds and in seedlings sprayed with 2,4-D. The inhibitor acted as an "uncoupler" when applied to soybean root tips or mitochondria.

The root samples were taken by Monolith method from plots to which fertilizer was applied in row and broadcast. The root distribution influenced by the method of fertilizer placement varied according to the kind of crops (Fig. 1). On the top and root growth of immature soybean, there was no distinct tendency between two fertilizer placements. In common vetch, the top and root growth was better in row application. In red clover, it was better in broadcast application. The most part of the roots distributed in 6 cm depth from the surface of the soil in immature soybean and red clover, and 15 cm in common vetch (Fig. 2). The root of immature soybean penetrated into the subsoil about 60 cm deep, but that of others did about 40 cm deep. In general the tap roots penetrated deeper in broadcast application (Table 1).