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We study how the human capital embedded in teams is affected by, and reallocated through, corporate bankruptcies. After a bankruptcy, U.S. inventors produce fewer and less impactful patents. Moreover, teams become less stable. Consequently, compared to inventors that rely less on teamwork, the performance of team inventors deteriorates more. These findings point to the loss of team-specific human capital as a cost of resource reallocation through bankruptcy. Acquisitions by industrial firms and joint mobility of inventors with past collaborations limit these losses, suggesting that the labor market and the market for corporate control help preserve team-specific human capital in bankruptcies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find that organization capital is negatively related to the cost of bank loans. This finding is robust to additional analyses including those that address omitted variable bias and reverse causality. In addition, we find that organization capital reduces all-in-spread-undrawn. When we decompose the bank loan cost, we find that organization capital increases facility fees due to its risk-engendering characteristics. Finally, we find that organization capital is positively associated with a high likelihood of the presence of inventors and innovation output, consistent with the argument that organization capital is embedded in the key talent within a firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms in younger labor markets produce more innovation. We establish this by instrumenting the current labor force with historical births in each local labor market in the United States. Analyses of firms and inventors allow us to rule out unobservable heterogeneity across local labor markets and firms, life cycles, and other effects. Corporate innovation in younger labor markets reflects the innovative characteristics of younger labor forces, and its market value is higher. Younger workers as a group, not merely inventors by themselves, produce more innovation for firms through the labor force channel rather than through a financing or consumption channel. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is foremost dedicated to Nietzsche's account of cruelty, which represents one of the central focuses of Nietzsche's genealogical polemic, if not its very foundation. This close reading is complemented by drawing parallels with two other outstanding intellectual figures of the nineteenth century, in whom cruelty plays no less a role. These two authors – one could say that together with Nietzsche they form a kind of cruel trio from the European East – are the writers Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, the latter of whom is also the inventor of a particular genre of erotic discourse characterised by 'tyranny, cruelty and, above all, the infidelity of a beautiful woman,' which inspired Krafft-Ebing to name a type of perversion after Masoch. The paper shows that the affinity between the authors lies not only in the fact that cruelty is one of the key themes in all three of them, but that the connection between them – and thus perhaps the beginning of an era characterised, as Alain Badiou said, by an intellectual fascination with cruelty – needs to be sought in the idea of the internalisation of cruelty, which Nietzsche in particular considered to be one of the fundamental driving forces of civilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the mediating effect of R&D alliance network dynamics on the relationship between technology convergence and firm innovation quality, it further investigates the moderating effect of degree assortativity in the inventor network. An empirical analysis is conducted based on a panel negative binomial regression model with data of Chinese high‐tech firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock from 2000 to 2018. The results show that novel technology convergence not only contributes to innovation quality directly but also indirectly through ego‐network expansion. The relationship between reinforced technology convergence and innovation quality is inverted U‐shaped, partially mediated by ego‐network stability. In addition, degree assortativity suppresses the effects of novel technology convergence on ego‐network expansion and innovation quality and steepens the inverted U‐shaped relationships of reinforced technology convergence with ego‐network stability and innovation quality. This paper contributes to the relevant literature by revealing the links between technology convergence, ego‐network dynamics, and innovation quality, and emphasizing the importance of inventor collaboration ties formation mechanism in knowledge searching and convergent innovation. Furthermore, the conclusion provides managerial suggestions for high‐tech firms to coordinate internal and external resources to improve technical impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University patents are a critical tool for firms seeking to gain information from universities. However, the potential of this tool is frequently constrained by ineffective communication and commercialisation strategies. University patents must be successfully advertised and disseminated to third parties to have an impact outside academia. In this scenario, inventors, universities, and technology transfer offices (TTOs) (which manage their patent portfolios) are encouraged to increase their efforts to promote and communicate patents. This article uses signalling theory to examine the key features of university patents that influence the investment or acquisition decisions of entrepreneurs and investors. Our findings can help TTOs, inventors, and universities strengthen their patent communication and commercialisation strategies, and also help third parties secure more successful university patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What accounts for the common perception that women have contributed little to advances in entrepreneurship and innovation in Britain during the early industrial era? This paper empirically examines the role of gender diversity in inventive activity during the first and second industrial revolutions. The analysis of systematic data on patents and unpatentable innovations uniquely enables an evaluation of women's creativity within both the market and nonmarket sectors. British women inventors were significantly more likely than men to focus on unpatentable innovations in consumer final goods and design‐oriented products that spanned art and technology, and on uncommercialized improvements within the household. Conventional approaches that fail to account for nonmarket activity and for such incremental changes in consumer goods and design innovations therefore significantly underestimate women's contributions to household welfare and overall economic progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article makes the empirical and legal case for redefining the concept of patent "progress" to include the promotion of a diversity of innovators and inventors, and not just innovation. Based on a survey of the empirical literature, it details four plausible mechanisms by which diverse innovators improve innovation: novelty, non-obviousness, (overcoming) conflict, and numerosity. It introduces the concept of the "innovator-inventor gap"--the lower rate at which underrepresented technical workers become inventors--and documents how across innovative workplaces, women are patenting at a fraction of the rate of their male counterparts, in part due to barriers placed by the law and mechanics of inventorship. This Article makes several recommendations for advancing "progress" redefined: (1) reconsider inventorship law and policy; (2) institutionalize and strengthen the Patent Office's ability to promote a diversity of innovators and inventors, and not just invention; (3) launch a public-private "innovator diversity pilots clearinghouse" to support the rigorous evaluation and refinement of relevant policies and practices; and (4) a periodic, innovator-inventor survey for informing the design of policies and practices for making progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If Edison created an artificial intelligence machine that invented the lightbulb, would we truly view him in the same light that we do today? Thaler v. Hirshfeld and Thaler v. Vidal tackle an issue that the courts have never addressed thus far: Should artificial intelligence machines be granted inventorship credit for their original creations? Stephen Thaler, the inventor of DABUS, an artificial intelligence machine that created two of its own inventions, applied to the USPTO for those patents, listing DABUS as the inventor. The USPTO denied the application, reasoning that an inventor could only be a natural person. Ultimately, the court agreed, holding that the legislative intent behind the word “inventor” in the Patent Act exclusively referred to human beings. Additionally, the court kicked the can down the road. It passed the responsibility onto Congress, stating that artificial intelligence technology is not yet advanced enough for this to be an issue, and when that time does come, it should be up to the legislature to determine how the inventorship issue should be resolved. This Note will argue that artificial intelligence machines should be credited for their inventions. A human should not be granted intellectual credit for an idea that was not their original brainchild. Artificial intelligence technology could theoretically far surpass the intellectual limits of a human being. Thus, humans who create these machines should be able to grant credit to artificial intelligence for ideas that were beyond their human capabilities in the first place. Further, this Note will argue that artificial intelligence should gain legal personhood status, like and slightly beyond the scope of that of a corporation. Lastly, this Note will propose a framework for determining whether a machine’s contribution to the invention process is enough to reward it with intellectual credit for the invention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of Quantum Project Management and its application to large complex projects. The author argues that traditional project management theory is inadequate for managing projects at scale and complexity. The article introduces the concept of entanglement, which refers to the interdependencies and interactions between various elements of a project and its surrounding ecosystem. The author suggests that understanding and managing these entanglements is crucial for the success of large complex projects. The article concludes by highlighting the value of Quantum Project Management in providing insights and strategies for managing such projects. [Extracted from the article]

The vast contest literature disregarded the possibility of optimal contest design with simultaneous attainment of various objectives. The main goal of the current article is to illustrate the potential usefulness of a navigation tool that allows the designer to achieve, simultaneously, multiple objectives in contests between companies (competing for resources/patents/market‐share, etc), based on a unit tax and a lump‐sum subsidy. Our proposal is illustrated applying the most common simple setting of two contestants whose winning probabilities are determined by the simple lottery contest success function (CSF). We focus on seven main objectives: reducing the competition's intensity in terms of efforts: increasing profit for the state treasury; promoting equality between the players in terms of gap between the contestants' efforts, winning probabilities and expected payoffs, and budget and expenditure balancing. We also analyze the possible negative external effects of achieving a particular objective. Our main insight is that a complete differential policy can be used to attain, simultaneously (with two exceptions), all the objectives of the designer. In contrast, the use of a uniform policy, subject to a balanced budget objective, cannot ensure complete equality or maximize profit. It nevertheless guarantees a Pareto‐superior outcome relative to the situation before the designer's intervention. Future research may generalize the findings to any type of contest or CSF and multiple contestants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the impact of CEOs' cultural background on corporate innovation. The paper constructs a measure of CEOs' cultural individualism based on their birthplaces and investigates its relationship with firms' patents and citations. The study aims to shed light on the interaction of culture and corporate decisions and focuses on the role of top managers. The paper also investigates the mechanism of how top management can affect corporate innovation output. The paper constructs the measure of individualism using the westward expansion in US history. To do so, the paper uses the US county-level duration of exposure of the frontier territory in the 19th century and links the counties to CEOs' birthplaces. The paper argues the cultural characteristics of birthplaces can affect a person's later management styles and decisions, hence affecting corporate innovation policies. Using regression and difference-in-differences estimations, the paper explores the relation and causality between cultural individualism and innovation output. The paper finds that CEO cultural individualism is positively related with the number of patents produced by the firm and the citations received by the firm. Difference-in-differences tests using CEO turnovers support that the relation is causal. The paper also investigates the economic mechanism of how individualistic CEOs achieve such results. It finds that individualistic CEOs tend to hire more talented employees and improve the workplace environment to attract top inventors. This paper provides firm-level evidence of culture and innovation. Prior studies in this area focus on cross-country evidence and suffer the limitation of confounding factors. Using a county-level measure of individualism and a sample of firms in USA, the paper alleviates the concern and provides evidence with better granularity. This paper also provides a novel mechanism for attracting top inventors, while existing literature tend to focus on risk-taking activities.

Inventors located in a vibrant scientific community enjoy faster access to relevant publications. The key role of the local scientific community is to provide access to global knowledge and not necessarily to feed the colocated inventors with direct inputs. We develop the logic for these effects and provide empirical tests using dyads of publication and patent data. We develop a model that links scientific knowledge, codified through publication, to industry's inventive activity. Our analysis includes three key steps. First, we characterize the knowledge profile of local expertise for French NUTS3 jurisdictions. Second, we match scientific publications to industrial patents to consider the specific scientific knowledge useful to industrial invention. Finally, we examine the extent to which the presence of a local related scientific knowledge base provides utility for local inventions. Specifically, we consider the ability of local inventions to more rapidly avail themselves of scientific knowledge when located in a munificent location. We find that location reduces the timing to access to relevant worldwide publications by almost 1 year. Thus, colocation with scientific experts provides inventors a timing advantage by allowing earlier exploitation of recent global scientific discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the contributions of industry leaders, smaller corporations, and independent inventors to the international technological specialization of Great Britain in the interwar years. For the first time, we compare directly the contribution of these sources and combine the Chandlerian and "sources of invention" perspectives. The analysis is based on a novel dataset of more than 8,000 patents granted in the USA to British inventions. Our findings show the extent to which Britain integrated inventions generated by independent inventors with those of corporate inventors, i.e., industry leaders and smaller corporations, in both engineering- and science-based fields. This research highlights specificities of a former leader's transition from the technological paradigm of the first phase of capitalism to that of the second phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A duty of loyalty prohibits fiduciaries from appropriating business opportunities from their companies. Starting in 2000, Delaware, followed by several other states, allowed boards to waive their duty. We show that public firms covered by waiver laws invest less in R&D, produce fewer and less valuable patents, and exhibit abnormally high inventor departures. Remaining innovation activities contribute less to firm value, a fact confirmed by the market reaction when firms reveal their curtailed internal growth opportunities by announcing acquisitions. Consistent with the laws' intent to provide contracting flexibility to emerging firms, we find evidence of positive impacts for small firms. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a large and novel data set over the period of 1976 to 2019 tracking inventors' career paths following mergers and acquisitions, we show that collaboration between acquirer and target inventors post-merger is associated with more path-breaking patents than those filed by either acquirer or target inventor-only teams. We further show that such collaboration is more important in improving acquirers' innovation capabilities than hiring target inventors and knowledge spillovers. Finally, we show that recombining tacit knowledge embodied in the human capital of acquirer and target inventors is likely the mechanism. We conclude that inter-firm inventor collaboration is one key means for achieving synergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical issue facing inventors is that they typically lack the knowledge required to start and run a new business. As a result, they must grapple with the question of whether to team up with a "surrogate entrepreneur" to provide the business-related competences that they lack. Yet, the answer to this question is not straightforward, as it often links to other critical questions, such as when in the entrepreneurship process a surrogate entrepreneur is needed, as well as who the "right" surrogate entrepreneur should be. Regrettably, extant theorizing on entrepreneurial team formation has not provided answers to these questions. To overcome this key practical and conceptual gap in knowledge, this study proposes a process model that offers several new theoretical insights for research on entrepreneurial team formation. First, it informs the process that underpins the decision to add a new team member—a decision-making process that precedes the search for a new team member and that, despite its importance, has been largely overlooked by prior research. Second, it challenges the comprehensiveness of existing theorized team formation strategies, and proposes a new strategy in this regard—the resource-exploring strategy—that can be employed when the market opportunity for an invention is not yet known. Finally, it contributes to human capital theory by illustrating that the value of a human capital endowment depends on when this endowment is added to the team, as well as who holds this endowment. Important implications for policy and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document explores the concept of complexity in large complex projects and its management. It discusses the importance of transformational leadership and iterative project planning in adapting to changing circumstances and reducing complexity. The document introduces the concept of cyclomatic complexity and quantum complexity analysis, which have not been previously applied to project management. It provides a step-by-step guide on calculating cyclomatic complexity and compares alternative execution strategies based on complexity. The document also suggests strategies for reducing complexity, such as breaking down tasks and minimizing nested or repetitive activities. It emphasizes the significance of complexity assessment and reduction strategies in achieving success in project management. [Extracted from the article]

This study aims to explore strategies for overcoming relational inertia and enhancing their creativity after inter‐firm mobility of inventors. The research sample comprises 591 mobile inventors identified using a patent data‐based model from Chinese communication technology companies. Employing the framework of dynamic network analysis, this study examines the impact of network closure at different time on overcoming relational inertia and investigates the influence of knowledge structure. The findings suggest that a lower level of past and current network closure is more conducive to knowledge sharing and technological innovation after inter‐firm mobility of inventors. Furthermore, mobile inventors with broad and in‐depth knowledge structures demonstrate significantly improved knowledge sharing and technological innovation, effectively mitigating relational inertia. These conclusions offer a systematic research perspective and comprehensive theoretical guidance, emphasizing the importance of optimizing network resources and knowledge structures to help inventors overcome relational inertia after inter‐firm mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some aspects of the evolution made by computer-aided design and the presentation of some common commands used in Inventor 2024. In addition, both the Any CAD import method and the transfer methods offered by the Autodesk Inventor Professional 2024 version are presented. At the end of the work, some results obtained using the educational versions downloaded for university users at the level of diploma or dissertation work are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether the emotional shocks associated with terrorist attacks affect local inventors' productivity. We find that high‐fatality attacks make inventors less innovative, and low‐fatality attacks make them more innovative. Inventors living in high risk‐taking environments have greater increase in productivity following low‐fatality attacks, while less decrease in productivity following high‐fatality attacks. Further, the effect of terrorist attacks on inventor productivity comes mainly from exploratory innovation which involves more risks. Inventors affected by high‐fatality attacks are also more likely to move to places without any significant terrorist attack history, but there is no such effect for low‐fatality attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a court case in France regarding the patentability of a method for displaying the mission of an aircraft over time. The court ruled that certain features of the method constituted technical means and therefore the invention was not excluded from patentability. However, the court criticized the lower court for not providing a legal basis for its decision. The article also discusses a patent application for a method of displaying the stages of an aircraft mission, which was rejected by the Director General of the INPI. The court determined that certain claims of the patent application did have technical characteristics and were not excluded from patentability, but noted that the description of the patent application lacked technical details. The article also mentions a recent decision by the French Supreme Court regarding the patentability of a method for displaying waypoints of a flight plan on a cockpit screen. The Supreme Court disagreed with the court of appeal's ruling, stating that a "technical contribution" had not been established. The article highlights the changing cultural perspective in France regarding the eligibility of computer-implemented inventions and raises questions about the future approach to patentability and inventive step in the country. [Extracted from the article]

The Finochietto thoracic retractor is a familiar instrument to most surgeons. The contributions to surgery of its inventor, Argentinean surgeon Enrique Finochietto and his brother, Ricardo Finochietto, extend far beyond a single instrument. This paper reviews their careers and legacy. Both brothers were part of an international network of elite surgeons. Their contributions are reflected in the number of instruments and eponyms associated with their name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the state of the copyright landscape in 2024 and the system's non-support of small, online artists or creators. Topics covered include occurrences of copyright infringement, the law's uncertainties of protection in a digital world, and what small creators can do to protect their works. Also noted is the possible collaboration of small creators and their followers to push for change.

The current landscape of copyright law fails to adequately address the ever-evolving rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI). If left untouched, the legal framework risks falling behind the swift advancements in AI technology and will forever be left in a perpetual state. To address this challenge, copyright law should be amended to grant limited rights to the inventor/commissioner of the work of an AI system to reward them for the fruits of their labor. Alternative approaches, such as assigning rights to the AI itself or placing the work directly into the public domain, present their own shortcomings. Nevertheless, these methods fail to adhere to the principles of copyright law, as AI can never meet the current standards to establish rights under the current formalities, and placing works into the public domain fails to adequately reward a programmer for their efforts. This Note seeks to explain and address these complexities and propose a viable solution to reconcile them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, mountaineer David Sharp died on the slopes of Mount Everest. Sharp's death led to public outrage after allegedly 40 climbers passed by the dying Sharp on their way to the peak, without stopping to help. But, since the slopes of Everest are a high-risk environment and rescuing Sharp would have entailed great risks for the rescuers, it is not clear whether the other mountaineers had a moral duty to rescue him. In a recent article, Patrick Findler introduces a principle to analyse such cases which states that we have a duty to rescue under dangerous circumstances, if the involved risks are not higher than the risks we are already taking in the pursuit of our own, morally less worthy ends. However, Findler then rejects this principle as too demanding. In this paper I will defend the principle against its inventor and argue in favour of such a duty. And while it may be true that the other mountaineers were justified in passing Sharp for different reasons, the principle shows that not only climbers, but adventure-sport athletes in general and people who engage in high-risk endeavours, may have a duty to rescue that doesn't apply to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We suggest two boundary conditions for the positive role of patent protection in attracting inward foreign R&D investments. Patent protection is less effective in limiting the leakage of nonpatented knowledge through interfirm mobility of employees, and a gradual strengthening of patent protection worldwide diminishes its effect as countries get closer to the intellectual property rights (IPR) frontier. We provide evidence in an empirical analysis of 3393 multinational firms' R&D location choices for 8015 greenfield R&D investments in 105 (potential) host countries, during 2003–2014. The relationship between R&D investment location choices and IPR protection is subject to declining marginal effects and negatively moderated by inventor mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latinas, along with many other minoritized groups, are underrepresented as inventors in the United States. Despite accounting for over 9% of the population, <1% of U.S. patent holders are Latina. In an effort to increase diversity among inventors and patent holders, a number of K-12 programs have been created to provide opportunities for students to participate in the iterative and recursive processes of inventing. One example is the emerging field of invention education. Invention education is an educational approach which teaches students how to identify and solve problems within their communities. Little is known about the experiences of Latina students who have participated in invention education and have begun developing identities as inventors. Through narrative methodology, we analyzed how the life experiences of one Latina student contributed to her identity development as an inventor. Four themes were developed through the analysis of the Latina student's narrative. The first was the early and consistent support of her family members. The second theme was the student's understanding of the importance of Latinx representation in STEM. The student's participation in extracurricular STEM activities was the third theme that contributed to the development of her identity as an inventor. The final theme was her continued involvement in engineering at the university level. While early, consistent, and continued identity work in extracurricular invention and STEM activities contributed to the development of an inventor's identity, literature has shown that opportunities such as these are not available to all students, especially those who have been historically underrepresented as inventors. We argue for making access to invention education more equitable by embedding it within the school day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to develop a model of learning-by-hiring in which knowledge gains may occur at the time of recruitment but also after recruitment when other incumbent organizational members assimilate a recruit's knowledge. The author's model predicts that experienced recruits are more likely to catalyze change to their organization's core technological capabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The continuous-time parametric hazard rate regressions predict core technological change in a long panel (1970–2017) of US biotechnology industry patent data. The author uses over 140,000 patents to model the evolution of knowledge of over 52,000 scientists and over 4,450 firms. To address endogeneity concerns, the author uses the Heckman selection method and does robustness tests using a difference-in-difference analysis. Findings: The author finds that a hire's prior research and development (R&D) experience helps overcome inertia arising from her or his new-to-an-organization "distant" knowledge to increase the likelihood of core technological change. In addition, while the author finds that incumbent organizational members resist technological change, experienced hires may effectively induce them to adopt new ways of doing things. This is particularly the case when hires collaborate with incumbents in R&D projects. Understanding the effects of hiring on core technological change, therefore, benefits from an assessment of hire R&D experience and its effects on incumbent inertia in an organization. Practical implications: First, the author does not recommend managers to hire scientists with considerable distant knowledge only as this may be detrimental to core technological change. Second, the author recommends organizations striving to effectuate technological change to hire people with considerable prior R&D experience as this confers them with the ability to influence other members and socialize incumbent members. Third, the author recommends that managers hire people with both significant levels of prior experience and distant knowledge as they are complements. Finally, the author recommends managers to encourage collaboration between highly experienced hired scientists and long-tenured incumbent organizational members to facilitate incumbent learning, socialization and adoption of new ways of doing things. Originality/value: This study develops a model of learning-by-hiring, which, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the first to propose, test and advance KM literature by showing the effectiveness of experienced hires to stimulate knowledge diffusion and core technological change over time after being hired. This study contributes to innovation, organizational learning and strategy literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to seek answers to the question: What are the relevant factors that allow not-for-profit innovation networks to successfully transition new technologies from proof-of-concept to commercialisation? Design/methodology/approach: This question is examined using the knowledge-based view and network orchestration theory. Data are collected from 35 interviews with managers and engineers working within seven centres that comprise the High Value Manufacturing Catapult (HVMC). These centres constitute a not-for-profit innovation network where suppliers, customers and competitors collaborate to help transition new technologies across the "Valley of Death" (the gap between establishing a proof of concept and commercialisation). Findings: Network orchestration theory suggests that a hub firm facilitates the exchange of knowledge amongst network members (knowledge mobility), to enable these members to profit from innovation (innovation appropriability). The hub firm ensures positive network growth, and also allows for the entry and exit of network members (network stability). This study of not-for-profit innovation networks suggests the role of a network orchestrator is to help ensure that intellectual property becomes a public resource that enhances the productivity of the domestic economy. The authors observed how network stability was achieved by the HVMC's seven centres employing a loosely-coupled hybrid network configuration. This configuration however ensured that new technology development teams, comprised of suppliers, customers and competitors, remained tightly-coupled to enable co-development of innovative technologies. Matching internal technical and sectoral expertise with complementary experience from network members allowed knowledge to flow across organisational boundaries and throughout the network. Matrix organisational structures and distributed decision-making authority created opportunities for knowledge integration to occur. Actively moving individuals and teams between centres also helped to diffuse knowledge to network members, while regular meetings between senior management ensured network coordination and removed resource redundancies. Originality/value: The study contributes to knowledge-based theory by moving beyond existing understanding of knowledge integration in firms, and identified how knowledge is exchanged and aggregated within not-for-profit innovation networks. The findings contribute to network orchestration theory by challenging the notion that network orchestrators should enact and enforce appropriability regimes (patents, licences, copyrights) to allow members to profit from innovations. Instead, the authors find that not-for-profit innovation networks can overcome the frictions that appropriability regimes often create when exchanging knowledge during new technology development. This is achieved by pre-defining the terms of network membership/partnership and setting out clear pathways for innovation scaling, which embodies newly generated intellectual property as a public resource. The findings inform a framework that is useful for policy makers, academics and managers interested in using not-for-profit networks to transition new technologies across the Valley of Death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Economic Literature, Volume LXII, Number 1, published in March 2024, features articles on various economic topics. These include the political effects of immigration, new Russian economic history, language-based preferences, outside interventions to end armed conflicts, productivity slowdown, publishing economics, and the instability of market economies. The journal also includes book reviews and information about the American Economic Association. [Extracted from the article]

Political scientists know surprisingly little about the political behavior of inventors, or those who produce new technologies. I therefore merged US patent and campaign contribution (DIME) data to reveal the donation behavior of 30,603 American inventors from 1980 through 2014. Analysis of the data produces three major findings. First, the Democratic Party has made significant inroads among American inventors, but these gains increasingly come from only a few regions and flow to a relatively small number of candidates. Second, deeper geographic trends explain most of the change in aggregate donation patterns. Third, inventors do not strategically donate to candidates outside their own district and, since 2006, inventors increasingly contribute to relatively centrist employer PACs with weak ties to the Democratic Party. These findings suggest that the interaction between market-oriented policy and American electoral institutions may inhibit the formation of broad cross-regional coalitions to support the knowledge economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invention education is an emerging field that shows promise for fostering equitable student engagement, especially related to disciplines of science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM), in both classroom and informal learning. A central concept for practitioners, researchers, and evaluators, student engagement connects with academic, socioemotional, career, and civic success. Nonetheless, more work is needed to ensure more equitable approaches to educational design for student engagement, especially with youth of one or more minoritized identity markers (e.g., Black, Brown, or Indigenous youth; female or non-binary youth; youth from lower socioeconomic statuses; etc.). This Curriculum, Instruction, and Pedagogy article describes six iterations of educational designs for invention education with grades 6-8 classes and camps. Three of the iterations revised the same curriculum for grade 7 classes (N ~ 160 students/year), and the other three iterations involved similar yet distinct curricula for grades 6-8 camps (N ~ 25 students/year). Taking a cultural psychology approach to design-based research, we conducted a phenomenological mixed-methods study for convergence. That is, we iteratively refined educational designs within given microcultures, and we sought to better understand participants' lived experiences. We share evidence of high affective, behavioral, and cognitive engagement, within and between both individual and social levels, alongside development of self-efficacy with respect to ability beliefs and anxiety management. With a few exceptions, our findings suggest equitable participation of youth. These findings we connect with educational design considerations, including individual vs. social supports, explicit attention to youths' hobbies and peer-inventors, and formative assessment that broadens response scales and gradations of challenge. Our work supports a more nuanced and socially-situated six-dimensional framework for student engagement, expanding upon commonly-used three-and four-dimensional models. We conclude with local and transferrable implications, towards the main goal of fostering equitable student engagement in science and engineering through invention education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Great Britain Supreme Court's decision on the patentability of inventions created by AI-powered machines. Topics include the definition of an inventor under the U.K. Patents Act 1977, the requirement for a patent applicant to be a natural person or a legal entity, and the conclusion that AI machines cannot be recognized as inventors under current patent law.

The subject matter eligibility doctrine initially existed as a means of limiting the scope of an inventor's patent claim. Over the past decade, the Supreme Court has broadened the scope of the doctrine to invalidate patents that effectively recite a claim for processes or products that exist in nature. These recent decisions have led to confusion over what inventions qualify as patent eligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The Federal Circuit and commentators have implored the legislature to weigh in on the issue and establish clearer guidance for what constitutes patentable subject matter. Two proposed bills introduced in the House and Senate seek to clarify the doctrine by allowing for patents to be granted more broadly to inventions that incorporate biological materials and other routine scientific practices. This Note argues that neither proposed law adequately addresses the underlying policy concerns left unaddressed by the Supreme Court in their recent decisions regarding the patentability of biological materials and processes. Rather than adopt either proposed law, Congress should draft an exclusionary rule for patent eligibility that precludes inventors from claiming a genetic sequence that exists in nature within their patent claim. Such a rule would impose a necessary limit to the scope of patent claims that reinforces the original goals of the subject matter eligibility doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges faced by individuals, organizations, businesses, and societies worldwide, such as digital technology, the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and global geopolitical tensions. It emphasizes the importance of Asian business research and management practice in addressing these challenges and providing alternative perspectives. The article also highlights the role of Asia in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and calls for interdisciplinary collaboration, science communication, and public engagement to effectively engage with the SDG agenda. It emphasizes the significance of understanding the Asian context and its implications for theory and practice in business and management research. The article encourages authors to incorporate the Asian context into their research and arguments, and to consider interdisciplinary approaches and responsible scholarship to address global challenges. It concludes by inviting readers, authors, and stakeholders to contribute to impactful scholarship for sustainable development in Asia and globally. [Extracted from the article]

Early nineteenth-century America's robust trade in medical and health care products is richly documented, yet many scholars have overlooked just what role people with impairments played in that industry as inventors and retailers, forming relationships with clients based on their shared experiences of disability. A study of newspaper advertisements, patents, organizational records, medical accounts, and objects suggests that many impaired and formerly impaired producers marketed products to impaired consumers, creating an organic and unselfconscious network of disabled people who made, sold, and bought knowledge and devices about and for disability. Recovering this world of disabled inventors, retailers, and their clients reveals how disability fueled innovation in early nineteenth-century America, expanding scholarly understandings of who participated in and profited from the burgeoning medical and health care economy. This study also suggests that the market was an early venue of disability community where people came together around their common bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual embeddedness of inventors' cooperative networks influences firm innovation. This paper explores the mechanism of synergy between network structural embeddedness (network centrality and structural hole) and relational embeddedness (relational strength) on firm innovation using data from Chinese listed automobile companies. This paper further explores the mediating role of exploitative learning and exploratory learning between the synergy of cooperative network dual embeddedness and innovation. The results show that the synergy of network centrality and relational strength hinders innovation, while the synergy of the structural hole and relational strength promotes innovation. The synergy of centrality and relational strength hinders exploitative learning, while the synergy of the structural hole and relational strength promotes exploitative learning. Exploitative learning plays a mediating role between synergy of structure and relational embeddedness and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the "Inventor's Bias Effect," the propensity for inventors to be over-optimistic about the positive features and uses of the products they create. We explore this phenomenon in the context of decision-making algorithms by conducting two online studies (N = 1001) where subjects were asked to either create or evaluate an AI-based tool that can automate human resource decisions in an organization. Study 1 revealed that individuals in the role of inventor perceived a low-performing algorithm they created as fairer relative to the ratings of other stakeholders (CEOs, employees, and the general public). The tendency for these "inventors" to personally identify with the products they created mediated this effect. Study 2 showed that inventors' perceptions of fairness of the algorithms they created translated into an increased desire for the organization to continue using their product, even though it was inaccurate for a third of all decisions. This research demonstrates how stakeholders' relations to algorithms may encourage biased decision making and highlights the need for caution in organizational and political decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on international migration and innovation relies heavily on inventor and patent data, with "migrant inventors" attracting a great deal of attention, especially for what concerns their role in easing the international transfer of knowledge. This hides the fact that many of them move to their host country before starting their inventive career or even before completing their education. We discuss the conceptual and practical difficulties that stand in the way of investigating other likely channels of influence of inventor's migration on innovation, namely the easing of skill shortages and the increase of variety in inventive teams, firms, and location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis is a musculoskeletal disease that can lead to the loss and inability of those affected to perform normal daily functions, which leads to a decrease in quality of life. The main symptoms of osteoarthritis are tenderness, joint pain, stiffness, crepitus, limited movement, and local inflammation. The selected patents were deposited from 2010 to April 2022 involving 57 documents that were in line with the study objective in the final selection. The patents were classified in years, country, and applicants. Also, the therapeutic fields that presented the most documents were electrical stimulation, phototherapy, and ultrasound, followed by magnetic, electromagnetic, and thermotherapy. Therefore, the most current therapies used in the documents are already on the market. Although the OA is cureless, non-surgical treatments are classified as the primary management approach for this disease. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are employed to reduce its prevalence and ensure the effectiveness of treatments. A strategy for relieving OA symptoms is non-pharmacological treatment, which can be based on exercise and patient education, combined with other alternative therapies. These therapies are used as supplements to the main OA treatments, enhancing the effectiveness of treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]