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This study was conducted to compare the nutritional composition of white-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) larvae produced from five commercial insect farms in Korea. The feeding sources of larvae were different as follows: Farm A, fermented oak sawdust; Farm B, fermented oak and scrub sawdust; Farm C, commercial feed; Farm D, private fermented feed; and Farm E, byproduct from mushroom compost. Drying yield significantly varied by insect farm, ranging from 14.12% to 27.28%. However, there was only small difference (5.14–7.38 g/100 g) in moisture content of dried larvae powder (p

The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of various supplementary feeds on the chemical composition and production of bioactive substances in Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. The primary feed-oak-fermented sawdust-was supplemented with a variety of substances, including aloe, apple, banana, sweet persimmon (S. persimmon) and sweet pumpkin (S. pumpkin). Crude protein and fat content were the highest in the control and S. pumpkin group, respectively. Supplementary feeds increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids, except in the group receiving S. pumpkin, in which oleic acid was the most abundant (58.2%-64.5%). Free essential amino acids in larvae receiving supplementary aloe were higher compared with the control group except for Lys and His. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of ABTS and DPPH were higher in all treated groups compared with the control group. Although supplementary feeds led to a decreased crude protein content in the treated larvae when compared with the control group, these treatments generally improved the levels of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidative activity. Therefore, we suggest that among the supplementary foods tested, aloe is a better resource for P. brevitarsis based on crude protein content, free amino acids and other bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants.

This study was done to prepare functional sausages using silkworm powder and silkworm cordyceps. The pH values of the treated groups were significantly higher than that of non-treated group (p 0.05). Therefore, since functionality of the sausages were enhanced by the supplementations of silkworm powder and silkworm cordyceps, we suggest that the product is potentially useful as a functional sausage.

As trade barriers are collapsed by result of trade liberalization, competition of global pork market has been accelerated by each country. Since pork is the most consuming meat in South Korea, analysis of determinants to pork consumption is a good indicator in decision making of pork producers, distributors and consumers. In addition, it is useful for 6th industrialization combing production, processing and sales of pig. The predictive power on determinants for consumption of domestic pork (CDP) was confirmed by variance inflation factor and stepwise selection methods. We selected seven and four variables, respectively, depending on the both methods for examination of CDP determinants. Production and beginning stocks of domestic pork had the greatest influence on CDP and a positive relation with each other (P

Postmortem pH is a main factor influencing the meat quality in pigs. This study investigated the association of postmortem pH with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fourth member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family (DHRS4), the first member of serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (complement inhibitor) (SERPING1), and the apolipoprotein R precursor (APOR) genes in Berkshire pigs. The study included 437 pigs, and genotyping was conducted using the GoldenGate Assay (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). DHRS4, SERPING1, and APOR polymorphisms were significantly associated with pH45 or pH24 (p

The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of various supplementary feeds on the chemical composition and production of bioactive substances in Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. The primary feed—oak-fermented sawdust—was supplemented with a variety of substances, including aloe, apple, banana, sweet persimmon (S. persimmon) and sweet pumpkin (S. pumpkin). Crude protein and fat content were the highest in the control and S. pumpkin group, respectively. Supplementary feeds increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids, except in the group receiving S. pumpkin, in which oleic acid was the most abundant (58.2%–64.5%). Free essential amino acids in larvae receiving supplementary aloe were higher compared with the control group except for Lys and His. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of ABTS and DPPH were higher in all treated groups compared with the control group. Although supplementary feeds led to a decreased crude protein content in the treated larvae when compared with the control group, these treatments generally improved the levels of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidative activity. Therefore, we suggest that among the supplementary foods tested, aloe is a better resource for P. brevitarsis based on crude protein content, free amino acids and other bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants.

This study was done to investigate the antimicrobial activity of stag beetle larvae extract induced by innate immune response by treating Salmonella strain. Agar diffusion assay showed no significant difference in antimicrobial activity compared to the control. However, when the activity was done by microtiter plate assay, the antimicrobial activity was increased compared to the control. The antimicrobial activity was measured according to the molecular weight to confirm that the activity was induced according to the molecular weight of the peptide. As a result, many antimicrobial substances against S. Gallinarum were found at below 3 kDa and above 30 kDa. Many antibacterial substances against S. Enteritidis were observed at below 3 kDa, 10-30 kDa and above 30 kDa. Therefore, it is suggested that stag beetle larvae induce an antimicrobial peptide, which is an innate immune response, against pathogenic microorganisms.

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) is a plasma transport protein that has glucocorticoid-binding activity. In the present study, we identified CBG gene expression in several tissues of four pig breeds: Berkshire, Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire. Expression of CBG mRNA was detected in the liver of all four breeds, and was the highest in Berkshire pigs. We also found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CBG gene from Berkshire pigs, including SNP c.919G>A, which corresponds to 307G>R. We analyzed the relationships between this CBG variant and various meat-quality traits. The SNP was significantly associated with backfat thickness, post-mortem pH24h, meat color [CIE a* (redness), CIE b* (yellowness)], water-holding capacity, fat content, moisture content, protein content, cooking loss, and shear force. However, the effects differed by gender: the values were significantly associated with almost all traits in gilts, whereas only cooking loss and shear force were shown significantly in barrows. The variant G allele was associated with decreases in backfat thickness, post-mortem pH24h, CIE a*, fat content, and cooking loss, but with increases in CIE b*, water-holding capacity, moisture content, protein content, and shear force. Because the general correlation between meat-quality traits were not validated in the present study, we suggest that certain SNP might be used in the restrictive application to distinguish meat-quality traits.

In this study, we carried out location quotient analysis (LQA) to estimate specialization of livestock for individual cities in Gyeongnam at South Korea, 2014. The specialized animal species were evaluated for contribution rate to regionally economic growth based on gross regional domestic product (GRDP) from 2005 to 2014. The specialized domestic animals according to results of LQA included deer, duck, Korean cattle, pig and chicken. The results of regional growth rate differential analysis (RGADA) of Korean cattle, pig and chicken in the cities such as Gimhae, Miryang, Changnyeong, Goseong, Sancheong and Hapcheon in Gyeongnam maintained growth capability in the cities. When compared to other cities in South Korea, livestock industries in their cities were relatively high competitiveness. Therefore, we suggest that their cities induce intensively promotion of Korean cattle, pig and chicken industries for development and growth of regional economy. Furthermore, it is estimated that the results in this study are useful not only for establishment of regional animal husbandry policy but also for decision-making to select a city and livestock type of pre-entrepreneurs who want to start-up in animal husbandry sector.

This study was done to evaluate the effects of silkworm powder or silkworm cordyceps on quality of seasoned meat during storage. The pH was significantly lower in silkworm cordyceps group than those of the other groups (p

This study was carried out to obtain a basic data for application in meat products via examination of bioactive materials from Cirsium japonicum var. Ussuriense tuber. Hot water extract showed high activities against BC (Bacillus cereus) and ST (Salmonella Typhimurium) as well as inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. The supernatant of methanol fractionation (MS)50 and MS70 exhibited antibacterial activity against BC, whereas the precipitated pellet of methanol fractionation (MP)30 and MS50 showed the activity against ST. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed the highest value in MP50, but exhibited higher value in the supernatant than in the precipitated pellet. NO production in BV2 cells treated with LPS was highly inhibited in MS50 and MS70, but the activity in RAW 264.7 cells showed a high inhibition rate in MS70. As a result of ethyl acetate partition, antimicrobial activity showed high values in organic and water phases of ethyl acetate partition (MS70EAO and MS70EAW) against BC, but presented high activity in MS70EAW against ST. MS70EAO showed the highest NO production inhibition rate in BV2 and RAW 264.7 cells. In purification of Sep-Pak R18, the NO activity was showed by higher values by MS70EAO.FT (flow through), MS70EAW.FT, and MP70EAW.FT in BV2 cells, whereas observed by broad fractions in RAW264.7 cells. In summary, since the partially purified bioactive materials from C. japonicum have variously biological activities, we suggest that it is possibility of application to functional meat products.

The Goal of this study was to identify whether the extract of Liriope platyphylla tuber can induce antiencephalitis. The yield of the hot water extraction was 1.5 times higher than the extract by simple homogenization. When the methanol fractionation after the hot water extract was done, the precipitated pellet in 70% methanol showed the highest antiencephalitis activity. In organic solvent partition after 70% methanol extract, the water phases in hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate were exhibited higher activities, whereas its activity in butanol partition was divided into water and butanol layers. The eluents from the Sep-Pak R18 cartridge by fraction derived from the butanol and water phases in butanol partition showed the highest activity in the fraction of the hexane: ethyl acetate (5: 5) and ethyl acetate, respectively. It is assumed that the antiencephalitic activity is maintained not only in the hydrophilic materials but also in the hydrophobic ones. Therefore, we suggest that specific metabolites retained in L. platyphylla tuber are a high possibility to be applied as antiencephalitic agents.

To identify correlation between fresh meat and processed meat products, we performed canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to predict the relationship between pork supply and meat product production in Korea. Results of CCA showed a canonical correlation of 0.8576 in the first canonical pair (p

The goal of this study was done for evaluating stability according to low-temperature storage of kimchi duruchigi supplemented with a hot water extract of Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the RCM extract prepared from the hot water were detected by 293.34 μg CA/mg and 90.57 μg quecetin/mg, respectively. DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities of the extract were showed by relatively high values of 70.63 and 57.87%, respectively. Kimchi duruchigi was designed by control (non-treated), T1 (3% RCM extract), T2 (6% RCM extract), and T3 (0.1% ascorbic acid, a positive control). When compared with control and T3 groups, pHs of T1 and T2 groups supplemented with the RCM extract were gently changed depending on the storage time, and water holding capacities of T1 and T2 groups were improved in comparison with control group. Although meat color showed a tendency to most of increase according to the elapsed time, T1 and T2 groups showed less changes than that of control group. Lipid peroxidation appeared in a little bit changes regardless of the processing and storage days, but protein spoilages in T1 and T2 groups were found by lower changes when compared with the control group. As the results of sensory evaluation, T1 and T2 groups during storage had the better taste, flavor and acceptability than those of control and T3 groups. Therefore, we suggest that kimchi duruchigi supplemented with the RCM extract is a possible of improving the storage stability and product preference.

Plant cell culture constitutes a sustainable, controllable and environmentally friendly tool to produce natural products for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and industrial biotechnology industries. However, there are significant obstacles to the commercial synthesis of high value chemicals from plant culture including low yields, performance instability, slow plant cell growth, industrial scale-up and downstream processing. Cambial meristematic cells constitute a platform to ameliorate many of these potential problems enabling the commercial production of high value chemicals.

In the present study, we examined the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of leptin (LEP), skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1), myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) genes on economic trait association in pigs. LEP/HindIII, MYOD1/DdeI, MYF5/FokI, and GYS1/FokI genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) from 466 pigs comprised of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire breeds. The LEP/HindIII polymorphism differed significantly with respect to average daily gain (ADG) in Duroc pigs (P

Increasing litter size is of great interest to the pig industry. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression, resulting in livestock phenotypes such as disease resistance, milk production, and reproduction. We classified Berkshire pigs into two groups according to litter size and estimated breeding value: smaller (SLG) and larger (LLG) litter size groups. Genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression were analyzed using placenta genomic DNA and RNA to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with litter size. The methylation levels of CpG dinucleotides in different genomic regions were noticeably different between the groups, while global methylation pattern was similar, and excluding intergenic regions they were found the most frequently in gene body regions. Next, we analyzed RNA-Seq data to identify DEGs between the SLG and LLG groups. A total of 1591 DEGs were identified: 567 were downregulated and 1024 were upregulated in LLG compared to SLG. To identify genes that simultaneously exhibited changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression, we integrated and analyzed the data from bisulfite-Seq and RNA-Seq. Nine DEGs positioned in DMRs were found. The expression of only three of these genes (PRKG2, CLCA4, and PCK1) was verified by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, we observed the same methylation patterns in blood samples as in the placental tissues by PCR-based methylation analysis. Together, these results provide useful data regarding potential epigenetic markers for selecting hyperprolific sows.

This study was done to examine correlation between pork color and texture traits for entrepreneurial decision-making. Most traits between both factors had significant correlations, but presented low correlation values. The first correlation in the results of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) maintained relatively high values of 47.9. The value was positive and negative contributions for hardness and gumminess, respectively. Loadings of color traits were more influenced by lightness and whiteness. However, influence of variance in texture trait showed only 7.6% with color trait. The result indicates that there is no direct influence between pork color and texture, but an indirect influence. Therefore, we suggest that consumers and distributors as well as producers apply indirect criteria rather than directly assessing texture quality by pork color.

Cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector (CIDE) B is a member of the CIDE family of apoptosis-inducing factors. In the present study, we detected a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), c.414G>A, which corresponds to the synonymous SNP 414Arg, in CIDE-B in the Berkshire pigs. We also analyzed the relationships between the CIDE-B SNP and various meat quality traits. The SNP was significantly associated with post-mortem pH24h, water-holding capacity (WHC), fat content, protein content, drip loss, post-mortem temperature at 12 h (T12) and 24 h (T24) in a co-dominant model (P < 0.05). A significant association was detected between the SNP and post-mortem pH24h, fat content, protein content, drip loss, shear force, and T24 in gilts; and color parameter b*, WHC, and T24 in barrows (P < 0.05). The SNP was significantly correlated with the fat content, and CIDE-B mRNA expression was significantly upregulated during the early stage of adipogenesis, suggesting that CIDE-B may contribute towards initiation of adipogenesis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CIDE-B mRNA was strongly expressed in the liver, kidney, large intestine, and small intestine, and weakly expressed in the stomach, lung, spleen, and white adipose tissue. These results indicate that the CIDE-B SNP is closely associated with meat quality traits and may be a useful DNA marker for improving pork quality.

Engineering, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang 627-803, Korea Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551 Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. *E-mail: dsjang@khu.ac.kr

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in porcine serum albumin (PSA), a major allergen, which occur when raw pork ham is marinated with kiwi or pineapple juice, and/or when the ham is pan broiled at 300℃ for 4 min after marination. In this study, raw pork ham was soaked for 4 h or 8 h in marinades containing commercial marinating sauce only, commercial marinating sauce and 7% kiwi juice, or commercial marinating sauce and 7% pineapple juice. When the meat was marinated and then pan-broiled, pork ham meat protein was significantly denatured and hydrolyzed, and the level of PSA in the meat was significantly reduced. The PSA contents of pork broiled without marination, pork that had been marinated in commercial marinating sauce alone, pork that had been marinated in commercial marinating sauce with kiwi juice, and pork that had been marinated in commercial marinating sauce with pineapple juice, were 95.4, 43.3, 14.3, and 5.4 ng/mL, respectively (p

The combined effects of electron-beam (EB) irradiation and addition of onion peel (OP) extract and barbecue flavor (BF) on inactivation of foodborne pathogens and the quality of pork jerky was investigated. Prepared pork jerky samples were irradiated (0, 1, 2, and 4 kGy) and stored for 2 month at 25 °C. The D10 values of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium observed in the OP treated samples were 0.19, 0.18, and 0.19 kGy, whereas those in control were 0.25, 0.23, and 0.20 kGy, respectively. Irradiated samples with OP extract and BF had substantially lower total aerobic bacterial counts than the control had. Samples with added OP extract and BF had lower peroxide values than the control had. Sensory evaluation indicated that overall acceptability of treated samples was not changed up to 2 kGy. Therefore, EB irradiation, combined with OP extract and BF, has improved the microbiological safety with no negative effects on the quality of pork jerky.

Drynariae rhizoma has been used to prevent bone loss that occurs with increasing age. However, the chemical compounds in extracts that act on bone metabolism in herbal medicine are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate and compare the extraction efficacy of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro anti-osteoporosis properties of water extract (DR-DW) and ethanol extract (DR-EtOH) from D. rhizoma. Total phenolics and flavonoids were better extracted with 70% EtOH, and this extraction method also resulted in higher antioxidant activity and in vitro anti-osteoporosis properties in these extracts. In particular, the contents of phloroglucinol, protocatechuic acid ethyl ester, 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, trans-ferulic acid, (−)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin dehydrate, luteolin and emodin in DR-EtOH were higher than those in DR-DW. These results indicated that DR-EtOH could be a good source of natural herbs with anti-osteoporosis properties.

Dry-cured pork neck samples were stored at 10 degrees C for 90 days under vacuum packaging (VP) or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 25% CO2+75% N-2) conditions. The pH, moisture, water activity, total aerobic bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae counts of dry-cured pork neck products with MAP were significantly lower than those with VP (p60 days of storage were lower than those at Day 1. In conclusion, despite presenting higher lipid oxidation, the samples stored in packages containing 25% CO2 for 90 days at 10 degrees C have lower bacterial counts than vacuum-packed samples. Therefore, further studies should be performed on the packaging of dry-cured meat at adjusted concentrations of CO2.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of tomato powder (TP) on cooked pork patties during storage at 10 1 C in the dark. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of TP extract were 26.22 mg gallic acid/100 g and 3.52 mg quercetin/100 g, respectively. The extract of TP showed a potential antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical-scavenging assay (EC50 = 16.76 mu g/mL). Pork patties were manufactured with 0.25% (T1), 0.5% (T2), 0.75% (T3) and 1.0% (T4) TP in a basic formula (C). The pH and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of T2, T3 and T4 patties were lower (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the total phenolic content, total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract from stems (S) and leaves (L) of Impatiens balsamina L. (Balsaminaceae), which were harvested in Korea on March 10, 2011 (S1 and L1), May 14, 2011 (S2 and L2), and July 5, 2011 (S3 and L3), respectively. Our results revealed that the total phenolic (79.55–103.94 mg CE/g extract) and flavonoid (57.43–104.28 mg QE/g extract) contents of leaf extract were higher (p < 0.01) than those of stem extract. Leaf extracts (L1, L2, and L3) exhibited stronger (p < 0.01) free radical scavenging activity (66.06, 63.71, and 72.19%, respectively) than that of the positive control. In terms of antimicrobial activity, leaf extracts showed higher inhibitory effects against microorganisms than those of stem extracts (S1, S2, and S3). Among the leaf extracts at different harvest times, L3 showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive strains. From these results, the leaf extract from I. balsamina L. might be a valuable bioactive resource, and would seem to be applicable as a natural antioxidant in food preservation.

This study was to develop a gelatin jelly containing 0.5% medicinal plant extracts (MPEs). We investigated the effects of the MPEs on the antioxidant activity, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of gelatin jelly. The antioxidant activity of the Lycium chinense Mill fruit and Hovenia dulcis fruit extracts were significantly higher than those of other extracts (P

Effects of dietary cholesterol [0 (control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 g cholesterol/kg diet for 12 weeks] on lipid contents and fatty acid compositions in red blood cell (RBC) membranes and plasma of rabbits and pathological changes and lipid oxidation in their livers were determined. Contents of total lipid and unsaturated fatty acids in RBC membrane and plasma of rabbits fed ≥4 and ≥2 g dosages, respectively, were significantly higher (p 2 times higher (p

Reduction of foodborne illnesses and deaths by improving the safety of poultry products is one of the priority areas in the United States, and developing and implementing effective food processing technologies can be very effective to accomplish that goal. Irradiation is an effective processing technology for eliminating pathogens in poultry meat. Addition of antimicrobial agents during processing can be another approach to control pathogens in poultry products. However, the adoption of irradiation technology by the meat industry is limited because of quality and health concerns about irradiated meat products. Irradiation produces a characteristic aroma as well as alters meat flavor and color that significantly affect consumer acceptance. The generation of a pink color in cooked poultry and off-odor in poultry by irradiation is a critical issue because consumers associate the presence of a pink color in cooked poultry breast meat as contaminated or undercooked, and off-odor in raw meat and off-flavor in cooked meat with undesirable chemical reactions. As a result, the meat industry has difficulties in using irradiation to achieve its food safety benefits. Antimicrobials such as sodium lactate, sodium diacetate, and potassium benzoate are extensively used to extend the shelf-life and ensure the safety of meat products. However, the use of these antimicrobial agents alone cannot guarantee the safety of poultry products. It is known that some of the herbs, spices, and antimicrobials commonly used in meat processing can have synergistic effects with irradiation in controlling pathogens in meat. Also, the addition of spices or herbs in irradiated meat improves the quality of irradiated poultry by reducing lipid oxidation and production of off-odor volatiles or masking off-flavor. Therefore, combinations of irradiation with these additives can accomplish better pathogen reduction in meat products than using them alone even at lower levels of antimicrobials/herbs and irradiation doses. Effects of irradiation and additive combinations on the pathogen reduction and quality of poultry meat will be discussed in detail.

Salmonella Typhimurium ghost vaccines containing antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were obtained by a strain harboring pMMP184, which carries a ghost cassette. The immune responses of BALB/c mice orally vaccinated with these ghost vaccines were determined in this study. Total IgG against S. Typhimurium were highly detected by the oral immunization route in BALB/c mice. IgGs against ETEC antigens in the ghost cells carrying F41 and intimin were detected at 4 weeks after vaccination. However, FedF elicited a delayed induction of IgGs, whereas FedA immune response failed to or barely induced IgGs after vaccination. Proliferations of CD3e/CD4-T cells were observed in splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with S. Typhimurium ghost cells carrying FedF. However, CD45R-B220/CD23-B cells were proliferated by ghost cells carrying FedA, F41, and intimin. The immunized BALB/c mice showed 25~50% protection against challenge with wild type S. Typhimurium, when compared to control mice. Therefore, it is assumed that oral vaccination of S. Typhimurium ghost cells has the potential to protect mice against pathogenic E. coli., Salmonella Typhimurium rekombinantna cjepiva što sadrže antigene enterotoksigenih sojeva Escherichia coli (ETEC) proizvedena su od soja koji posjeduje pMMP184 i nosi rekombinantnu kasetu. Istražen je imunosni odgovor BALB/c miševa oralno cijepljenih tim rekombinantnim cjepivima. Ustanovljena je visoka razina ukupnih IgG za S. Typhimurium nakon oralne imunizacije miševa BALB/c. Imunoglobulini IgG za antigene ETEC u rekombinantnom cjepivu koje sadrži F41 i intimin bili su dokazani četiri tjedna nakon cijepljenja. Ipak, FedF je potaknuo kasnu tvorbu imunoglobulina IgG, dok FedA nije potaknuo ili je potaknuo slab imunosni odgovor nakon cijepljenja. Proliferacija CD3e/CD4-T stanica bila je dokazana u splenocitima miševa BALB/c imuniziranih rekombinantnim cjepivom S. Typhimurium s ugrađenim FedF. Međutim, stanice CD45R-B220/CD23-B proliferirale su nakon cijepljenja rekombinantom FedA, F41 i intimin. Imunizirani miševi BALB/c pokazivali su 25~50% zaštitu nakon izazivačke infekcije serovarom S. Typhimurium u usporedbi s necijepljenim kontrolnim miševima. Stoga se pretpostavlja da oralno cijepljenje s rekombinantnim stanicama serovara S. Typhimurium ima potencijal da zaštiti miševe od infekcije patogenim sojevima E. coli.

Postmortem pH is a main factor influencing the meat quality in pigs. This study investigated the association of postmortem pH with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fourth member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family (DHRS4), the first member of serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (complement inhibitor) (SERPING1), and the apolipoprotein R precursor (APOR) genes in Berkshire pigs. The study included 437 pigs, and genotyping was conducted using the GoldenGate Assay (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). DHRS4, SERPING1, and APOR polymorphisms were significantly associated with pH45 or pH24 (p SERPING1 was also statistically significantly associated with water holding capacity (p DHRS4, SERPING1, and APOR genes have potential for use as genetic markers for the meat quality in pigs.

This study was performed to analyze the difference between the meat properties classified into 5 ranges depending on Berkshire meat quality traits. Post-mortem pH24hr was positively correlated with water holding capacity, but negatively correlated with meat color, protein content, drip loss, and cooking loss. Berkshire gilt was discovered by higher population of RFN (reddish pink, firm, non-exudative), a normal meat class when compared to barrow, whereas DFD (dark, firm, and dry) was not detected and PSE (pale, soft and floppy, exudative) and RSE (reddish pink, soft and floppy, exudative) were found by a low number of individuals. It was assumed that Berkshire gilt is less susceptible to stress when compared with barrow. Therefore, from the results of this study, we suggest that Berkshire gilt is high possibility for production of good meat due to a forming ability for better meat quality than that of Berkshire barrow.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of tomato powder [1.0% (T1), 1.5% (T2) and 2.0% (T3)] on pork loin jerky with aerobic package during storage at room temperature. The T3 sample showed lower (p

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of fermented persimmon diet on the meat quality of fattening pigs. Pigs (75 kg) were grouped and housed as 15 animals per pen and 3 replications per treatment. The basal diet (C) was substituted with 3% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of fermented diet. The 180 pigs were fed experimental diet for 42 d and 10 longissimus dorsi (LD) per treatment were collected when each swine reached 105.6 kg of body weight. The crude fat concentration of LD was lower (p